寫(xiě)作教程

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Unit1theCorrectWord

Focus

DenotationandConnotation

tionreferstotheliteralandprimarymeaningofaword-thedefinitionyoufindina

dictionary.

ationreferstotheimpliedorsuggestedmeaningofaword.

Wecanlistsomewordstocompareitsdifferentmeaningofdenotationandconnotation.

WordDenotationConnotationSentence(connotation)

goldAkindofmaterial

source

Expensive,money

wealth

Goldnowisveryexpensive.

moonThenaturalbody

thatmovesaround

theearthonce28

days.

Beautylonely,

coldness,purity,

tranquility

Manyyearspastshestill

keepacharitylikethemoon.

iceWaterfrozensothat

ithasbecomesolid.

Coldness,

indifferencecruelty,

death,etc

Theiceinhisvoicewasonly

tohidethepain.

bloodRedliquidflowing

throughthebodies

ofhumanoranimal

Relationship,death,

descent,race,

temperament

Bloodisthickthanwater.

winterAasonColdness,

tired,upt

Pleawalkoutyouwinterof

life,justsmiletoyourlife.

Attitude:whenwewriteinEnglish,wehavetobecarefulwithsomeemotionallyloaded

hatcanrevealthewriter’sattitude.

Wecandividethewordsattitudeintothreeparts:1commendatorypositive2neutral

3derogatorypejorative

CommendatoryNeutralPejorative

quaintstrangebizarre

persiststubbornpigheaded

complimentpraiflattering

SeniorcitizenOldpersonfossil

BachelorgirlSinglegirlspinster

Collocation:fixedcombinationofwords

Thereareveraltypesofcollocation:1.V+N(followthefashion)2.A+N(abrilliantsuccess)

3.V+AD(thinkalike)+N(theanswertoaquestion)5.V+PREP(thinkofanidea)

FalFriends

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Advi(v)(n)angel（天使）（角度）capital（首都，資金）l（國(guó)

會(huì)大廈）

Complement（補(bǔ)充）ment（稱贊）credible（可信的，確實(shí)的）ous（輕

信的，易受騙的）getknowledge(t)nowledge(f)

Grammar

Subject-Verbagreement

1whenthesubjectiscompound

Workandplayareequallyimportant.

Hamandeggsismyfavoritebreakfast.

(1)由and或both…and連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果意義為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；如果

作主語(yǔ)的并列結(jié)構(gòu)不是指兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人或物，而是表示單數(shù)，則動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；and與

each等限定詞時(shí)，隨后動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

(2)由neither…nornotonly…butalso連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)，隨后動(dòng)詞形式常遵循就近原則。

(3)主語(yǔ)后用alongwith,togetherwith引導(dǎo)等詞組，動(dòng)詞形式根據(jù)主語(yǔ)形式而定。

2Whenthesubjectexpressquantity

(1)有manya等限定詞，其后動(dòng)詞形式為單數(shù)

(2)apair,heapof后動(dòng)詞多接單數(shù)形式

3whenthesubjectisarelativepronoun,awhat-clau,orinthethere-bestructure

(1)以nominalclau作主語(yǔ)，隨后動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)

(2)relativeclau中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式通常以關(guān)系代詞先行項(xiàng)的形式而定

(3)therebe謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于所后的Unit2TheAppropriateWord

Focus

Style:inEnglish,wordscanbe,roughly,formal,general,colloquial,andslangintermsofstyle.

Formalandgeneral

Formalwordsarenotascommonasgeneralwords,whichformthebasisofthevocabularyand

areudforeverydaycommunication.

formalgeneral

fracturebreak

lucidclear

terminateend

corpulentfat

facilitateMakeeasy

verifyprove

concuragree

Notice:acommonbeliefamongstudentsisthatformalityisavirtue,butthebestpolicyistou

generalwordsinmostcasandformalwordsinspecific,formalcontexts.

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Colloquialandslang

Well,now,youknow,I’dliketosay,oh,maygod,Ithink….whichcanbeudincolloquial,and

omeformalconstitutionwe’dbetternotu

it.

Notice:thecolloquialstyletakesalessprominentrole,therefore,formostwritingtasks,itmay

hslangcanmakeapassagelooandunrious;somemayevensoundodd.

Styleandaudience

Theformalstyleischaracterizedbyextensivevocabulary,frequentuofformalandabstract

words,abnceofslangandalmostnocontractionorclippedwords.

Theinformalstyleischaracterizedbyvocabulariesrangingfromformaltocolloquialbutmostly

general,andoccasionalandclippedwords.

Differentstyleareudtoaddressdifferentaudiencesandondifferentoccasions.

Chinglish:itreferstotheunidiomaticuofEnglishbyChinespeaker

Avoidliteraltranslation

chinglishdiomatic

Bigfilmblockbuster

EarlylovePuppylove

ConvenientnoodlesInstantnoodles

FistproductKnockoutproduct

OnexgoodsDisposablegoods

Grasptheconnotation

請(qǐng)幫我們(宣傳)一下這個(gè)新產(chǎn)品。

Pleahelpustopropagatethisnewproduct.

Propagateshouldbereplacedbypromote

他遇事總是先想著自己，真是太個(gè)人主義了

Heislf-concernedandindividualistic。Individualisticshouldbereplacedbylfishness

Grammar

Pronouns

ive

Subjective:Isheyouheitwhowhomthey

Objective:meheryouhiswhomwhothemits

3theBetterWord

Focus

Conciness(Brevityisthesoulofwit.)

Tip:1eliminateorexpressionrewritethatrepeatthesamepoint

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2cutoutunnecessaryintensifiers

3avoidoverusingthenounformsofverbs

4changephraintosinglewords

5changeunnecessary“that,whoandwhich”clauintophras.

Notice:twayistoproofreadyourwritingcarefully

andtrytofindwords,phrasorevenntencethatarenotesntial.

Preciness：Theconcretenessofexpression

Generalwordsconveyinexactintangibleandoftenabstractconceptswhereasspecificwords

providepreci,nsoryorconcretedetails.

Forexample:itwasfinelastweekend,

adawonderfultime.

Improved:Itwasawonderfulandrelaxedweekend,wedriveourprivateandspaciouscartothe

countryside,omanypeoplewhoweariedplain

andsimplec’re

sreallyamemorable

andwonderfultime.

Effectiveness

SentenceBaUnit4

Focus

Thentenceba,whichislikethetrunkofatree,consistsofatleastonesubjectandone

verb.

Subject:tochooagoodsubjectisthefirstcrucialstepinntencewriting,telluswhoor

whatisresponsibleforanaction,feelings,andstateorprocess.

Positionofthesubject:Thesubjectisusually,throughnotalways,putatthebeginningofa

ntence.

Thesubjectofadeclarativentence-antencethatmakesastatement–usuallyprecedesthe

nesituation,itfollowstheverb,(Inthecenterofthepaintingstandsaladyin

white.)

Voice:e

subjectacts,theverbisintheactivevoice;whenthesubjectisactedupon,theverbisinthe

passivevoice.

1Choosingtheactivevoice

Theactivevoicestresstheactivityofthesubjectandhelpstomakeantencedirect,conci,

andvigorous.

2Choosingthepassivevoice

Thoughtheactivevoiceismorecommonlyudinwriting,thepassivevoicemaybemore

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suitableforthefollowing:

1whentheagentisfollowedbyalongmodifier,weuthepassivevoicetoavoidsuspensionof

theverb

2thepassivealsoudtokeepthefocusoftwontences

Grammar

Ten

1Thesimpleprent:a表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)，b表經(jīng)常或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，c表主語(yǔ)具備的性格和功能

d普遍真理和自然規(guī)律e表示將來(lái)和過(guò)去時(shí)間

2Sequenceoftens:simpleprent,simplepast,prentprogressive,pastprogressive,prent

perfective,pastperfective,prentperfectiveprogressive,pastperfectiveprogressive

Mood:theindicativemood,theimperativemood,thesubjunctivemood

Thesubjunctivemood:Ingrammar,thesubjunctivemood(abbreviatedsjv

orsbjv)isaverbmoodtypicallyudinsubordinateclaustoexpress

variousstatesofunrealitysuchaswish,emotion,possibility,judgment,

opinion,necessity,metimes

referredtoastheconjunctivemood,asitoftenfollowsaconjunction

Unit5ExpandedSentenceBa

Focus

Attributes:wordsorphrasudtonarrowdownordescribenounsarecalledattributes.

Whatcanbeudasattribute?

ADeterminers:referstowordsthatareudtodefinethereferentialmeaningofanounora

nominalphra.

Itincludedarticles,posssiveanddemonstrativepronouns,andcardinalandordinalnumerals.

Badjectivesarethemostcommonattributes.

Forexample:hairyanimals,aredro

Cnouns:mostofthemindicatethefeatureofthenounmodified.

Forexample:Herboyfriendisafashiondesigner.

D-ingforms:todescribethefunction,feature,ortoindicatetheprentstateofthenoun.

Wealllikehersmilingface.

E–edforms

Heonlydrinksimportedwine.

Finfinitives:nowitmustbeplacedafterthenoun.

Doyouhaveafriendtotalkto.

Gprepositionalphras:itisplacedafterthenounitmodifiers.

Ican’tstandthatsillyadfordogfood,canyou?

RelativeClaus

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Whyurelativeclau:tomakethenounithermoreexactormorevivid;wecandirectreaders’

attentiontothemainclau

MysonlikedthetoycarverymuchwhichIboughtforhisbirthday.

ThetoycarwaslikedbymysonverymuchwhichIboughtformyson.

Writingcorrectrelativeclaus

RULE1wheretheantecedentreferstoathing

ForexampleA+thatwhich+clau

RULE2wheretheantecedentreferstoaperson

ForexampleA+thatwho+clau

RULE3wheretheantecedentisudasposssiveintheclau

ForexampleA+who+clau

RULE4wheretheantecedentreferstoatime

ForexampleA+when+clau

RULE5wheretheantecedentreferstoaplace

ForexampleA+where(inat+which)+clau

RULE6wheretheantecedentreferstoacau

ForexampleA+why+clau

RULE7wheretheantecedentreferstoamanner

ForexampleA+inwhich+clau

RULE8wheretheantecedentreferstothemainclauasawhole

Foeexampleprecedingntence+which+clau

Rule9wheretherelativeclauhasnorelativeword

Iftherelativeisudasobject,itcanbeomitted.

Rule10wheretherelativebeginswithapreposition

Forexampleantecedent+prep+which+clau

Rule11wheretheantecedentandtherelativeclauareparatedbyacomma

Forexample:anon-restrictiveclau(Theboy,whohaveplayedtruanttowatchthefootball

match,willhavetocopythetext.)

Grammar

IncompleteSentence

APhrafragment:inexperiencedwritersmaywriteaphraasifitwereantencebecau

theyborrowthephradirectlyfromthespokenlanguage.

I’intheafternoon..(I’llmeetyouinthelibraryatfourinthe

afternoon.)

Bfragmentwithoutasubject

kedatthestreetbelow.(Shestoodbythewindowandlooked

atthestreetbelow.)

Cfragmentwithoutaauxiliaryverb:fragmentsoftencontainverb-likeparticlesorinfinitives

whichcauthewritertothinkaverbhasbeeninclude.

Dfragmentofdependentclaus:whenadependentclauarefairllong,awritermight

mispuctuateitasantence.

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WordOrder

Determiners:名詞前的限定詞順序?yàn)榍拔?中位-后位，同時(shí)一個(gè)名詞中心詞前不能同時(shí)用兩

個(gè)中位限定詞或兩個(gè)前位限定詞。

Adjectives

形容詞修飾名詞的順序?yàn)椋合薅ㄔ~-數(shù)詞-描繪詞-（大小，長(zhǎng)短，形狀，新舊，顏色）出處-

材料性質(zhì)類別-名詞。

Unit6ExpandedSentenceBa

Focus

Participle

Gettingtoknowparticiple:therearetwokindsofparticiple,oneendingwith–ing,andtheother

endingwith–edwhichformstoudependsontherelationshipbetweentheverbandthenoun

described.

1Thetremblingoldmanstoodbythebrokenwindow.

2Frightenedbyastrangenoidownstairshewentdownslowly,holdinghisguninhishand

Complexparticiplephra

Aprentparticipleindifferentmodesandaspects

BParticiplewithconjunction

Time:weuwhilewhentoemphasizethattheparticipleactionandthepredicateactiontake

uwordslikebefore,aftertoshowthequenceofthetwo

action

Whilechasingthecat,thedoghurtitsfeet.

Concession:weuwordslikethough,although,evenif,concession.

Shedoesn’tplantogototheparty,eventhoughinvited.

Condition:weuifwhenorunlessbeforeaparticipletoindicatethatthisisjustacondition,

insteadofafact.

Whenhearted,thismaterialwillgiveoffaverybadsmell.

Gettingtoknowparticiple’sfunction

Acreatingconcintence

Bproducingmoredetailedntence

1Theoldmanheldthereceiverinhishand,shockedatwhathewastold,notutteringasingle

word.

2Shockedatwhathewastold,notutteringasingleword,theoldmanheldthereceiverinhishand.

(Better)

Cestablishingclearerlogic

I’llhavetostayinbedforacoupleofdays,hurtinaaccident.

Hurtinaaccident,I’llhavetostayinbedforacoupleofdays.

Absolutes

Gettingtoknowabsolutes

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Usingabsolutewithpurpo

Aaddingdescriptivedetailstomakentencemuchmorevivid.

Themanagersatquietlyinhisoffice,hiyeclod.

Themanagersatquietlyinhisoffice,acigaretteburninginhishand.(better)

Bindicatingcau-effectrelationships

Heglaredathisboss,smiledisappeared.

Thegirlwanjoyingherfavoritesong,laughedloudly.

Grammar

Comma-splitntence:uacomatoconnecttwoparateideas,ortwoindependentntence

Wecanusomeconjunctiontocombinethentence.

Fudntence

Weshouldknowthebastructureofntence,likeSVC,SV,SVO,SVOC….

Unit7JoiningSentenceTogether

FOCUS

Coordination:isacommonsyntacticpatternformedbygroupingtogethertwoormore

categoriesofthesametypewiththehelpofaconjunctionsuchasand,but,or.

Coordinatestructures

Abasiccoordinateformula

Coordination=itemA+andbut+itemB(aredandyellowcurtain)

Bcoordinationadifferentgrammaticallevels

1hardbutrewarding(wordlevel)

2afive-thousand-Yuansalaryandatwo-monthpaidholiday(phralevel)

3whoisoldenoughtoprovideknowledgeablelessonsaboutlifeandwhoisyoungenoughtotreat

studentsasfriends.(claulevel)

4Leadersworkwithmind,andlaborersworkwithhand..(ntencelevel)

Ccoordinationwithdifferenttypesofcoordinators

coordinators:and,but,or

coordinators:both…and…,either…or…,neither…nor…

coordination

Coordinationinries=itemA+itemB+itemC…,+Coordinator+lastitem

Dusingconjunctiveadverbs(ntenceconnectors)

1indicatecontrast:however,instead,ontheotherhand,nevertheless,otherwi,incontrast…

2indicatecauandeffect:therefore,thus,hence,conquently,asaresult,forthisreason

3inndicateasimilarideafollows:besides,moreover,furthermore,inaddition,similarly

4indicateemphasisandillustration:indeed,infact,inparticular,forexample,forinstance

5indicatetime:then,meanwhile,atthesametime,afterward,later

Coordinationatthentencelevel

coordinatorrelationship

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andThetwoitemsaresimilar

butThetwoitemsaredifferent

orTwoitemsarealternative

norNeitherofthetwoitemstakeplace

soCautheeffect

yetWhatthentencelessclothanwithbut

Functionofcoordinatentences:toclaritytherelationshipbetweenclausandassignqual

weighttotheideas

Advancedusagesofcoordinatentence

Arepetitionorabnceofcoordinators

Bmicolons:aitquittancethepaceofthentence;bslowlythentencedown,sothereader

willpundateovertheideas.

Cinterruptedcoordination:thephrainrtedaddsmoreinformationtotheoriginal

gthentencepasternsmorevaried.

JoiningSentenceTogetherUnit8

Focus

SubordinationTheclauthatcanbeudindependentlyiscalledindependent

clau;theclauthatcannotbeudaloneiscalleddependentclau,andthewordudto

connectthemandindicatedrelationshipiscalledsubordinator.

nation

Similarity:theybothcombinetwoclauintoonentence

Difference:Thetwoclausincoordinatentencecanbeudindecently,becautheir

meaningsarecomplete;whileinsubordinateonlyonentenceiscompletemeaningsandcanbe

udindigently.

Coordination:Tonyisverygiftedinmusic,buthechotomajorinaccounting.

Subordination:AlthoughTonyisverygiftedinmusic,hechotomajorinaccounting.

Typesofsubordination

Anominalclau:anominalclauisadependentclaufunctioningasanoun.

Whyyourfathercomeshereisamysterytome.

Brelativeclaus:Ilikethedogthatwhichischasingacat

Cadverbialclaus

Functionsofsubordination

Amoreinformation

Bemphasis:tosumup,subordinationcanaddmoreinformationtoantence,andmore

importantly,itcangivespecialemphasistopartofthentence.

Effectiveuofsubordination

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Apositionofthesubordinateclau

Bsimplifiedsubordination

Unit9SentenceVariety

Waystoachieventencevariety

1Byvaryingthelength

Ashortntence:emphatic,suitablefortheprentationofimportantfactsandideas.

Blongntence:capableofexpressingcomplexideaswithprecision;suitableforthe

explanationofviewsandtheories,orthedescriptionofthingswithmanydetails.

2Byvaryingthepattern:byntencepatterns,wemeanntenceofdifferent

functionsandstructures

AAvoidstringsofbriefandsimplentence

BAvoidtoomanycompoundntence.

Sentencefunction:ogativeimperativeexclamatory

Grammaticalstructure;simple,compound,complex,compound-complex

3Byvaryingtheemphasis

Thefirststrategyforemphasis

NaturalemphasispositioninEnglishntence

1Theendofantenceisthemostemphasisposition;thebeginningthecond;themiddlethe

last.

2Whenweshifttheorder,wecreateacertainemphaticeffect,otherelementssuchasattributes

andadverbialsareusuallyplacedclotowhattheymodify.

Thecondstrategy;byusingemphaticpatterns,likewhat…is…,itis…that…,therebe…

whothat…,doverb,passivevoice

4Byvaryingthebeginner

Asubject:besidesnounsandpronouns,numerals,infinitives,ingparticipleandclaucanalso

gdifferentkindsofsubjectstobeginntences,wecanalsoachieve

ntencevariety.

Badverbial:besidesbeginningntencewithsubject,wemayalsoputadverb,-lyatthe

beginningand“to”beginners,prepositionalphrabeginner,adjadvphracanallbeudas

nalsoimproventencevariety.

Unit10Punctuation

Commonpunctuationmarks:thecomma(,),theperiod(.),the

micolon(;),thecolon(:),thequestionmarks(?),thedash(-),quotation

marks(“”),theexclamationmark(!),parenthes(()),theslash(),italics

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underling(_)

Period:1uaperiodtoshowtheendofntence.2uaperiodaftercertainabbreviations.

Comma:1Joinshortandclolyrelatedparallelntence

2inacompoundntencebeforetheconjunctionorconnective

3afteranadverbialsclauorphrabeforethesubjectofthentence

4nonerestrictiveclausandphraaretoffbycommas

5commastoffparentheticalelements

6uacommawithquotationmarkstoshowwhatsomeonehassaiddirectly

7inthedate,intheorder

Semicolons

1uamicolonbetweenindependentclaunotjoinedbycoordinatingconjunction

Hismotherwon’tlethim;sheisafraidhemightgethurt.

2themicolonisudtoparateariesofitemswhichcontain

Forexample,professorZhao,DeanoftheNormalCollege;Mr.,Han,editorin-chiefofthelocal

eveningpaper.

3有些其聯(lián)系作用的副詞，如however,thus,otherwi,hence,nevertheless,besides,

conquently等等，不應(yīng)該用作連詞來(lái)聯(lián)系并列句，他們之間應(yīng)該用分號(hào)而不用逗號(hào)，此后

用逗號(hào)。

Theinventionbroughthimfame;moreover,itbroughthimmoney.

Colon

1usacolontointroduceanexplanation,asummary,anappositive,oralistofthings.

2itisudafteracompletestatementwhenintroducingalist.

常用錯(cuò)誤，在英語(yǔ)中例如一類的詞后常用逗號(hào)代替冒號(hào)。

Quotation

1theperiodandthecommaalwayscomeinsidethequotationmarks.

2themicolonandthecolonalwayscomeoutsidethequotationmarks.

3uittoenclothetitlesofessays,articles,shortstores,shortpoems,chapters…