雅思作文

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全球化的缺點：

?經濟上，發展中國家的勞動力被剝削，資源被取用，而產品卻不能夠進人發達國家，國內產業受到外商和外企

的沖擊；

?社會上，外國的產品流人一個國家，會改變人們的生活習慣和購買習慣；年輕人比較喜歡外同產品，比如說食

品、衣服、電子產品和娛樂方式；

?文化上，本土文化會被削弱，本土語言會受到威脅，文化多樣性會逐步損失；

?環境上，工業化生產和交通量的加大會增加溫室氣體的排放；游人的增多會對自然環境構成威脅。

Topic1:Increasingtravelsbetweencountrienablepeopletolearndifferentculturesor

toincreatensionbetweenpeoplefromdifferentcountries?

外來人口的增加有利于文化的交流：

?游客或者移民都具備經濟利益和價值（commercialinterestandeconomicvalue)；而外同人的停留時間是和

東道國的合作密切相關的（Thelengthofstaydependsonthecooperationofthehostsociety.);很多當地人因此

表現得非常好客和友好，這有助于文化的交流（Manylocalpeopleareveryfriendlyandhospitable,which

promotetheculturalcommunications.)；

?對其他的文化和人民更為了解（abetterunderstandingofotherculturesandotherpeoples),改變人們對其他

民族和文化的態度（alterone'sattitudestowardsanotherpeopleorculture);人們因此可以接受不同的文化和價

值觀（embracedifferentvaluesandcultures),可以和平共處（createmotivationtocoexistpeacefully),并促進

對"多元文化的理解(promotemulti-culturalunderstanding)；

?促進文化的融合（promoteintegration),消除文化障礙（removeculturalbarriers),外來人口的增加導致沖突：

?違反當地的習俗會激怒當地人（breachoflocalcustomscanirritatethelocals);

?不同文化的人看待同一事物總有不同的角度（harbourdifferentperceptions),并給予不同的解釋(different

interpretations)，比如對手勢、衣服、言行舉止有不同的理解；舉止不當會引起當地人意想不到的反應(provoke

unanticipatedrespons);?外國游客增多會對當地環境造成壓力，甚至破壞環境，而移民增多可能導致工作機會

減少，致使競爭更加激烈，這些都有可能引起當地人的反感（caurentmentinlocalcommunities).

范文

Globalizationisacatch-alltermthatreferstoanyactivitythatinvolvesmorethanonecountry,forexample,

maticincreaintransnationaltravelinrecentyearshassparked

controversyoverthepotentialimpactsofthistrendonindividualcountriespeciallythonewmemberstates

opleareconcernedthattheupsurgeinnewarrivalswillpromptlocalhostilityagainst

visitortionshouldberejected

asonecanemanyfactsinfavourofthisdevelopmentbetweencountries.

Thefirstreasonwhyinternationaltravelswouldneverbringconflictisrootedinthefactthatbothvisitorsand

ationaltravelopensupopportunitiesforbusinessdevelopment

reneursareinterestednotonlyinthedomesticmarketbutalsointheovera

ner,locals

areaviewthatacceptanceofeach

other'sculturalbackgroundisanecessaryconditionforcooperation.

encesinsocialbackground,culturalvaluesandreligious

beliefmightmakethediscrepancyofforeignersandlocalinhabitantsonsomeissuesindelible;however,the

higherinteraction,ns,forexample,udto

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theinitialstage,theirdivergenceemedinherentbutovertime,withbettermutualunderstanding,theytake

thesamepositiononmanyissues.

Undeniably,itislikelythatinsomeresorts,foreignvisitorsrepelthelocalcommunitywiththeirscantregardfor

r,itshouldbenotedthatmostoffenis

accidental,d,visitorsdisobeyrulesandconventionssimplybecautheyhave

tuationixpectedtobeimprovedwiththepassingoftimewhenvisitorsfrom

differentcountriesincreatheirknowledgeofalocalculture.

Accordingtotheaboveanalysis,wecanobrvethattheincreaintheinternationaltravelshouldnotbe

atively,oneshouldrecognizeits

roleinimprovingmutualunderstandingbetweentwocountries.

近義詞表

-all=all-embracing:包羅甚廣的；包括一切的ity=enmity=rentment:敵意,怨'恨,憤恨

in=derivedfrom=badon:基于reneur=tycoon=mogul=industrialist:企業

家，實業家

pancy=disagreement=difference=divergence:分歧，矛盾

=enemy=rival:敵人，竟爭對手te=tangible=solid:具體的，實際的

me=induecour=soonerorlater:最終，早

:勝地；touristresort:旅游勝地；holidayresort：度假勝地；beachresort:海邊度假勝地；scenicspot:

景觀；placeofinterest:旅游景點

=revolt=repul:使厭惡，憎惡=limited=scarce:缺乏的，不足的

Topic2:Wheninternationalmedia(includingmovies,fashionshows,advertimentsand

otherTVprograms)conveythesamemessagestotheglobalaudience,peoplearguethat

theexp

youropinion?

媒體信息一致的缺點：

?國際媒體（globalmedia)—般掌握在少數幾個有實力的機構手中（inthehandsofafew,large,powerful

organizations)；有了媒體的宣傳(propaganda)后,西方文化成了主流(domineeringforce),大規模的、有吸引力的

廣告(massductiveadvertising)喚起了落后地區人們對物質新的向往（createfreshdesires),經濟聯系增強

（strongeconomicties),西方產品取代了本地產品，使人們更加向往西方的文化；

?文化開始融合在一起(mingle),人們被新的價值觀所圍繞(bombardedwithnewvalues)，對自己的文化失去信

心和自豪感（confidenceandpride),拒絕接受自己的文化傳統（rejectionoftheirculturalheritage)轉而接受西方

的文化習慣（adoptionofWesternculturalpractices);西方媒體削弱了民族的特征(ethnicidentity)和社會的凝聚

力（socialcohesion);因為擔心失去觀眾(alossofviewers),當地的電視臺也開始播放西方的電視節目（television

shows),

?國際媒體的普遍會降低世界文化的品質和多樣性（degradethequalityanddiversityofworldculture);文化被商

業化（commercialized),—些文化產品（culturalgoods),如音樂、服裝，都變成了商品（commoditiesinthe

marketplace)。因此，即便一些文化在世界其他地方傳播，它原來的性質（authenticity)已經喪失。

媒體信息一致的優點：

?國家之間的頻繁交往會促進文化之間的交流。因此，相互了解和相互認同的可能性(likelihoodofmutual

understandingandmutualacceptance)就會增加，這是順應全球化的趨勢；

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?未必一定放棄傳統觀念（notnecessarilyleadtotheabolitionoftraditionalvalues),事實上媒體可以起到宣傳

和穩固傳統文化的作用；

?主流媒體一般都會反應文化多元性（Thedominantmediareflectculturaldiversity.);—些外國節目其實促進了

文化多元性(Mostforeignprogrammingispromotingculturaldiversity.),適應了當地的條件（adapttolocal

conditions)，注意到了當地文化的敏感性（awareofculturalnsitivity).自我調節來適應市場(exerci

lf-censorshiptosuitthemarket:)。

范文

Asinternationalmediacompaniexpandacrosstheworld,thegrowingpopularityanduniformityofsome

mediaprograms(suchasTVshows,movies,fashionshows)oplehave

inion,internationalmediaisclolylinkedtoculturalglobalizationand

culturalhomogeneity.

ThedominanceofinternationalmediaisasignofWesternculturalimperialismandhasthepotentialtothwart

tacretthatinternationalmediaisownedandoperatedbyahandfulofgiant

corporations,ntrollargectorsofthemediamarketandplacenationalmedia

tractioninthenumberofmediaownerswillcauaproportionalreduction,inthe

mple,painting,musicandmoviesaccessibleinthemediahavea

smallnumberofgenres,imposingrestraintsonone'sknowledgeofartworksofdifferentculturalbackgrounds.

Inadditiontoizingcontroloverthocreativeindustries,globalentertainmentcompaniesaffectcultural

diversitybyreshapingtheperceptions,the

culturalvaluesanculture

valuesindividuality,maximizationofone'sbenefitsandmaterialwealth,ratherthancommunallifeandfamily

solidarity,thevaluesandnormspreviouslytreasuredin"unately,manyAsian

peoplenowimitateAmericanpeople,dicalchange

canbeattributedtothomoviesandTVprogramsthatportraythesuccessofAmericanindividualsor

corporations.

Thelossofmediadiversityisalsoresponsibleforpeople'ingclassof

manycountriesspeaksEnglish,favorsWesternfood,wearsWestern-stylejacketsandevenprefersWestern

eoplearecaptivatedbyAmericanbasketballandsomeevendaubingthenamesofNBA

transformationsinlifearetheresultoftheaudience'xposureto

Hollywoodmovies,sofmediadiversitywillleadtodegradationofculture

orryingtrend,aspeopleneedculturaldiversitytoprerve

andpassontheirvaluableheritagetofuturegenerations,includinglifestyle.

Asshownabove,internationalmedia,controlledbyahandfuloftransnationalmediacorporations,ixporting

Westernculturformityof

mediaprogramshasledtothatofartworks,normsandwaysoflifewhereverinternationalmediagoes.

nce=domination=power:統治，力量=symbol=mark=signal=indication：標志，象

征=prevent=spoil=ruin:阻止，破壞ulof=asmallnumberof:少數的5.

contraction-reduction：減少tional=relative：相對的，成比例的7.

perception=view=opinion:看法=value=belief=principle:觀點，觀念；solidarity=unity=harmony=cohesion:

團結ivatedby=beobsdwith=bepassionateabout=beaddictedto=bekeenon=beenthusiastic

about:被…所吸引=give=impart=convey:傳遞，灌輸

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Topic3:Thereisadisagreementontheimpactofincreadbusinessandculturecontact

betweencountriesonacountry'youropinion?

商業和文化的接觸增多會導致一個國家特征的喪失：

?影響文化：文化不是靜態的，而是動態的（notstatic,butdynamic)；—種文化的改變主要是由于社會環境(social

environment)發生了變化。比如說，人們的飲食習慣發生了改變，這是學習夕卜界文化的結果(People'ating

habitshavebeenchangedastheresultoflearnedbehaviour.)；快餐文化源自美國，有些人將此作為財富的象

征(symbolsofwealth),從而喜歡快餐；另外，本地的飲食文化會改變，以適應外國人的口味（suitthetastesof

visitors);

?影響生活方式：進口商品的增多，對外國產品的喜好（preferenceforimports);人們更加熟悉他國的文化，而

忘記自身的特點（nofidentity)，社會的團結也有所損害（anerosionofsocialsolidarity);服裝、飲食、娛樂

等等都被兩化了（westernized),比如說，西裝現在是流行的男性服裝(thesuitisthemostpopularoutfitfor

men)；

?欠發達國家在技術革新中起到的作用甚微(playasmallroleinthetechnologicalrevolution),所以需要"出賣"自

己國家的主權或者利益來獲得國際的幫助（concedesovereigntyandintereststoothercountriesforaid)；貧富

差距加大(wideninggapbetweentherichestandpoorestpartsoftheworld)；

?接受西方文化的人們成為一個國家新的統治階級（newrulingclass);人們摒棄傳統的觀念(renounce

traditionally-heldbeliefs),覺得傳統觀念是過時的和低人一等的（outdatedandinferior);主流文化會取代老式的和

各種各樣的文化（Adominantculturetakesoverdivercultures.),人們不再尊重傳統文化（lorespectolder

cultures),而傳統觀念最終成為歷史{consignedtohistory)。

商業和文化的接觸增多會加強一個國家的特征：

?外來文化讓人們意識到自己文化的特點，從而更加注意維持這種文化；?一種特殊文化會引起世界的關注，

人們會更加注意保護。

范文

Oneofthemostconspicuoustrendsinthe21stcenturyisaclorconnectionbetweencountries,inboth

sawidespreadworrythatthiswillleadtothegradualdemiof

countries’sueshouldbeviewedandanalyzedfrommultipleperspectives.

Whenacountrytendstodevelopaclorrelationshipwiththerestoftheworld,itdoesnotnecessarilygiveup

genousculturecandistinguishone

countryfromothers,touriststravelabroadfor

learningdifferentculturesandsamplingdifferentwaysoflife,suchasBeijingoperainChina,Japanetea

cultureandThaitemples,manycountrieshaverespondedwithprotectingandprervingtheircultural

identities,dtourisminstills

freshlifeforceintothecountries,aidingtheconrvationoftheirfeatures.

Whiletourismprovidesadrivingforceforculturalconversation,somecomponentsofaculture,suchas

traditions,sthatinsomecountries,thelocalshavebecome

ectsthecombinedeffectsoftheinvasionofforeigncultures,either

mple,twodecadesago,xwasataboosubject

metheWesternculturehas

permeatedintotheChinelifestyle,andtheChinepeoplehavebrokenmanyoftheirtime-honoured

rsintherestoftheworldaswell.

5

Asoutlinedabove,increadinteractionbetweencountriesinthedomainsofbusinessandculturecaneither

strengthenorunderminetheidentitiesofcountriesinvolved,Todatethereisnodefiniteanswertothis

question.

近義詞表

cuous-noticeable=prominent=striking:顯箸的，突出的

tion=linkage=relation=relationship:關系，聯系=disappearance=vanishing=fading:

消失，死亡

le=manifold=numerous=various=many:不同的，很多的5.

disgrace=dishonour=shame=humiliation:恥辱

rce=soul=esnce：生命力vation=protection=prervation:保存，保

護

=bizarre=outlandish=fromafar=mysteriouslyunusual:外來的，奇異的

=offensive=embarrassing=unacceptable=disgraceful=dishonourable=humiliating:無禮的，侮辱性的；

忌諱的

te=epinto=pervade=leakinto:滲透-honoured=age-old=long-established：歷

史悠久的

ction=interplay=communication=relationship:相互作用

Topic4:Somepeoplebelievethatculturewillberuinedifitisudtoearntourism

revenue,s

bothsidesandgiveyourownopinion.

旅游業有益文化保護（culturalprervation)的論點：

?除了自然景觀（landscape)之外，文化和歷史是吸引旅游者去一個國家或者一個旅游景點(tourismsite)觀光的

最主要原因（motivator);旅游業和文化遺產相結合（integratetourismandculturalheritage)為文化保護提供了經

濟支持（economicincentives)；

?在文化領域提供一些旅游選擇(introducethetourismoptionsavailablewiththeculturalctors)，如博物館、

歷史景點、活動禾卩奠食等（includingmuums,historicalsites,eventsandcuisine),游客會深人了解當地傳

統和習俗（getaninsightintolocalcustomsandtraditions),感受當地傳統和藝術（experiencelocaltraditions,

artsandheritage),從而更加尊重當地社區和周圍的環境(respectthehostcommunityanditnvironment),促進

不同國家之間關于自然和文化資源保護的交流與對話(thedialogueoverconrvationofnaturalandcultural

resources)0一

旅游業導致文化破壞culturaldestruction)的觀點：

?保護的一般是食物、時尚、節日等（prervefood,fashion,festivalsandsoforth)—些文化的表面一，征

（superficialelementsofaculture),；|各文化定格成表演者（freezecultureasperformers),導致了文化、宗教、

傳統儀式、物質文化和語言的損失（thelossofculture,religion,rituals,materialcultureandlanguage)；將文化

商業化(commercialitheculture),破壞了文化神圣和獨特的本質(erodethesacredanduniquenature)；雖然

很多活動是娛樂活動（entertain,ratherthaneducatetourists),但有些是對當地人的一種羞辱(humiliatethelocal

people)；

?垃圾、涂鴉、破壞和噪音不斷增加（increasinglitter,graffiti,vandalismandnoi)，游客在沒有被允許的情

況下進人建筑物、神殿、神圣的土地（enterbuildings,shrinesorsacredlandswithoutpermission).這都與當地

文化相沖突，是一種文化侮辱（aninsulttothelocalculture)

范文

Thereislittleroomfr,its

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saywillelaborateonbothpositiveandnegative

effectsoftourismfromaculturalperspective.

Providingeconomicincentivesforculturalprervationisunarguablyoneofthemaincontributionsoftourism.

Tomanytourists,cuindt

hasbeenrecognidbymanytourismsitesandmoneyhasbeensubquentlydirectedtowardcultural

protection,misthereforeoneoftheprimaryforces

contributingtotheprervationofaculture.

Inadditiontoraisingfinancing,tourismcanmakeanindigenouscultureknowntotheworldandrallysupport

istoricsiteorasitethatshowsacountry'sculturalheritageismadeaccessible

tothepublic,llsharetheirexperienceinthelocal

culturewiththeirfriendsandfamiliesoncetheyreturnhome,

financialandtechnologicalsupportwillfloodinfortheconrvationofnaturalandculturalresources.

Onthenegativeside,,festivals,costumes

andotherstimulatingelementsofaculturearehighlightedtoentertaintourists,constitutinganinsulttothe

er,culturalcommercializationhasmade

thesacredelementsofaculturecommonplaceandtouristsareencouragedtoattachlittleimportancetoa

uniquetradition,whichcannotbefoundelwhere.

Inthelightofthefacts,onecanconcludethattourismisneitheraboonnorabanetoculturalprervation.

Whileitndeavourtoprotectanindigenouscultureshouldberecognized,ithasputtheintegrityofaculture

atrisk.

近義詞表

ably=unquestionably=indisputably=undeniably:無可置提地，無可否認地

ation=site=place:地點nance=prervation=upholding=protection:保護，

保存

nous=original=aboriginal：本土的，原始的=reputation=recognition=eminence:名氣，名聲

xpenof=atthecostof:以犧牲…為前提ain=amu=keepsomebodyamud:使愉快

=offence:侮辱place=ordinary:平凡的

ightof=inviewof=considering=takingintoaccount:考慮到

our=effort=attempt:努力，嘗試ity=entirety=unity:完整性

isk=endanger=jeopardi:危及，使…危險

政府投資

政府的投資主要有以下用途：

?國防（defen):保護一個國家免受攻擊或者其他威脅（Protectacountryagainstattackorotherthreats.)；

?保證法律和公共秩序的實施（enforcementoflawandpublicorder)以及政府的運作（operationofgovernment)；

?社會保障（socialcurity)和醫療保健（healthcaresystems)；

?福利(welfare):為那些不能夠自給自足的人（peoplewhoareunabletosupportthemlvesalone)提供經濟援

助(financialassistance),包括退休和殘疾人的福利（retirementanddisabilitybenefits)、失業工人的福利

（unemploymentbenefits)等；政府援助在這一方面是重要的，可以減輕社會壓力（releathepressureof

society),并最終幫助這些人獲得生存能力（gaintheabilitytosurvive)；

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?公共運輸(publictransportation)和公共服務(publicrvices)。政府的資金主要來自于稅收(taxes),貸款

(governmentborrowing)或者國際援助3和政府投資相關的爭執主要集中在關鍵行業（esntialctors)和非緊

要行業（non-esntialctors)——前者是為了公眾的方便，可以帶來直接和明顯的好處（immediateandtangible

benefits),包括教育和醫療保健；而后者所帶來的好處是間接的（indirectbenefits),可以給人們帶來情感上的快

樂(emotionalwellbeing),包括娛樂

Topic5:opleargue

greeor

disagree?

支持太空探索的觀點：

?地球上的資源是有限的，遲早會被消耗完（finiteandexhaustible),因此需要開拓太空上的能源(openenergy

andmaterialresourcesofspaceforhumanbenefit)；促進經濟±曾長(supporteconomicgrowth),使商業更力口

繁榮(anincreainbusinessactivity);

?人口增長導致地球承載壓力加大（cautheusablespacetoshrink)，因此太空探索有利于為人類找到一個新

的居住地（findasanctuary)；

?有利于環境考察（environmentalmonitoring),有利于收集人類生存環境（livingenvironment)的數據，比如天氣

預報（weatherforecasting).,環境保護和可持續發展（sustainabledevelopment)等相關數據；

?提高一些產業的科學競爭力（technologicalcompetitiveness),特別在國際商業領域（ininternational

business；),創造人力資源和高級別的專業技術（humancapitalandhigh-levelexperti);可以增加年輕人對自

然科學的興趣(theinterestofyoungpeopleinnaturalsciences)

反對太空探索的觀點：

?需要長期的努力和大量資金（long-termcommitmentsandfunding),大部分國家支付不起(unaffordableto

mostcountries)，這些資金應該用于解決些更實際的問題，比如饑荒(famine)等5

?很多項目收效甚微（makelittleprogress),甚至被證明是徒勞無益的（taxingandunrewarding)。

范文

Inrecentyears,therehavebeenmoreandmorecountriesinvolvedandinterestedinlong-termspaceprojects.

Becauoftheenormousrearchexpendituresincurred,thevalueofspaceprojectshasbeendisputed.

Somepeoplesuggestthatgovernmentfundingshouldbedivertedtowardimprovingthelivingstandardof

uatingthemeritsofspaceambition,

investmentinspacerearchcanbepaidoffsomedayinthefuture.

Thefirstreasontosupportitisthatourplanetisnowfacinganunprecedentedresourceproblem,whichcanbe

ruorscarcityofsome

tals,suchasgoldorsilver,willeventuallybedepleted,as

etalsandothernaturalresources,althoughrareonEarth,might

ca,conductingspacerearchisapromisingadventure.

Meanwhile,theworld'spopulationisnowgrowingtoastagewheretherearetoomanypeoplefortheplanetto

support,highlightingtheneedtoeklandsuitableforpeople'newurban

developmentsareabletoaccommodatetheincreasingpopulation,waterandelectricitysupply,waste

treatment,wagedispoe

arecountlessplanetsorbitingstarsthroughouttheuniver,onecanbeconfidentthatatleastoneofthemis

Mars,forexample,bearingacloremblancetotheEarth,is

consideredapotentialbackup.

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Inadditiontoarchingforashelterforfuturegenerations,spaceprogrammescontributeconsiderablytothe

mple,bymonitoringtheozonehole,globalwarming,the

lossofrainforestsandotherenvironmentalthreatstohumansurvival,remotensingsatelliteshelppeople

tracetherecoveryfrile,

spacerearchprovidesanewplatformonwhichscientistscancarryoutexperimentsandmakenew

discoveriesinavarietyoffields,suchasagriculture.

Assuggestedabove,inlocatingnewresources,positioningnewttlements,addressingenvironmental

concernsandfacilitatingscientificdiscovery,spacerearchwillprovetobenotonlyworthwhile,butalso

crucialtothesurvivalandsustainabilityofhumancivilization.

近義詞表

=merit=worthiness=worth:價值=redirect=reroute=switch:蜂令向，轉用于

e=overexploitation:過分使用

=beplentiful=thrive=flourish=:proliferate=growingreatnumbers:大量存在

ure=voyage=journey:征途，旅行，旅程-ttlement=relocation=immigration:迀居，搬遷

=sullage=wastewater:廢水，排泄物geable=uncontrollable=untruly;不可

控制的

=candidate=replacement:替代品，后備ry=healing=recuperation:恢復

rm=stage:舞臺

Topic6:e

peyour

opinion?

登月的重要性體現在三方面，科學（science)、開發思維（inspiration}和能源（resources):

?科學調查：提供一個平臺去觀察宇宙(obrvetheuniver)如何結合人和機器探索行星表面(combineefforts

ofbothhumansandmachinesinexploringaplanetarysurface)；

?開發思維：激發人們的想像力（triggerimagination),敢于面對新領域的未知因素和挑戰(confrontingunknowns

andchallengesonnewfrontiers)；用于探索月球的科技可以轉為民用(convertedforcivilu)，促進科技發展；

?能源開發：月球上有水存在(WaterexistsinthedarkandcoldregionsnearthepolesoftheMoon.),可以開

發能源。

反對登月的可能意見：

?消耗資源和時間（consumeresourcesandtaketime)，而沒太大的效果（benefitsarelimited)；

?分散政府和公眾在一些更重要事情上的注意力（distractthegovernmentandthepublicfromsomemore

significantissues)

范文

Theideaoftravellingthroughspace,evenlivingandworkingonotherplanets,hasfascinatedpeoplefor

enumeroustbacksanddauntingexpenditures,travellingintheouterspacehasnever

failedtoattractpeople'earsafterthefirstMoonlanding,people

questionwhetherthefeat,previouslythoughtofasagiantleapformankind,hassubstantiallybenefited

people'inion,landingontheMoonhanormousrelevanceforthequalityoflife,albeitnot

alwayxplicit.

9

Thefirstimplicationof,asthe

objectintheouterspaceclottotheEarth,canrveasalaunchsiteforthejourneystootherplanets.

Havingnoatmosphere,theMoonisapermanentbaforpeopletoobrvetheunivereasilyandprovide

themwithsufficientevidencetheyrequirefordecisionmakingonagreatmanysignificantissues,whichare

mple,onecanlearnmoreaboutthetreatofpotentiallyhazardous

objectsthatareLikelytohittheEarthanddestroyourcivilization.

AnotherremarkablebreakthroughmadebytheMoonlandingisthatitreignitespeople'nthusiasminthe

day'syouthsbecomeincreasinglyinterestedinsuchsubjectsascommerce,finance

andbusiness,spaceexplorations

youngmindsareconvincedthattravellingtheunknownoftheuniverisfeasible,despitemanychallenges.

Theyareinspiredtothinkforthefuture,insteadofbeingpreoccupiedwithcontemporaryissuesonly.

ItshouldalsobenotedthattheMoonhaswater,thebasicresourceforpeople'ssurvival,anditaboundsin

solarenergy,sobelievedthatmineralsareplentifultheretobe

y,ifpeopleareforcedtomoveofftheEarth,gh

peoplehavenotyetfullyexploredthispossibilityatthisstage,preliminaryinvestigationisimperative.

Badontheabove-mentionedfacts,onecanconcludethattheMoonlandinggreatlyimpactsondistantfuture,

nistheeventualgatewaytootherplanetsand

entificknowledgeandeconomicbenefitsto

begainedbybuildingasustainableMoonbaarehuge.

近義詞表

=achievement=accomplishment：成就nce=significance=importance=weight:重要

性

it=overt:明顯的e=watch=monitor:觀察

l=findananswerto=workout:揭開，解開n=mysterious=unfamiliar;神秘的，未知

的

le=practicable=viable=practical=realistic:可行的，實際的

able=available=accessible:可以獲尋的，可以得到的inary=initial=preceding:最初的;初步

的

tive=necessary=esntial=critical=vital:必要的，關鍵的

timebeing=fornow=forthemoment:現在，暫時y=entry=doorway=access:入口，通道

Topic7:Somepeoplearguethatthegovernmentshouldspendmoneyonpublicrvices

andfacilities,greeordisagree?

政府投資公共設施的原因：

?符合公眾的利益(generalinterest),給人們帶來方便；

?一般來說，私人企業(privatector)不會對公共設施感興趣，因此公共設施只能依靠政府投資。而藝術作為人

們的愛好和文化傳統(culturaltraditions),會代代相傳(pasdonfromonegenerationtoanother),因此不需要政

府投資。

政府投資藝術的原因：

?藝木對現代生活是至關重要的（esntialtomodernlife),對于一個文明社會有著非常重要的作用（centraltoa

civilizedsociety),藝術品傳播的是語言所不能傳播的東西（Worksofartconveytheineffable.)，是人們文化生活

10

的主要部分（anintegralpartofculturallife)；?藝術給人們提供了排解情緒的渠道(providepositiveoutlets),比

如看電影和聽音樂；?藝術是一種民族文化，保護藝術有助于保護一種文化(prerveaculture);藝術可以吸引外

國游客觀光(attractforeigntouristsforsighteing),產生旅游收入(producetourismrevenue)；

?一些藝術作品（artobjects),譬如說雕塑和建筑（sculptureandarchitecture),使人們享受城市或者郊區風景的

美麗(enjoythebeautyofurbanorrurallandscape),賞心悅目(pleasingtotheeye)，為生活增添情趣。

范文

Theroleofartsinmodernlifeisunique,providingpeoplewithentertainmentandyieldingvariouspsychological

rewards,ethebenefits,theartshavebeentakenasluxurygoodsinmany

ggestedthatpublicmoneyofacityshouldbeconcentratedinprojectslikepublicfacilities,which

arcmorelikelytobringimmediatebenefitstothepublic,reanumberoffacts

indicatingthatthispositionisright.

Publicfacilities,widelyacceptedasoneofthemainprecursorstoacity'sdevelopment,shouldbeoneofthe

nderdevelopedcitiesinparticular,shoulddirectsufficientfundingtowardpublic

unicipalofficebuildings,courthousandpostofficesareesntialcomponentsofpublic

rvices,libraries,hospitals,parks,playingfields,gymnasiumsandswimmingpoolsareavailabletothepublic

forsocial,educational,tingspendingonpublicfacilities,citiesaremore

capabletosatisfytheneedsofcitizensandimprovetheirstandardofliving.

Inadditiontosocialbenefits,

integratedtransportnetwork(maritime,landandinlandwaterwaystransportandcivilaviation),forexample,

rialproducts,aswellas

agriculturalproduceofacity,l

ingaccesstoinformationbyimprovingInternetandother

telecommunicationsfacilitieshasrelevancetotheeawithwhichbusinessinacityreceive,process,utilize

exaggerationtosaythatentrepreneurs,eitherfromhomeorabroad,willfirst

examinetheinfrastructureofacitybeforedecidingwhethertopursuebusinessopportunitiesthere.

Thearts,bycomparison,althoughenablingpeopletoetheworldandthehumanconditiondifferentlyandto

eatruthonemightignorebefore,streasonisthatthearts---

referringtomusic,filmandliteraturealtogether---aremorelikelytoattracttheinvestmentoftheprivatector

sspeoplecontinuetoinvestintheartsintheexpectationofearninglumpsum

incomeandtheartsinreturn,ile,theartsarea

keycomppublicfacilities,

theyrequirenomoneytosurvive.

Itisthereforeclearthatcons

concernaboutthewell-beingofindividualcitizensandthatofacityismoreacutethantheapprehensionabout

thesurvivalandprospectsofthearts,somethingthatbusinesshaveastakein.

近義詞表

sor=forerunner=foundation:先驅，基礎pal=urban=metropolitan:城市的

=value=advantage:優點ate=amalgamate=combine=mix:合成，綜合

=derve=earn:值得sh=thrive=burgeon=boom:蓬勃發展

ension=anxiety=uneasiness=dread=fearfulness:憂慮，擔心

11

=involvement=concern=interest=share:興趣，參與

Topic8:Somepeoplearguethatthegovernmentshouldspendmoneyonlyonmedical

greeordisagree?

政府投資教育和醫療的好處：

?教育可以幫助人們擺脫貧窮（breakthecycleofpoverty);如果沒有政府資助，窮人的孩子上不起大學，那么

他們可能代代貧窮(remainpoorthroughouttheirlifespanandevenacrossgenerations.)；

?教育可以提高一個人的工作能力（improveproductivity),從而提高一個國家的產出能力，對國家的繁榮

(prosperity)有著深遠的影響（havefar-reachingeffects);

?完善的醫療健康服務（highqualityandavailabilityofhealthcare)可以贏得人們對國家的忠誠度(winthe

loyalty),使人們愿意在一個國家生活和工作，以此留住有生產能力和技術的工作者(productiveandskilled

workers)；為殘疾人、退休者及貧窮的人提供幫助（renderassistancetothedisabled,retiredand

disadvantaged)；提高國民的健康(improvehealth)；

?體育設施和歌劇院有私人企業贊助(privatelyfinanced),而且大部分時間只符合少數人的興趣。政府投資體育設

施或者歌劇院的好處：

?滿足人們的精神需求（spiritualneeds),豐富人們的文化生活（enrichone'sculturallife),是一個城市文明的標志

（asignofacivilizedcity),

范文

opleadvocatethatthe

governmentshouldfundthectorsthatbringtangibleandimmediatebenefitstothepublic,suchasmedical

careandeducationalsystems,whileopponentssuggestthattholargeurbandevelopments,suchas

stadiumsandtheatres,inion,thepossibilityremainsthatthetwo

opinionscanbereconciledandthegovernmentcancoordinatebudgetingtomeettheneedsofboth.

Medicalcareisntialtotheeconomicandsocialwell-beingofacountry,particularlyofanunderdeveloped

piricalknowledgeandacademicrearchsuggestthatmakingeducationavailable

throughoutacouiving

education,childrenfromimpoverishedfamiliescanshakeoffpoverty,climbhighinthesocialladderandlive

ionalsoallowscitizenstocureemploymentandearnregularincome,therebymaintaining

untryasawhole,educationislinkedtoskilledworkforceandto

highproductivity,affectingbothresourceuandnationaloutput.

Governmentinbilityof

affordablemidingthe

needypeoplewithmedicalrvice,feelassuredlivingand

workinginacountrywheretheycanbegivenmedicalrvicewhenunemployed,sick,

comparison,iftheycannotaffordthehighcostofvisitingtheclinic,hospitalisation,orbuyingdrugs,theyare

solidaritywilleventuallysuffer.

Althougheducationandmedicalrvicesarefundamentaltothestabilityanddevelopmentofacountry,itis

ierarchyofhumanneeds,tho

needsforfood,hetargetsareattained,peopleturntohigher

aspirations,efacilitieslikestadiumsandcinemassatisfypeople'sneeds

etweenone'smotherlandandavisitingcountrycanraipeople'snofnational

12

emabringsartisticpleasuretoeveryone.

Todrawaconclusion,thedecisiontofinancetheatresorsportstadiumsdependsonthefinancialsituationofa

economycomestomaturity,thelaunchofrecreationalandentertainmentprojectsofthis

kindisreasonable.

近義詞表

le=concrete=solid=material=touchable:切實的，實質的

ile=tailor=modify=alter=adapt:修改，調整（以符合某種需要)

ff=getridof=getawaywith:擺脫

d=confident=lf-confident=poid=lf-assured:自信的，確信的

=medicine=prescriptiondrug:藥物ingfeature=desirablequality;可取之處，好的

特點

chy=pyramid=peckingorder=chainofcommand:層次；等級

r=safehaven=housing=accommodation=lodging：住房,安身之所

land=fatherland=nationstate:祖國

Topic9:Peopleshouldkeepallthemoneytheyearnandshouldnotpaytaxestothestate.

Doyouagreeordisagree?

稅收的作用：

?有利于保證政府的正常運轉（theoperationofgovernment),比如國防（militarydefen)、執行法律和維持公

共秩序（enforcementoflawandpublicorder);

?有利于支持公共投資和建設（providepublicrvicesandinvestment),比如橋梁、公路、能源、水和垃圾管理

系統(bridges,roads,energy,waterandwastemanagementsystems)以及公共交通(publictransportation)；

?有利于保證社會穩定：即縮小貧富差距(clothegapbetweenrichandpoor),進行收人再分配(income

redistribution,redistributionofwealth),減小社會矛盾；

?有刺于提高社會福利（fundwelfareandpublicrvices)；

?有利于進行宏觀經濟調控（influencemacroeconomicperformance):國家通過稅收來調控經濟，對消費和雇傭

有直接影響（haveadirecteffectonconsumptionandemployment)；

?社會方面：有時候通過征稅可以影響人的行為，比如對酒和煙草的稅收（collectataxonalcoholandtobacco)

以及對髙速公路的稅收（highwaytolls)稅收的弊端：

?稅率過高會打擊商業的投資熱情(dampenenthusiasmforinvestment)；

?需要一個很大的機構去處理稅收（requirethecreationofalargebureaucracytoadministerandenforcethe

system),耗資(expensincurred)很大

范文

Theroleoftaxationispror,to

manytaxpayers,especiallyemployers,inion,taxrevenueis

resomeofitsmainfunctions.

Althoughmanytaxpayerseincometaxasanappropriationoftheirearnings,taxisinfactareliefto

taxpayersandtheirfamilies,forexample,byprovidingasafeguardagainstunemploymentandasolutionto

mple,thowholotheirearningcapabilitiesbecauof

injuries,diasanddisabilitiesareentitledtothegovernment'sfinancialsupport,derivedmainlyfromtax

snopointindenyingthailaxistheprincipalsourceoffinancethatsustainsmanyofthe

13

ghmostworkersarenotthebeneficiariescurrently,

theywillcountonthebenefitsintheirlateryears(aspensioners).Sowilltheirdependents(childrenand

parents).

Taxationismeanwhileaneffectivetoolbywhichasocietycanachievetheredistributionofincomeandclo

countries,asageneralrule,thehigherthepersonalincome,

singdifferenttaxrates,thegovernmentisabletodistributethetaxburden

acrosssocialclass,reducingincomedisparitybetweentherichandthepoor.

Corporatetaxisdeemedbybusinessasaregularcost,whichmustbekepttoaminimum,butitisnot

ingdifferenttypesoftax,thegovernmentcanexertaninfluenceonmacroeconomic

performance,eeconomyisonthevergeof

arecession,thegovernmentcanreducethetaxandprenttaxincentives,whichprovestobeaneffective

rast,duringtheperiodsofgrowth,thegovernmentcanraithetaxrate

irtosaythattaxisoneofthemaintools

inestablishingahealthyenvironmentconducivetobusiness'ssustainedgrowth.

Whathavebeendiscusdabovearethebenefitsbroughtbytaxation,allbeingesntialtoacountry,its

ghmanytaxpayersfeelpressuredbytaxes,theywilleventually

benefitfromthetaxestheyhavepaidandshouldthereforebeartaxliabilities.

近義詞表

he=problem=annoyance:問題，令人頭疼的事

riation=acquisition=izure=requisition:占有，獲取

g=remuneration=wage=income=take-homepay=salary:收入

ard=protection=precaution:保護措施，保障ears=lastfewyearsofone'slife:晚年

ndhave-nots=richandpoor:富人和究人ion=downturn=depression=slump:蕭

奈，衰退

ive-encouragement:刺激物

Topic10:Itiswidelyacceptedthatpeoplewhohavepost-schoolqualificationarna

sitystudentsshould,therefore,payall

extentdo

youagreeordisagree?

在很多國家，高等教育的學費是一個很有爭議性的話題。一方面，教育是保證一個國家經濟長盛不衰的原因；

另一方面，如果學費完全由國家來負擔，國家未必負擔得起。因此，在許多國家，目前釆取的策略是收取正常

的教育費用，然后發放獎學金和貸款，從而鼓勵學生接受高等反對學生自己支付學費的理由：

?政府對高校的投資（tertiaryeducationinvestments)有助于促進以知識為動力的經濟和社會發展

(knowledge-driveneconomicandsocialdevelopment),獲得基礎研究和科學發展的長期回報(long-termreturns

fromrearchandtechnologydevelopment),技術革新使勞動力增強(greaterproductivityisachievedthrough

technologicalinnovation)；

?有更多人有機會接受高等教育（well-educated),這些人在畢業后會從事高薪職業（well-paidjobs),從而比一般

人交更多的稅(payhigherincometax),這社會來說是一種貢獻；

?接受高等教育的學生會減少，特別是經濟困難的學生（reducetheparticipationofdisadvantagedgroups);學生

接受教育，可以擺脫貧窮，社會有貢獻(breakoutofpoverty)。

14

支持學生自己支付學費的理由：

?學生有了經濟壓力（experiencefinancialpressure),會更加勤奮學習；

?政府支付不起巨大的費用，收取學費是應該的。

范文

Withthelabourintensiveeconomygraduallygivingwaytoknowledge-focudeconomy,theaccesstohigher

posaltochargealluniversitystudentswithtuition

feesandallownoexemptionarismainlyfromtheconcernthattertiaryeducationhastocompetewithmany

vethat:thispolicy,ifimplemented,

willhaveanaccumulativeeffectonthewell-beingofeitherindividualstudentsorthesocietyasawhole.

Whenlayingthehopeoffuturedevelopmentoverstudents,thegovernmentcannotshirkfromthe

n,the

governmentisinvesting,ardexampleisAmerica,acountryinvestingmultimillion

dollarsinhighereducationonanannualbasisandsponsoringstudents'studybydifferentformsofaid,suchas

scholarships,subsidies,eexpectedthatthewell-educatedaspiring

people,afterfinishingtheireducation,willconstituteamaindriveofastate'er,the

governmentshouldploughareasonableproportionoftaxrevenue,mostbeingsourcedfromparents,backto

theirchildren.

Meanwhile,itisworthmentioningthatsomeschoolstendtoforceacomplexofchargesoverstudents,withthe

aimtoextend,ntoftheirnot-for-profitnature,manyuniversitiesmightdeviatefrom

theirmostimportanttasks,sistenceofthisproblemwillmaketheir

academicsrsitycancoverits

expenbyvariousmeans,suchasthereceiptofdonation,orthegovernment'sfunding,insteadoflevyinga

highfeeoverstudents.

Thereasonscitedabovehavejustifiedwhyuniversitystudentsneednotpaymorethanalowerpayment.

Whiledependingonyounggenerations,ortto

encouragetertiaryeducationparticipationwillpaybacksooner,ratherthanlater.

近義詞表

yto=succumbto=yieldto:向…讓步ion=exception:例外，免費

lative=gi-owing=increasing=incremental=spiralling：累加的,逐步增加的

=evade=avoid=dodge=shun：躲避

5-sustained=everlasting=eternal=:endless=unending=perpetual:持續的，永遠的

=hingeon=dependon:依靠，信賴于ng=hopeful=aspirant:有志向的，有希望

的

e=diverge=stray:偏離tence=continuance：持續

=unbalanced=unequal:不平衡的，不均衡的

Topic11:

extentdoyouagreeordisagree?

支持政府調控房地產的原因：

?房屋商業化（commercializationofhousing)最大的受害人是低收人家庭（unaffordabletolow-incomefamilies),

15

對此，政府可以多建經濟適用房（economicalhousing),并采取措施對房地產行業進行干預(government

intervention)；

?住房購買力的缺口加大（thehousingaffordabilitygapwidens),而且租金（rentalrates)也在不斷增加低收人家

庭（low-incomefamilies)沒有能力買房（unabletobuyhous);

?人口過多和過分擁擠造成住房緊缺(thedirectresultofovercrowdingandoverpopulation),因此政府應通過劃

地政策（zoningpolicies)、城市發展（urbandevelopment)規劃、住房補貼（housingallowance)等措施，對房

地產進行調控。

反對政府調控房地產的原因：

?住房分配體系（houallocationsystem)會嚴重降低私人投資的熱情（dampentheenthusiasmofindividualsin

housinginvestment),房屋建設的投資少(agraveshortageintheinvestmentinhouconstruction)，很難減輕

住房壓力(eathehousingpressure)；房地產是一個大的產業，對經濟發展有著重要的意義，提高家庭收人才

是解決房屋問題的關鍵；

?當市場占據主導地位（thefundamentalrole)時，建筑工程質量（constructionquality)、房屋的功能(functionalily)、

房屋的質量(housingquality)都會有所提高。此時，政府對房屋市場的完全控制會導致單調的城市景觀

（monotonouscityscape,uniformityofhoudesign)，不能夠滿足城市居民對生活條件的高要求

(comprehensiverequirementsonlivingconditions)。

范文

Housineenarguedthat

onlywhenthegovernmenthastakenactions,hebestofmy

knowledge,thegovernmentalonecannotcopewellwithhousingshortages.

Oneofthemainobjectionstogovernmentinterventionisthatitwouldhampertheprivatectorand

trieswherethegovernmentisonatightbudgetand

thehomelesspopulationislarge,theinvolvementofprivatepropertydevelopersisrequiredandrecommended.

Notonlydoesitreleathegovernmentfromtheburdenoffundinglarge-sizedconstructionprogrammesbutit

tsroleinattractingpublicconsumptionandacceleratingeconomic

development,thehousingindustryshouldbeatthemercyofthemarket,ratherthanthegovernment.

Anotherdrawbackofstatecontroloverthehousingmarketisthatitcouldresultinthestagnancyof

constructionquality,functionality,entblocksorotherresidential

constructioiveuniformity,

especiallyinthesizeandnumberofrooms,willfailtomeetcomprehensiverequirementsraidbycitizenson

properties.

Despitetheobjections,governmentinterventionisntialinsomegmentsofthemarketandcanrender

parents,thepeoplewithdisabilitiesandotherdisadvantagedpeopleare

ernmentcanprovidethemeitherwith

housingallowancetopurchatheirprivatepropertiesordirectlywitheconomicalhous.

Asindicatedabove,inaddressinghomelessnessandinadequatehousing,thejointeffortofbothgovernment

overnmentinterventionwouldimpedethepropertymarketand

negativelyinfluencethesupplyanddemandrelationship,governmentassistanceisntialforlow-income

familiesandvulnerableindividualsinneedofhousing,

近義詞表

16

ion=opposition=argumentagainst:反對的觀點ercyof=relianton:由...控制

nous=repetitive:單調的，單一的mity=sameness:一致性,相同性，單一

性

hensive=wide-ranging=ample:廣泛的ention=interference=involvement:干

涉，參與

t=ctor=ction：部分

nce=subsidy=payment:補助，津貼

=combined=shared=united:聯合的

科技發展對生活的影響

概述：雅思作文有關科技發展的題目主要考查現代科技對人們生活習慣和生活方式產生的影響。現代科技主要

包括因特網、電腦、手機以及各種小電器。當然，汽車和飛機的廣泛使用也經常被認為是近代主要的科技發展

成果。主要的考點包括：

?科技發展的影響是正面還是負面的？

?科技發展讓我們的空閑時間變多還是變少？

?科技發展對我們的文化、思想、觀念和社區有什么影響？

科技發展的正負面影響都有，沒有必然的結論。科技發展使人們的生活質量極大提高的同時，也可能導致人們

養成不好的生活方式和習慣，對健康有不利的影響。考生在考試當中要注重論述的質量，至于傾向哪個方面未

必一定重要。

科技發展的正面影響有：

?生產效率更高，人們可以在更短時間內完成工作，因此可以有更多的體閑時間；

?給人們生活帶來極大便利，提高了人們的生活水平；

?人們通過網絡可以做很多事情，比如購物和處理個人財務，不用花太多時間在通勤(commute);

?人們聯系更加方便，即便行動不方便的人也可以通過網絡聯系家人和擴大朋友圈；

?人們獲得信息的渠道增多(譬如說網絡、手機、電子圖書館、電視），知識更加豐富。

科技發展的負面影響有：

?因為競爭激烈，人們需要接受在職培訓和教育，工作節奏加快，壓力更大，和家人交流的機會更少；

?因為通訊發達，人們在下班之后也被同事和上司聯系，在家里査閱工作上的電子郵件；通訊的發達同時推動

全球化，工作的性質也趨向于全球化，人們的工作吋間在某種程度上被延長了；

?人們享受著網絡娛樂和其他媒體所提供的娛樂，因此忽視和家人的交流；

?人們喜歡上網，不愿意外出，性格變得孤僻，和外界的聯系減少。

Topic12:Therearesocial,medicalandtechnicalproblemsassociatedwiththeuof

rmdotheproblemstake?Doproblemsofusingmobilephones

outweighthebenefits?

手機所帶來的問題和負面影響：

?社會問題：在公共場所講話聲音大（speakatanincreadvolume),讓人感覺不舒服（feeluncomfortable)；

?技術問題:信息可能會被第三方截取（intercept)或者偷聽（eavesdropin);

?醫療問題：有可能增加患癌癥的幾率(increatheriskofsufferingcancers)；

?安全問題：開車時打電話（talkonthephonewhiledriving),導致交通事故的發生（correlationwithroadtraffic

accidents)

手機所帶來的好處和正面影響：

?豐富生活：除了發信息（ndtextmessages)和語音留言(makevoicecalls)之外，手機還可以用來瀏覽網頁

17

（Internetbrowsing)、聽音樂（musicplayback),管理個人信息（personalorganirs)、收發電子郵件（e-mail)、

拍照（built-incameras)、下載鈴聲（ringtones)、玩游戲(games)和聽廣播(radio)等，由此豐富了人們的生活；

?方便溝通：手機使人們可以隨時隨地進行聯系；在有突發事件的時候(intheeventofanemergency)，手機可

以通過信來確定人的位置(locatetrappedorinjuredpeopleusingthesignalsfromtheirmobilephones)。

范文

Acrosstheworld,especiallythewealthierparts,themobilephonehastakentheplaceoftelephoneasan

electronictelecommunicationdevice,withthemajorityoftheadult,

thistechnologyhasbecomerife,itsdrawbacks,whichcanbeenfromsocial,medicalandtechnical

perspectives,dervepeople'sgreatestattention.

Similartomanyotherhi-techproducts,suchascomputers,mobilephoneshavedetrimentaleffectsonurs'

mple,long-timeheavyphoneursemtobemorepronetocertaintypesofcancers,

rlethalhealthconcernisthelinkbetweenmobilephonesand

guedthatmotoristshaveamuchhigherriskofcollisionsandlosingcontrolofthevehicle

whendrivingandtalkingonthephonesimultaneously,despitesometimesusingbands-freesystems.

Whenthemobilephonehasbroughtconsiderableconvenience，people'sobssionwithconveniencehas

'swhytheuofmobilephoneshasbeenprohibitedinmany

publicplaces,suchaslibraries,theatres,hospitalsandeventransports,suchastrains,busandaircrafts.

Speakingatincreadvolumeisconsideredimpoliteorevenoffensive,Inschools,studentsarerequiredto

switchoffcellphonesbeforetheclassbeginsbecaumobilephonesareresponsibleforahighamountof

classdisruptions.

Whenitsdownsidepersists,ndheld,

lightweight,portableandmulti-functioned,allowingurstondtextmessages,exchangemusicfiles,make

voicecalls,browInternet,ile,withintwentyyears,mobilephonesareexpectedtobe

morepervasiveastechn

thofactors,themobilephonewillcontinuetoperformitsroleasakeysocialtool,bywhichonekeepsin

touchwithothersmuchmoreeasilythandidthegenerationsbefore.

Assuggestedabove,thecontributionofthemobilephonetothesocietyisprominentandpeople's

dependenceonitforcommunicationisanirreversibletrend,althoughithasanumberofproblemsthatshould

bewellhandled.

近義詞表

=equipment=appliance=instrument:設備，設置

=widespread=prevalent=ubiquitous=predominant=rampant:普遍的

o=susceptibleto=vulnerableto:容易患上…的=fatal=deadly=life-damaging:致命的，有傷

身體的

st=driver=carur.使用汽車的人ion=crash=accident:碰撞，車禍

bance=annoyance=interruption:干擾,打擾tion=interference=:distraction:干擾

ive=prevalent=omniprent:普遍的，流行的

rsible=permanent=irrevocable=unalterable:不可逆轉的，永遠的

Topic13:Doyouagreethatmoderntechnologyhasgivenusmoreleisuretimethan

18

before?

現代科技讓人更輕松、休閑時間更多的觀點：

?汽車、飛機和鐵路的普及(thepopularityofautomobile^airtravelandrail)減少了人們在路途上奔波的時間

（spendlesstimecommuting)；電腦和自動化等設備(computerisationandautomation)讓人們可以更快更有效

地完成工作，休閑時間更多；

?效率的提高和收人的增加（risingwages),人們不需要加班也能夠獲得足夠的收人。此時，人們對生活質量的要

求更高(higherdemandonstandardsofliving)，可以支付得起更多的娛樂活動(abletoaffordrecreational

activities),在休閑的時間里放松自己(relaxthemlvesintheirsparetime)

現代科技讓人更繁忙、休閑時間更少的觀點：

?新科技的產生加快了工作節奏，人們需要不斷地接受教育和培訓（continueeducationandreceiveon-the-job

training)以適應新科技帶來的變化(keeppacewiththefastdevelopmentoftechnology),人們因此更加繁忙；

?科技發展使社會的產品變得豐富(diversified)，人們需要刻苦工作才買得起琳瑯滿目的商品；

?電腦和因特網的產生讓人們在正常工作時間之外也可以工作（workbeyondnormalworkinghours),科技的發展

促進全球化，人們需要加班工作以消除時差的影響(havetoworkovertimeduetotimedifference)

范文

Inthehistoryofmankind,possiblynocenturywitnesdmoreprogressintechnologythanthe20thcenturydid.

Peoplehavebecomeincreasinglyinterestedinasssingthecorrelationbetweentechnologicaldevelopment

sIamconcerned,people'sleisuretimehasbeenshrinkingasaresultofthe

edly,thankstomoderntechnology,peoplecanthusspend

lesstimeoncompulsoryactivities(e.g.,working),butitshouldalsobenotedthatothernon-compulsory

activitieshavecometoconsumealargerproportionofpeople'safter-worklife,ure

referstothetimespentinnon-compulsoryactivities,people'wing

concernoneducationhasincreadthelikelihoodthatpeoplearewillingtogiveuptheirleisurelivesfor

endisattributedmainlytocompetitionandfearsofjobloss,causingpeopleto

rincentiveistheincreasingflexibility

hileknowledgecanbepasdonfromonegenerationofworkerstoanother

indifferentformsofeducation,satthecostoftheir

leisuretime.

People'sleisurelivesarecontinuouslyerodedalsobecauofubiquityofmoderntechnologicaltools(e.g.，

computerswithInternetaccessandtelecommunicationquipment).Itisnoteworthythatpeoplenowtake

fewerandshortervacatmple,

cellphonesandlaptopsmakepeopleaccessibletotheirsuperiorswherevertheygoandwherevertheyare.

ile,peoplenowhavetoengageinmore

everydayprocessthaneverbefore,suchasshopping,foodordering,sthatthetime

budgetisburdenedbecaumoretimeshouldbeinvestedinactivitiesthatwerepreviouslyignoredor

unnoticed.

Whileposingathreatonpeople'sleisurelives,technologiesmightonotheroccasions,giveworkersmore

tionalworkweekhasbeencut,asthe

ilabilityofvariousmeansof

ebetweenwork*andprivatelifeis

muchmoreblurred,withmanyworkersshopping,checkingprivateemailsandreadingnewspaperonlineeven

whenworking.

19

Fromwhathasbeendiscusd,oneunderstandsthatthedevelopmentoftechnologyhastremendousimpacts

onpeople'sdailylives,eproliferationofnew

technologies,suchascomputers,allowspeopletomanagetheirownworkingtimeandaccommodatefamily

needsandlifestylechoices,ithaslockedtheminastruggletocopewithmoretasksindailylives.

近義詞表

=decline=diminish=contract:減少，縮'小sory=required：必需的

-worklife=personallife:工作之外的生活，個人生活to=handon=transfer:傳遞

typrevalence:四處存在,無處不在

e=thejourneybetweenhomeandplaceofwork:上下班的路程

eration=increa=mushrooming:增加odate=giveroomfor:容納

Topic14:Itissaidthatthefastpaceofoureverydaylife,asadirectresultoftherapid

developmentoftelecommunicationstechnologyandtravelindustry,hasnegativeeffects

onindividuals,extentdoyouagreeordisagree?

移動電話、因特網和現代交通工具使人們的生活節奏加快，其主要原因是人們交流更加方便，而且旅行也變得

更加便利、頻繁。值得注意的是，很多考生可能會去考慮電訊科技和交通行業的發展對人類產生的影響，而事

實上，本題考查的是生活快節奏對人們產生的影響。

負面影響：

?快節奏的生活使人與人之間的相互交流減少（personalinteractionreduces),人們很難保持和改善與朋友親人的

關系(hardtomaintainandimproverelationswithfriendsandfamilymembers)，這對社會和家庭都是有害的

（detrimentaltofamilylifeorsocialrelationswithinoroutsideofwork)；

?快節奏的生活會引起疾病(lifestyledias,suchasobesity,stroke,diabetes,heartdias)

正面影響：

?提高了效率和生產力，促進了信息交流和貿易往來（promotetradeactivityacrosstheborder);

?效率的提高使人們有更多的娛樂時間，生活更加豐富（leisureliveshavebeenenriched)。

范文

Notsurprisingly,manyaspectsofpeople'sdailyliveshaveundergoneconsiderablechangesbecauofthe

articularconcernthatthepaceofeverydaylifeisbecomingfaster,

resultingfromthedevelopmentincars,airtravel,telecommunicationstechnologyandtheInternet。Aswell

asbenefits,thistrendistobringproblems.

Onthepositiveside,thefastrhythmofliferequirespeopletoenhanceefficiencywhenworkingandthenallows

eadvanceintelecommuncationspeoplecanmakeinquiresbyphone,

insteadoftravellinglongdistances,Internetaccessmakesitpossible(foronetoperformvarioustaskswithout

oughpeoplehavetotraveleverynowandthen,formeetingbusinesspartners,

visitingclientsinothercitiesorotherpurpos,modemtransportnetworksreducetheamountoftimethey

spendoncommutes.

Theaccelerationofthepaceoflifealsoimpliestheexpansionofpeople'ast,social

relationshipswerelimitedbyphysicalfactorssuchasgeographicaldistanceandlowmobility,butnowadays,

onecantravelfurtherandgetacquaintedwithmorepeoplewiththotechnologicaladvances,suchasthe

railroad,tance,therapidpenetrationoftelecommunications

20

technologyhasmadethemobilephoneakeysocialtoolandpeoplerelyontheirmobilephoneaddressbook

tokeepintouchwiththeirfriends.

Onthenegativeside,thefast-pace

becomedemandingandrequireworkers'fullcommitment,resultingintheirdepressionandpressure.

Underneaththefacadeofcontinuedcontractionofofficialworkinghours,employeesareactuallyworking

longer,primarilybecaufax,e-mailorothercommunicationdeviceshavemadethemaccessibletotheir

supervisors,vetorespondinstantlytovoiceandemail

elifehastobesacrificed.

Accordingtothefactsoutlinedabove,thedoubtsaboutthenegativeeffectsoftheaccelerationofpaceoflife

nowenjoygreaterwell-being,whichisreflectedinmorequalityfamilytime,less

r,theymighthavetoaccept

frequentintrusionsasaby-productofconvenientcommunication.

近義詞表

ation=invasion=permeating:滲透,入侵=disgui=cover-up：偽裝

ction=reduction：減少ion=interruption:侵擾,擾

-product=unwantedproduct=anythingproducedinthecourofmakinganotherthing:副產品

Topic15:Nowadayspeoplecancarryouttaskssuchasshoppingandbankingeven

etheeffectson

individualsandthesociety?

本題不是討論網絡的優缺點，而是討論其正面和負面的影響。因此，僅僅討論網絡購物和網絡商務的優點和缺

點是不足夠和不確切的,需要針對這些特點討論所產生的社會影響。

正面的影晌：

?提高效率；

?網絡紿人們提供大量信息，增加人們的知識；

?喊少交通工具的使用（relylessonprivateorpublictransport),從而減少汽車廢氣的排放（leadtoadropinthe

carbonfootprint)

負面的影響：

?人與人之間的交流減少,人們只關心自己的生活方式（concernedaboutone'sownwayoflife)，導致形成以個

體為中心的社會（aninsularsocietydevelopsandforms)；

?人們習慣于不運動的生活方式（inactivelifestyle),甚至過起隱居的生活（liveareclusivelife),過分依賴因特網

做其他事情（relyexcessivelyontheInternetforrunningerrands)。

范文

WiththewideuoftheInternet，thewaypeopleconductbusinessandlivetheirliveshasvastlychanged.

Manybusinesshavewebsitesthatallowpeopletoconductbusiness,executedealsandfinishtransactions

online,ghpeoplearethusfreefromtheconstraintsof

geographyandtime,therearesomeconquencesofthistrendthatdemandattention.

Suppodly,withInternetaccess,peopleareabletoperformtransactionsandtodoshoppingwithoutleaving

home,hemostnegativeaspectsis,forinstance,

ypeople,tospendpartofthedayontheInternetis

21

eexpectedthatbeingaddictedtoInternetu,mostofhometelecommutersorInternet

ciallifeandfeelingsoflonelinessarethoproblemsthatarevery

oftenfoundamongheavyurs.

Itisalsolikelythatpeoplehavebecomeincreasinglyaccustomedtolivinginaworldthatappreciates

xplanationofwhythe

dentarylifestyleisnowprevail

resultisthattheysufferriouslossofvision,back

uethatmanypeoplefinallyendupwithstrugglingwithdeterioratinghealth.

Despitethenegativeeffects,

cturers,therefore,haveto

improveproductqualityandlowerpricelevelsinanefforttowinthefavourofconsumersandcureastable

mmuting-workingathomeusingacomputerisasolutiontotrafficcongestion,theurban

airpollutionandpetrolu.

Asoutlinedabove,people'sgrowingobssionwithInternetu,suchasonlineshoppingorbanking,hasboth

immediateandlong-termimpactsonhealth,socialinvolvement,ghit

isofgreatvaluefromanetsurfer'sperspective,peopleshouldstepupeffortstominimizethenegativeeffects.

近義詞表

ative=replacement=substitute:另一種選擇，替代品

edly=theoretically=purportedly:理論上地，假想地

=penalty:代價，付出.

mmuter=teleworker:在家通過使用電腦、傳真和因特網工作的人

life=spendingtimewithfriendsandotherpeople;社會生活

vity=idleness=immobility=indolence=sluggishness;懶惰，很少運動的生活方式

=rule=principle=tenet=guideline=motto=dictum=axiom=truism:格言，定律

Topic16:ople

claimthatitbenefitsonlyworkers,greeordisagree?

在家工作（homeworking)的優點：

?增加工作的靈活性（introduceflexibility),方便雇用臨時工（occasionalworkers)和兼職工（part-timeworkers)

?減少上下班時間（reduceinterruptionsandcommutingtime),從而減少給社會交通帶來的壓力；

?增加員工工作的動力（increastaffmotivation),減少在辦公室需要面對的各種壓力（reducestress)；

?節省辦公室空間和設備(saveofficespaceandotherfacilities),從而減少費用支出（reducecosts)

在家工作的缺點：

?不利管理員工(managehomeworkers)和監督其工作(monitorperformance)；

?很難集中培訓（maintainstaffdevelopment),有可能導致員工技術和工作質量的下降（leadto

possibledeterioratingofemployees'skillsandworkquality)；

?很難保持團隊精神（maintainteamspirit),缺乏交流（lackcommunication),同事之間有疏遠感

(anofisolationamonghomeworkers)

范文

Thespreadoftelecommunicationtechnology---usingtheInternet,telephone,fax,scannersortext

messaging---hasopenedupanewrangeofpossibilitiesforworkingathome,Discussionhascentredon

whetheritreprentsabenefittoworkersalone,inion,employerscantakefull

22

advantageofhomeworkingaswell.

Byallowingemployeestoworkathome,employerscanwidenthebafromwhichtheyrecruitandboostthe

tance,parentswithchildcareresponsibilitiesandtho

cebetweentheirworkplaceandtheirplaceofresidencehas

rkingenablesworkingpeopletoperformtheirjobsatea,andthus

givemployersmoreoptionsinhumanresourceu.

Anoingathome,employees

canmanagetheirtimeontheirownandstrikeabalancebetweenworkandrestSimilarlyimportantisthat,

withouttheprenceoftheirimmediatesupervisors,wo

factorsbothplayapartinboostingtheirproductivityandjobsatisfaction.

Apartfromthobenefits,engethatemployershavetofaceis

thedifficultyinmanagingandmonitoringemployees'remployeesareaslikelytomeeta

rlydifficultistomaintain

trmore,stalltraining,an

integralpartofincreasinghumancapital,isnotpracticalinabusinesswherehomeworkingpredominates.

Therefore,itisclearthatalthoughemployerscanbenefitalotfromintegratinghomeworkingintohisorher

business,e.g.,introducingmoreflexibilityandincreasingemployees'jobsatisfaction,theyshouldworkout

methodstopreventtheproblemsthatarelikelytoarifromthismove.

近義詞表

ent=standfor=signify:代表

lizeon=take(full)advantageof=makethemostof=benefitfrom:利用，得益于

ace=placeofwork:工作地點=comfortably=freefromanxiety;輕松地

tivity=output=efficiency=yield:生產力irit=cohesion=unity;團隊精一命，凝聚力

ction=communication=contact:聯系和相互作用

Topic17:Itemsthatwiththeincreainuofmobilephonesandcomputers,fewer

eskillofwritingdisappearcompletely?

寫作技能不會消失的理由：

?電子郵件、手機信息、信件都是文字交流的方式(differentformsofcommunications)；不管用什么方式，都需

要關注其交流的目的、讀者、語氣和場合(purpo,audience,toneandcontext)；

?即便使用電子郵件和手機來傳遞信息，一些書面寫作的特點還是要注意的，包括：對事情提供充分的解釋，

（provideadequateexplanation)，邏輯地組織并表達自己的想法（arrangeandexpressthoughtslogically),使

自己的意向更加清楚（makethepurpoclear),給出正確的信息和完整的細節(givecorrectandcomplete

details),語氣不溫不火(neutralorwarmintone)，減少誤會的可能性（lesnthepossibilityofmisunderstanding),

通過改變詞匯和句子長度吸引讀者等(maintaininterestbyvaryingvocabularyandntencelength),這些實際

上仍是寫作技能。

寫作技能消失的理由：

?當今，時間就是金錢（Timeismoney.),人們不再注重傳統的寫作技巧（conventionsoflanguage),便捷快速更

重要；

?手機等現代通訊工具增加了口頭交流的比重（theproportionoforalcommunications)，寫作技能已經不重要。

23

范文

Textmessages,emailsandlettersareeverydaycommunicationtools,althoughnowadays,textmessagesand

rsthatwritingskillswillbe

attachedwithlessimportancearerootedmainlyintheconcernthatthegrowingpopularityofmobilephones

rriesare

unsupported.

Amajorityofdailycommunicationsinvolvewrittencorrespondence,whetherittakestheformofemailsor

erentfromcommunicatinginspeech,communicatinginwritingrequiresalargenumberof

valenceofemailsandtextmessageswillnotchangethepurpos,contentsand

conventionsofcommunication,butmerelymedium,mple,successfulwritten

communicationsarenormallymeasured,byclarityandaccuracy,twoelementsthatremainunchangeddespite

lortextmessagendershouldpaythesame

attentiontosuchelementsasvocabulary,grammar,punctuation,wordingandtoneasaletterwriterdoesin

ordertoma

misunderstandingormisinterpretationwillcaudireconquences.

Anotherfacttonoteisthatallcommunicationisinterpersonalandinteractive,therebyrequiringinformation

srtobecomea

successfulcommunicator,oneshouldplan,tailor,anddevihisorherwritingaccordingtothecharacteristics

gamessagewithoutconsideringtheintendedreaderwillincreathepossibilityofpoor

mple,choosingtherighttoneincommunicationisofgreat

smakeassumptionsaboutpeople'smoodandintentionsandspeculateontheimplied

meaningofthemessages,gtherighttoneisthereforean

importrticularlytrueincas

etomanipulatethecomponents

properlywillcaudiscomfortorhardfeelingsofthereader.

Theexamplesthatareoutlinedabovehaveapparentlyoverturnedtheprevailingnotionthatwritingskillswill

vanishncommunication

requiresagoodunderstandingoftherulesoflanguage,suchasgrammar,ta

goodcommandofthowritingskills,acommunicatorwillencountermanyawkwardsituationsindaily

communication.

近義詞表

=adapt=modify=alter:調整，調節

tion=supposition=hypothesis=notion=belief:假設，觀點

eling=anger:不愉快，生氣rn=rever=invalidate:扭舞,扭轉

文化的組成因素和保護

概述：簡單地說，文化是指社會或者社會人群的生活方式和生活習慣。文化雖然是很抽象的概念，但它的影響

卻無處不在，包括以下一些方面：

?服飾：每一種文化都有自己特殊的服裝。中國是一個典型的例子：中國作為一個多民族國家，每個民族都有

自己的特色服裝，其中服裝的樣式、顏色和其他特點都反映了民族的文化、習俗、生活習慣以及審美觀點。然而，

24

由于西方文化的盛行，西裝已在世界各國普遍流行并為人們廣泛接受；

?飲食習慣：每一種文化都有自己特殊的飲食習慣。中國、日本、韓國、泰國以及墨西哥等地的民族食物風靡

世界，美國快餐文化影響了很多國家的飲食習慣，這都是雅思作文考試中經常出現的話題。飲食習慣的不同也

體現在飲食的工具(筷子和刀叉的區別）、飲食的場合（中國人更喜歡聚餐，而西方人喜歡自助）、飲食的環境（中

國的餐桌一般是圓的，而且比較大，而外國的餐桌一般是方的，兩人桌居多)等；

?語言：每一種文化都有自己特殊的語言，而每一種語言又有它特殊的文化背景。全球化影響了文化的多樣性，

同時也影響了語言的多樣性。語言學習經常要和文化結合在一起；

?禮儀：每一種文化都有自己特殊的禮儀。禮儀主要體現在社交、節日和慶祝方式方面。比如，中國有中秋節，

而西方國家則沒有這個節日。此外，生日聚會、婚禮、葬禮等等，也都體現了文化的差異；

?宗教信仰、思維方式、價值觀：中同人家庭觀念和集體觀念較強，而外國人個人意識較強；中國人喜歡儲蓄、

講究孝道，而外國人則沒有這種習慣和意識；

?行為習慣：西方人同性之間比較忌諱勾肩搭背，交流中忌諱打聽對方衣服的價格和工資；中國人喜歡比較商品

價格和家庭收人，交談時喜歡靠近對方，以表示對對方的信任和對話題的重視。

文化的重要性：

?使人們了解自己的特點、文化背景，具有較強的身份感(nofidentify);

?對于整個人類社會而言，文化的多元性可以保證人們用不同的方式看待問題；

?和生物多樣性類似，文化多樣性對人類的長期存在有深遠影響（thelong-termsurvivalofhumanity)。

Topic18:Peoplethinkthatoldbuildingsshouldbeknockeddownandgivewaytothe

greeordisagree?Howimportantareoldbuildingstous?

保護老建筑的必要性：

?建筑是一個地區社會習俗和歷史的標志（symbolofthesocialcustomsandhistoryofaplace)，也是一種文

化資源（culturalresource)。保護老建筑（oldarchitecturalworks)實際上是保護文化(prerveculturalvalues),

讓一個地區擁有羋富的建筑遺產(arichvarietyofarchitecturalheritages),有助于突出或者塑造一個地區的形象

(createitsidentify)。老建筑是連接現在和過去的橋梁（bridgetheprentandthepasthistory),拆毀老建筑會

造成不可彌補的損失；

?從美學角度講，老建筑可以保持建筑的多樣性（establishsomevariationsamongthebuildings),獨特性（rarity)

和歷史地位（historicalroles)。雖然，建造宏偉的高層建筑（grandhigh-risingstructures)是必須的，但是保持

多樣性(variety}也很重要；

?一些歷史建筑（historicbuildings)或古建筑（archeologicalsites)應該修復成原來的狀態(restoredtoits

original/authenticstateofexistence),這些建筑物具有觀光價值；

?建筑費用的增加使老建筑具備一定的經濟價值(ofeconomicvalues)。

保護老建筑的不利之處：

?老建筑（agedbuildings)的維護與經濟的發展有沖突(anantithesisofdevelopment),缺乏經濟

價值(lackofeconomicvalues)；

?老建筑的維護需要特別的技藝（craftsmanship),也需要大量的金錢和時間（commitmentoftimeandmoney)；

?一些老建筑已經破爛不堪(wornout),不具備應用價值（notinausablestate),甚至可能危及生命。

范文

annersareveryoftenconfronted

withadebateinion,it

dependsonwhetherthetargetedbuildingcansatisfytheneedsofthecity.

Thereisnodenyingthatsomeoldbuildingsareofaesthetic,ght

25

beeitherintegraltoacultureasasymbolofacityorcountryoruniqueinthedomainofarchitecture.

Demolitionofsuchbuildingswillinflictdamagetoculturalheritageandpreventarchitectsfromdrawingtheir

eoftheiruniqueness,oldbuildingsareverylikelytoprovidea

sourceoftourismincome,irtosaythatoldbuildingsofthiskindaremuchmore

importantthananynewbuildingandperformingmorefunctionsthananynewbuildingdoes.

Withregardtootheroldbuildings,posssingnospecificvaluewhilebecomingdilapidated,entiredestruction

ualityandpoorinconditions,someoldbuildingsare

ghtstandinthewayofanewroadlineorimpede

rtheyhavebeenrenovatedornot,thebuildingsblemishthe

ingoldbuildingswithnewones

meetstherenewedneedsofthecity.

Insummary,whethertoconrveorpulldownoldbuildingsisaquestionthatcanonlybeansweredona

involvedshouldcarefullyweighuptheprosandconsofnewdevelopmentsbefore

reachingaconclusion.

近義詞表

an=lifetime=naturallife:壽命，生命周期

truct=demolish-=bulldoze=knockdown=pulldown:推翻，拆除（建筑物等)

tic=artistic:藝術的，審美的=area=field：領域

tion=destruction=pullingdown=knockingdown:破壞,毀壞

t=cau=impo:引起，導致essor=forerunner=precursor:前輩，先驅

date=wrecked=decaying:破爛的，荒廢的rian=walker=persononfoot:路人

te=refnrbish=:revamp:重新裝修,修補h=damage=tainish=spoil=ruin:破壞，損壞

d=changed=improved:更新的,提高的

p=asss=evaluate=compare=estimate:,衡量，估量，對比

Topic19:Doyouthinkamuumistoeducateorentertainpeople?

支持博物館只有教育目的的觀點：

?博物館收藏的大量物品（houalargecollectionoflectedobjects)只用于展覽，人們不能夠觸碰（forbid

physicalcontact)；博物館只提供收藏品的歷史講解（provideinterpretations),不提供娛樂(provide

entertainment)；

?博物館關注當地文化（concentrateonthehostregion'sculture)，教育后人，對保護文化和歷史有著重要的意

義；

?博物館一般注重特定的主題（concentrateonaparticularsubject),比如歷史學、人種學(ethnology)、人類學

（anthropology)等，這些對于很多人都是陌生和枯燥的（unfamiliar，abstractanduninteresting)，不可能有

娛樂的作用。

支持博物館還有娛樂目的的觀點：

?現在很多博物館都已經開設不同的服務，如歌舞表演（operasandconcerts).電影和錄像(movies,videosand

videotapes)等來增加收人(increaincomebyincreasingattendance)，在這一方面，博物館和娛樂行業差不多

(similartoentertainmentbusiness)；

?博物館有些展品（itemsonexhibition)對某些人來說具有一定的娛樂性（entertainmentvalue),因此會吸引一

些抱著純娛樂目的來參觀的人。

26

范文

iring,conrving,rearching

andexhibitingagreatvarietyoftangibleitems(suchasartifactsandspecimens),muumsareofgreat

r,thisnotionhasbeenrefutedbysomepeopleinrecentyears,whotendtothink

thatmuumsareintendedforentertainmentaswellInmyopinion,amuumcanrvedualpurpos,

althougheducationtendstoplayalargerpart.

ollectinganddisplayingobjectsof

scientific,embersworkingformuumsaretrainedto

gtheitemnablesvisitorsto

acquireknowledgeofagivensubject,suchashistory,art,ymuumsare

forexamplecorapproach

takenbyamuumIstoinvitespecialiststolectureregularlyindifferentFields,

entertainmentbusiness,bycomparison,hardlyrvesaneducationalpurpo.

Inadditiontothewayitoperates,amuumisdistinctfromanyoperatorintheentertainmentindustryinsome

fall,ghsometimescharginganadmissionfee,

amuumveryoftenhasfreeentrance,nottarget

d,s,

meanwhile,chooitemsondisplaynotaccordingtotheircommercialvaluesbutaccordingtothelineofitems

tance,ahistorymuumwouldfocusonlyonthoitemsthatareofhistorical

value,althoughthoitemsmightnothavesufficientmarketvalue.

However,anoteworthydevelopmentofmuumsinrecentyearsisrelatedtoentertainmenttosomeextent.

Similartoothereducationalinstitutions,umshave

thereforesoughttooperatemoreactivitiestoattractmorevisitors,inorderforanadditionalentryfeetocover

tiontothetraditionalrvices,suchasmakingcollectedobjectsavailableforpublicviewing,and

organisinglectures,amuumisinterestedinsuchentertainmentsasfilms,musicalordanceperformances,

eums,forexample,bearacloremblance

toartgalleries,sfallinginthiscategorygivevisitorspleasure,

andcanbetakenasaproviderofbothknowledgeandentertainment.

Assuggestedabove,therearemanybenchmarksagainstwhichamuumcanbemadedistinctfroman

umsarenowprovidingrvicesinovertlyentertainmentnature,although

educationalforthemostpart,

近義詞表

ct=ornament=manufacturedarticle=workofart=object:人工制品,藝術品，裝飾品(一般都是具備文化

或者歷史價值的物品，比如圖騰）

en=example=sample；范例，樣品，樣本=contest=rebut=disprove：駁倒，反駁

e=makeaspeech=giveanaddress:發表演講

ctive=informative=educational:教育性質的，教育意義的

lance=similarly=likeness=mblance：相似性ark=standard：標準

y=openly=clearly=obviously=explicitly：明顯地

27

生活方式和社會觀念

人們生活方式的改變：

?衣：人們現在對服飾的要求不僅是遮體、保暖，而是更注重社會因素，比如時尚；

?食：快餐的流行是一大變化；同時，伴隨著全球化，各國特色的食物（ethnicfood)也隨處可

見，比如韓國菜、泰國菜、日本菜；

?住：人們現在不滿足于住普通的房子，而對房子的外觀、舒適程度和空間都有要求；

?行：汽車和飛機等快速便捷的出行方式逐漸取代火車、步行、自行車等；

?購物：必需品（necessities)在人們的消費中所占的比重越來越小，而奢侈品變多；

?休閑和娛樂：人們越來越注重旅游，認為這是有益于健康的活動。

人們杜會觀念的改變：

?獨立性：人們越來越獨立,以往集體的生活方式(communalism)已經很少見；

?挑戰性：人們不再滿足于穩定的工作和生活，樂于接受不同的挑戰；

?快捷性：人們現在越來越有時間觀念(timeconscious),追求高效。

—般來說，這一類題目可以從三大角度考慮，即：

?外部環境：自然環境，生活環境，設備設施

?社會因素：家人的利益，朋友的選擇，和朋友家人的相處，社會地位

?個人因素：收人情況，個人愛好，年齡結構，受教育水平

Topic20:glonghourshasanegative

effectonthemlves,theirfamiliesandthesociety,soworkinghoursshouldberestricted.

Doyouagreeordisagree?

長時間工作的負面影晌：

?容易產生壓力和疲倦（easilyinducefatigueandstress)，對健康是一種威脅（athreattohealth)；

?減少了休閑的時間（adropinleisuretime),導致工作和家庭之間的沖突（leadtowork-familyconflicts);

?長時間的工作未必都有效率和效益(longhoursarenotnecessarilyproductivehours)；加班的收人(extrapay)

不能補償時間所產生的壓力(highpaycan'tcompensateforunrelentingtimepressure)；

?長時間工作導致士氣低（lowmorale),曠工和辭職率髙（highabnteeismandturnover)。

長時間工作的正面影晌：

?對工作熱情（commitmenttowardtheirwork)的一種體現；

?提高收人（improvetake-homepay)的一種途徑；

?爭取工作和晉升的機會（increajobcurityandpromotionopportunities)

范文

Inrecentyears,workinghourshavebecomeacontroversialissue,atatimewhenemployees'benefitshave

ghtheextensionofworkinghoursisbelievedtohaveanimpactongeneral

well-beingandresultinwork-familyconflictandjobstress,thispracticeisremarkablypopularinmany

countries,Iamsupportiveoftheargumentthatlongworkinghourshaveanegativeimpactuponindividuals,

theorganisationstheyworkfor,andultimatelyuponthenationaleconomyandsocietyasawhole.

Tojobholders,tonlytodamagepersonal

relationships(withfamiliesparticularly),disruptsociallivesandimpedecommunityactivitiesbutalsotocau

afeelingofstress,tendsto

exertpressureonith

caringresponsibilitiesforexample,wouldbedisadvantaged,becautheyareeitherunableorunwillingto

28

worklonghours,Ahighunemploymentrateisalwaysregardedasathreattoacountry'conomy.

Toemployers,longworkinghours,althoughpromisingmaximumbenefitfromlimitedresourceverynowand

then,maryreasonisthatemployeestendtobeless

productive,andmeanwhile,dleadnotonlytothelowerqualityofwork

ult,employershavetospendmuchmoreon

ntryasawhole,ithaschroniceffects,disablingtheoptimisation

ofresourceu,humancapitalandnaturalresources.

Somemightarguethatitisreasonableforanemployertoexpectsomedegreeofflexibilityduringaparticularly

busyperiod,buttothoemployers,relianceonthejobswithextendedhourshasthetendencytobecomea

nceofthispracticewouldallowemployerstoexploitlabouranddisregardthebenefitsthat

employeesareentitledfor,methatemployersassd

alternativeslikerescheduling，flexibleworkingarrangementsandjobredesigntoexplorethefullpotentialof

eachemployee.

Asshownfromthed

leadtolowproductivityandfrequentsickleaves,therebydoingmoreharmthangoodtoemployersandthe

societyalike.

近義詞表

=holdback=hinder=hamper:阻礙,阻止tive=fertile=yielding:多產的，具備工作能力的

c=persistent=never-ending:長期的,不會停止的sation=bestu:最大程度上的利用

nce=forbearance:容忍ard=paynoattentionto=ignore=takenonoticeof:忽視，忽略

Topic21:AsmostpeoplespendamajorpartofadultLifeattheplaceofwork,job

ethefactorsthat

contributetojobsatisfaction?Arealltheexpectationsforjobsatisfactionrealistic?

工作滿意度的決定因素有：

?工作穩定(jobcurity),基本收人（basicpay),和工作相關的回報(job-relatedbenefits)；

?好的工作環境和條件（workingconditions)，工作節奏比較適當（abletocopewithworkpace)；

?好的同事、同伴還有上司(goodrapportwithcoworkers,peersandsuperiors）；

?職業發展的機會（careerdevelopment),比如接受訓練和指引（receivetrainingandcounlling)，

提高能力的機會（developmentofcapabilities),還有能夠發揮全部潛能的機會（attainmentof

fullpotential)；

?獲得別人的認同（receiverecognition)，進行革新和創造的機會（giventheopportunitiesforinnovationand

creativity),成功的感覺（experienceafeelingofsuccess)。—般來說，一個人對工作的期待隨著自己的經歷改變

而改變（Expectationsvariedastheirexperiencechanged.),除此之外，還有年齡、家庭、學識(educational

background)和社會環境(socialttings)等其他因素。

范文

Jobsatbroadinterestto

employeefactorsthat

contributetojobsatisfaction,

29

latterpartoftheessayisadiscussionconcerningwhetherone'xpectationsforjobsatisfactionarealways

appropriate.

mployees,

understandablethatincome,housing,paidholiday,bonusandotherjobbenefitsarethemainelementsan

employrsourceof

satisfactionisjobsatisfaction,Anemployeeisdelightedifcontinuedemploymentisaccessible,thatis,staying

sthebasicneeds,peoplecraveforapositivelf-imageandto

'swhypromotionisveryoftenmanipulatedtoimprove

employees'jobsatisfaction,ndingamessagetoemployeesthattheircommitmenthasbeenrecognized.

Alongwithextrinsicfactors,dualpersonalityplaysalargepartinmany

lievedthattheemployeeswithapositiveoutlookonlifeandfullofoptimismaremorelikelyto

achietimismallows

individualstofunctionwellinthefactofadversityandpreventsthemfrombecomingdepresd,pessimism

makesthemlesslikelytocompletetasksandmeetobjectivessuccessfully,therebyunderminingjob

satisfaction.

Giventheconstantlychangingnatureoftoday'sbusinesnvironment,ajobcanhardlyliveuptothe

onomies,rapidlychangingtechnologyandlikelihoodofdownsizingare

combiningtoaccountforwhythelengthoftenureisshortenednowadaysandfewpeoplenowexpecttostay

sareabletoraimotivationandincreasatisfaction

ofemployees,snoguaranteethateverygood

hejungleapplieshere:onlythestrongestcompetitorswillwin

accesstothemajorityoftheresource.

Assuggestedabove,jobsatisfactionisattributedtodifferentfactors,

complexityoftoday'sworkenvironmenthasmadeitlesslikelyforpeopletogetwhatevertheydesirefroma

job.

近義詞表

=drive=spirits=positivefee1ings=confidence:信心，士氣，自尊(常指企業的員工)

sic=inherent=basic=natural=native：內在的，自然產生的

sic=extraneous：外來

k=whatixpectedtohappeninthefuture=prospect:前景

ectiveof=regardIessof:不管

ity=hardship=difficulty=harshconditions=hardtimes:逆境，惡劣的環境

=terra:任期

hejungle:弱肉強食，森林原則

Topic22:your

opinion?

換工作/跳槽(job-hopping)的好處：

?目前的工作不能夠充分發揮自己的能力（makethebestuofone'sabilities)，也不能夠提高技能和增加經

驗（improveskillsandgainnewexperience)換工作(switchingjobs)可以發展多種技能(acquireawidearrayof

30

technicalskills),豐富個人簡歷(enhancetheresume),提高個人的市場價值和工作穩定性（improvemarketability

andjobcurity)，有助于收人增加(payrai)；

?競爭激烈，如果不主動增加技術和經驗（improveskillsandexperiencelevels),穩定的工作機會就會很少

(continuedemploymentwillbemeagre),很容易在競爭中失利(vulnerabletothecompetition)；就職業生存而言

(intermsofcareersurvival)，沒有高枕無憂的空間（thereisnoroomforcomplacency)；人應該懂得接受挑戰，

把握機會(takeonnewchallengesandizeopportunities),這才是理智的職業選擇(asoundcareermove);

?離開目前的雇主（leavethecurrentemployer)會紿自己一種新的期待（anofanticipation),—種新的學習

熱情(generateanenthusiasmtolearn)。

換工作/跳槽(job-hopping)的壞處：

?對自己的職業發展弊大于利（domoreharmthangoodtoone'scareer)；需要付出努力去適應新環境（adjust

tothenewenvironment)，不能夠與新同事和上司處好關系（getalongwellwithnewcolleaguesandsupervisors),

有可能被他們視為威脅（enasathreat)，工作表現不能被輕易認同(readilybeingrecognid)；

?頻繁轉換工作反一個人的低承受能力和對雇主的低忠誠度（reflectbadlyonthejobcandidate'sresilienceand

loyalty),缺乏工作動力(lackoflf-motivation),沒有目標(directionless/aimless)，沒有足夠時間獲得經驗和技能

（gainexperiencesandon-the-jobskills)，因此雇主不愿意聘用經常換工作的人，擔心很快又要重新招聘

(restartanewrecruitingprocess)。

范文

Inthisfast-changingworld,job-hopping(leavingthecurrentemployerforanotheremploymentopportunity)is

inion,

job-changingisaninevitablestepintoday'slabourmarket,reflectingthenatureofamodemsociety.

Anewjobimpliesopportunitiesforcareerdevelopment,anobjectivemanyworkingpeopleintendtoachieve.

Ingeneral,therearetworeasonsbehindajobholder'stisthatthecurrentjob

ondisthatheorshecannotimproveskillsandgain

nlesnthepossibilityofabrighterjobprospect.

Job-hopping,meanwhile,arelivinginafast-changing

gnesstostayonthesamejobisnolongervaluedas

loyee,ifcomplacentaboutthecurrentemployment,wouldbefacedwiththreats

arison,takingtheinitiativetoobtainabetterjobcanatleastdrivepeopletoincrea

skillsandtherebyimprovingthechanceofcontinuedemployment.

Whenjob-hoppersarecravingfornewchances,stis

adjustingtoanewenvironment,s,whilevaluing

ajobhopper'sresume,erefore

imperativeforeverypotentialjobekertolearnthenewemployerbetterandevaluatethepotentialrisk.

Theabove-mewillingness

tochangeajobandizeanopportunityreprentsasoundcareermoveandprovidesthethrustfor

lf-development,itmightrequireajobapplicant'xtraefforts.

近義詞表

able=inescapable=unavoidable:不可避免的=inten=strong=stiff:激烈的

able=inaweakposition=defenless:不穩定的，容易遭受襲擊的

cent=satisfied=unworried=contented:對。。。滿意的,放心的

31

=possibility=likelihood=prospect:機會，幾率or=longfor=desire=yearnfor:渴望

ence=flexibility=resistance:柔韌性，抵抗力e=glance=quicklook:看

=drivingforce=impetus:動力

Topic23:Whatarethefactorsthatcaustressandhowtocopewithstress?

壓力產生的原因：

?休息的時間不夠充足（inadequateleisuretime)，高壓力和快節奏的生活方式（liveahigh-pressured,fast-paced

lifestyle)；時間和金錢管理不當(poortimeandmoneymanagement)，不能夠同時兼顧家庭和工作（jugglework

andfamilycommitments)；對—些東西的專注性過高(addictions)，比如賭博（gambling)和股票（stocks)；

?環境的因素(theenvironmentalfactors)、工作(careerconcerns)、社會關系(socialrelationships)和家庭問題

(familyproblems)等；

?想法或者對一些事情的態度（比如經濟困難、學業困難、慢性病，甚至是小的事情）（thoughts/attitudestoward

financialdifficulties,academicdifficulties,chronicillness,minormatters),性格(personality),可能有不切實際

的期待（unrealisticexpectations),對事情的處理方法（interpreteventsandsituations)等

解決方法：

?養成好的習慣，比如合理的飲食有助于改善自身健康（propereatingcontributestofeelingsofwell-being)、定

期運動（exerciregularly);平衡好自己的責任和確立首要的事情（balanceobligationsandtpriorities);

?習慣自己每天的生活，忽略一些問題的潛在影響（becomeaccustomedtoyourdailyactivitiesandoverlooktheir

cumulativeeffect)，養成良好的心態(nurtureagoodstateofmind)，爭取減少憂慮（blockoutworries);要有決

斷力（beasrtive),將生活中的突變看作是正面的挑戰，而不是威脅(positivechallenge,notathreat.)；

?平衡家庭生活和工作生活（balanceworkandfamily);有閑難要及時尋求別人的幫助（turntoothersforsupport),

要處理好和其他人的矛盾（resolveconflictswithotherpeople);通過體育、社交活動或者業余愛好來擺脫壓力

（releayourlffromdailystresswithgroupsports,socialeventsandhobbies):

范文

Lifetodayisfilledwithsourcesofstress,muchofwhichcannotbeavoided,Whenstressappearstobea

lifelongproblemtomanypeople,

objectiveofthissayistooutlineboththesourcesofstressandappropriatewaysofdealingwithit.

Manystressorsarifrompeople'mple,thehigh-pressuredandfast-pacedlifestyle

etobalanceworkandleisurecausthem

eithertostrugglewithdeterioratinghealthortocopewithpsychologicaldistress,e.g.，anxietyanddepression.

Togetherwithsomeotherproblems,suchasdisharmonywithothers,unpleasantworkorlivingenvironment,it

wouldincreastresstoanunmanageablelevel.

Anothergroupofstressorsisintertwinedwithpersonality,Peopleinterpreteventsorsituationsdifferently.A

problemtakenasathreatbymanypeoplemightbeacceptedasapositivechallengetoothers,Evidenceis

inconclusiveaboutthereasonsbehindthisdistinction,butitiswidelybelievedthatapersonofacheerful

limportanceistheabilitytohandlewith

someissues,eringtheroleofpersonalityindecidingtheattitudestowardan

issueandresponstoanevent,theeffectofstressmanagementskillsactuallyvariesfrompersontoperson.

Methodstocopewithstressaremany,butthemosteffectiveonesareinfactnotremoteorcomplicatedbut

understressareadvidtoparticipatemoreinrecreationalactivities,adopt

asounddietinghabit,ouldlearntoblockoutworriesandtrytokeeptheeffect

32

y,itisimportanttonurtureagoodstateofmindandtoperceivethings

positively.

Assuggestedabove,environmentfactorscanbetakenasthesourcesofstressandpeople'spersonality

ngahealthy

lifestyleandproperattitudestowardlifecanpromotepeople'sphysicalandpsychologicalwell-beingandhelp

themrelievestress.

近義詞表

ng=lasting=enduring=all-time:永遠的，終生的=develop=takeshape:發展，形成

yle=wayoflife=dailylife=everydaylife：生活方式

sant=disagreeable:使人不愉'快的，讓人厭惡的geable=uncontrollable:不可控制的

ret=understand=construe:理解，解釋ul=positive:樂觀的，開朗的.

ition=character=temperament:性格，品性cable=workable:可以實施的

ut二era=forget=wipeout:抹去，忘記，消除

Topic24:Fashionisdifficulttofollow,andsomepeoplearguethatweshouldnotfollowit.

greeor

disagree?

支持追隨潮流（followingfashion)的觀點：

?時裝是自我表達（ameansoflf-expression)的一種休現，表現人的性格和喜好（reflectone'spersonality

orlikes)，讓人們在生活巾體驗不同角色(allowpeopletotryonmanyrolesinlife)，同時便世界更加豐富多彩

(diversityandvarietyoftheworldinwhichwelive);

?新時代的時尚（fashioninthenewera)并不一定意味著高消費，也并非一定穿某種款式的衣服才算時尚；

?時裝源于生活（rootindailylife),反映生活趨勢（reflectthatlife)，充分考慮了消費者的需求Cconsider

consumerdemand)，不像人們想的那樣膚淺(notassuperficialassomepeoplethink)

反對追隨潮流(followingfashion)的觀點：

?潮流變化太快，盲目追求潮流(followfashionblindly)是浪費時間和金錢；

?失去了自己的喜好和判斷（dwelltoomuchonwhatothersthink)；

?鼓勵人們將衣服和地位、社會階層還有財富聯系在一起（associateclothingwithstatus,socialclassand

wealth),這是一種歧視。

范文

wingconcernaboutfashionin

recentyearscomesasnosurpri,consideringthefactthatfashionisveryoftenatoddswiththetraditional

functionofclothing,inion,fashionisnotabetrayal

butanindicativeofaprinciplethatwearingclothingisforbothfunctionalandsocialreasons.

nsallowwearerstoexpresmotionandsolidaritywithother

fashionableclothesisaprocessin

onindicatesone'staste,social

class,swearersanofidentityandmakesitpossibleforthemtofeelconnectedto

society.

33

ing,discussingandbuyingfashionscaninduce

ecomeawayoflifeandcanbetakenasaleisureactivity,increasinginteraction

ltypesofimagesandcolours,clothingiscapableofgivingbuyersadesiredlook,

nisaboutchangewhichisnecessarytokeep

lifeinteresting.

Despitetheenjoymentbroughtbyfashions,peopleshouldbewareoftheirever-changingnatureandthe

onusuallyremainspopularforaboutoneortwo

oplehavebeenobsdwithfollowingthecurrent

fashionsslavishlyandpursuing

themaremotivatedtobuyoutlandishclothinginabeliefthattheycanthuskeepupwithfashionandtheir

socialpositionsaredisplayed.

Asshownabove,nisdesiredinamodernsocietyasameansof

expressionandasourceofenjoyment,althoughoneshouldreduceunnecessaryspendingonFashions.

近義詞表

with=inoppositionto=contraryto=against:和....反

=stimulate=generate=bring:帶來，促成

of=becarefulof=becautiousabout=waryof:對…小心，謹慎

=tothemaximum:最多，最大

hly=quaciously;盲從地

dish=bizarre=peculiar=eccentric;古怪的，奇異的

=reject=snub=rebuff=scum-disdain=despi=repul:反對；拒絕，蔑視

媒體信息

概述：雅思寫作的媒體類題目主要考查媒體對人們生活的影響。

媒體的正面影響主要有：

?媒體提供各種各樣的信息，包括重要新聞(hardnews)、娛樂新聞(softnews),體育新聞(sportingnews)、健康

快訊(healthexpress)、園藝(gardeningtips)、名人軼事(celebrityanecdote)等；?媒體關注貧窮(poverty)和道德

(morality)等社會問題，號召相關部門對此采取措施。

媒體的負面影響主要有：

?媒體對事件的傾向性報道會讓人們對社會產生錯誤的理解(misunderstanding),誤解其發展趨勢(growing

trends)；

?媒體可能會改變我們的社會觀念、生活方式和文化意識。比如，西方媒體改變了我們的一些社會觀念，導致

一些傳統意識被逐步淡化；生活方式也在慢慢改變，例如人們開始習慣快餐(dependenceonconvenientfood)；

文化逐漸被西化，有些人變得崇洋（admirewesterntraditions)；

?有時由于政治或者商業的原因，媒體會報道不真實的信息(falinformation),誤導觀眾；

?媒體暴力影響人們的行為，是引起暴力犯罪的部分原因。

Topic25:Peoplethinkthatthenewsmediahasinfluencedpeople'slivesnowadaysandit

extentdoyouagreeordisagree?

新聞媒體的優點：

34

?新聞媒體引起人們對災難性問題的關注，并敦促相關部門對此釆取具體措施（takemeasurestotacklethe

problem)；

?將有用的信息及時傳送給市民(communicatehelpfulinformationtoconcernedcitizens)；

?新聞媒體讓人們知道世界上每時每刻發生的事情（keepusinformedofwhatishappeningintheworld)

新聞媒體的缺點：

?夸大其詞(giveanexaggeratedaccountofanissue),報道一個并不存在的烕脅(afalthreat),導致驚慌

（caupanic)；

?有牟利的動機（profitmotive)，希望投資得到最大的回報（maximireturn)，以市場為中心(market-driven,

obedienttomarketdemands)，娛樂消費者(entertainconsumers.)，強調沖突{emphasiconflict,disnsion

andbattle)；

?對別人的隱私不夠尊重（notenoughrespectfortheprivacyofpeople)

范文

Formanypeople,eindisputeiswhetherthemassiveinfluenceofthe

newsmediaonpeople'viewthatnewsmediadoesmore

goodthanharmtothesociety.

Thenewsmediaprovidespeoplewithmuchoftheinformationtheyneedonatimelybasis,althoughthereare

claimsthatitreportsonissuesandeventspurpoly(onlylectingthoeventsthatinteresttheaudience).

Anecdotalevidenceshowsthatpeoplefromallwalksoflifehavethehabitofcollectinginformationregularly

fromthenewsmedia,includingprint,ationassistspeoplein

mple,theFreeTradeAgreementreachedbytheChinegovernmentanditsNew

businessperson,eitherin

NewZealandorinChina,failingtorecognizeandcapitalizeonthisimpendingchangewouldcauacostly

loss.

Meanwhileitshouldberecognizedthatthenewsmediacansometimessavelivesandreducecasualties.

Thereisalotofuncertaintyaboutthesurroundings,andpeoplearesusceptibletothedamagecaudby

accidents,smediaconveysthefirsthandinformationtoconcerned

horitycandeclareastateof

emergencywhenitisnecessary,efforts

countonthenewsmediaasthemesnger.

Despitetheirsignificantandongoingcontributiontothesociety,thenewsmediamightsometimesbeharmful

onventionthatthenewsmediaexaggeratesthemagnitudeoftherealthreat(forexample,

thepotentialofaterrorismattack),inordertodrawtheattentionofthedesiredaudiencesandinpursuitofhigh

ile,thenewsmediatendsto

emphasizesomeissuesorevents,whichvirtuallyhavelittlerelevancetopeople'sdailylives,suchasan

occasionalmultiplevehicleaccident,anaffairthatacelebrityisinvolvedwith,ractsthe

audiencefromsomethingthatismuchmorenoteworthy,forinstance,poverty,environmentalproblems,to

namebutafew.

Insummary,ofemergency,

r,itisnottosaythatthenewsmediacangivepeopleanoverallviewofthe

problemsinsocietyallthetime,

近義詞表

35

=indicate=symbolize-reprent=signify:代表，預示，顯示

lizeon=takeadvantageof=makethebestof;很好地利用

ing=imminent=forthcoming=coming=approaching:即將到來的

ty=fatality=victim:死亡人數ndings=environs：周圍的環境

ty=misfortune=catastrophe=disaster:災難and=immediate:第一手的，及時的

ponding=relevant:相應的,有針對性的ger=courier:傳播信息的人

ude=scale=enormity=level：(影響)程度

廣告

概述：廣告對社會的影響是非常巨大的，不僅影響我們的購買決定，也影響我們的生活方式和文化。雖然對于

廣告的作用一直是躍勝過于褒，但可以肯定的是，廣告在社會中的地位是非常重要的。

廣告的功能：

?廣告刺激消費，對經濟發展有一定的推動作用；

?廣告是消費者和生產商之間的橋梁（bridgethegapbetweenconsumersandmanufacturers),給

消費者提供產品信息，生產商因此洞察消費者的喜好；?廣告讓消費者更好地了解產品，選擇適合自己的產品；

?廣告讓消費者更好地了解市場，從而間接地促使生產商提高自己的競爭力，例如降低產品價

格、提高產品質量和完善售后服務等。

廣告的負面影響主要有以下一些方面：

?廣告夸大產品的功能，掩飾產品的缺點，同時讓觀眾更加看重品牌，從而誤導觀眾作出不正確的購買決定；

?廣告給觀眾一種錯覺——購買某種產品就可以成為社會群體的一員，或者變得時尚，這種趨勢被稱為消費主義

(consumerism)：這可能導致人們過度消費，成為購物狂(shopaholic)。

Topic26:Dothepositiveeffectsoutweighnegativeeffects,whenadvertisinggainsin

popularity?

廣告的優點：

?傳播市場信息(disminatemarketinformation),介紹新產品(informconsumersofnewproducts)，讓消費者作

出正確的選擇(enableamorequalitativechoicebetweenproductstoconsumers)；

?不僅鼓勵生產商在質量上競爭（encouragecompetitioninquality)、鼓勵產品革新（encourageproduct

innovation)，而且豐富消費者的生活（enrichtheirlives)、提高生活質量（improvelivingstandards)；

?促進產品的銷售量（enablegreatervolumestobesold)，促進經濟發展（promoteeconomicdevelopment)

廣告的缺點：

?廣告的言語或者圖像誤導觀眾(claimsorvisualimagesthatdirectlyorindirectlymisleadtheconsumer)；

?廣告很少提供產品的所有信息（hardlyprovidefulldisclosureofproductcharacteristics),濫用消費者的信任

（abutheconsumers'trust),利用他們缺少經驗或者知識的特點（exploittheirlackofexperienceorknowledge)

去誘導他們購買對自己無用的產品（manipulatethem)；

?廣告是一種不受歡迎的強加信息(unwelcomeintrusion)；

?由于廣告費的原因，廣告會增加商品的價格(addtothecostofeveryproduct)

范文

sueisfraughtwithcontroversy,with

resomeargumentsagainstthis

concern.

36

Itisimportanttorecognizethatoneofthekeyfunctionsofadvertisingistosupplyconsumerswithadequate

owandthen,advertisingis

criticizedonthegroundthatitcanmanipulateconsumerstofollowthewilloftheadvertir;however,evidence

supportsanopposingviewthatadvertisingmerelypromotesproductsthataremostlikelytosatisfyconsumers'

leterms,itisconsumersratherthanadvertirswhodecidewhatareadvertid.

Advertisingalsoplaysasignifican

conveyingmarketinginformationconstantlytothetargetaudience,advertisingspeedstheconsumers'

anteesthehighturnoverrateofthemanufacturedgoods

andtherefore,soagreedthatadvertisingisoneofthemainsponsorsofa

largenumberofotherindustries,forexample,theentertainmentindustry―particularlysports,music,and

theatricalevents.

Unarguably,r,therapid

developmentofadvertisingitlfhasprovidedasolutiontothisproblem,astheinformationdeliveredtothe

hiscircumstance,theycaneasilydistinguish

leadingeffectofadvertisingwillbe

counteractedovertime.

Tosummarize,advertisingsug

thisn,eralperceptionofadvertisingasa

sourceofmisleadinginformationisinfactabias.

近義詞表

twith=fullof=filledwith=burdenedwith:充滿著

late=manoeuvre=operate=influence=harness:操控，影響

=want=wish=desire：愿望=promote=further=advance=encourage:鼓

勵，促進

or=substandard=low-grade:低質量的

環境問題

概述：環境問題是目前世界的一個熱門話題，人們越來越關注環境惡化（environmentaldegradation.：)對地球

產生的影響。

一般來說，環境問題有：

?全球變暖，冰川融化，海平面上升(alevelri),淡水減少；

?污染物增加——放射物質的廢物處理(radioactivewastedisposal),垃圾增多，廢水增多，汽車尾氣排放,導致

生活環境惡化（deterioratingenvironment)；

?自然災害橫行-干旱、水災、沙塵暴、酸雨等（droughts,floods,sandstormsandacidrain);

?能源供應不足，可替代資源(alternativeenergy)匱乏；

?食品供應不足（foodsupplyproblem),饑荒（famine);

?森林減少（deforestation),過度放牧（overgrazing)。

解決環境問題需要采取以下步驟：

?全球合作，制定環境保護的標準和具體措施；

?提高公眾的意識（awareness)；

?政府投資，采用對環境有利的科技（environmentallyfriendlytechnology)。

37

Topic27:Manypeoplebelievethatthehumansocietyhasdevelopedintoathrow-away

society,ethecausandsolutions?

垃圾增多的原因：

?人口增長（populationgrowth)導致人們對物質需求的加大，這必定會導致垃圾的增多（theincrementof

rubbish)；?人們對垃圾可能導致的問題意識不強(awarenessofwasteissues)；

?消費者消費過多（over-consume)—次性產品（short-livedordisposableitems)。

垃圾處理的方法：

?頒布法律嚴厲控制垃圾任意排放(dischargeofrefu);

?改良工業生產(modifyindustrialproduction),減少資源的使用（reducerawmaterialinputs)；

?采取相關垃圾循環再利用措施(disposalandrecyclingschemes),大力宣傳對垃圾的回收和利用，提高人們的環

保意識。

范文

Althoughwastedisposaldoesnotgrabaheadlineasfrequentlyasmanyotherenvironmentalissuesdo，it

teroffact,thetreatmentofgarbagecontinuestobeaproblem

eitssizableinfluence,

thegoalofthisarticletooutlinethepotentialcausofthisproblemandsuggestpossiblesolutions.

Peopleshouldfirstrecognizethattheincrementingarbageisanaturalresultofthesocialandeconomic

calbusinessarethemaincreatorsofindustrialwaste,includingheavymetal,chemicals,

plastic,'squestforabetterstandardoflivinggives

themincentivestomanufacturearichvarietyofconsumergoodsanddisregardthepotentialimpacton

acticecandatebacktotheearliestdaysofindustrialrevolution,producingenormous

wastethatareunabletoberecycledandcausinganenvironmentaldisaster.

Anotherpotentialreasonfortheslowprogressinwastetreatmentispeople'slowawarenessofthe

opportunitiestoreduce,opledonothaveafirmstandagainst

s,manycitizensarenot

environmentallyconscious,ile,

manymanufacturerstendtouvirginmaterials,ratherthanrecyclablematerialsinthecourofproduction.

That'swhymanycommunitiesarefacinga,particularlydifficultpositioninwastetreatment.

Theimarilybecauthe

morewastepeopleproduce,ecyclingoffersanothermeans,

althouonally,lawsshouldbe

touttoregulatecorporationbehaviourandmaketheiroperationenvironmentallyfriendly.

Itisclearthattheproblemofwastedisposalexistsduetopeople'ver-growingdemandformanufactured

ngthisproblemdependsnot

onlyonindividual'fforttokeepthewastetoaminimumbutalsoonbusiness'attempttooptimitheir

manufactureandreducetheinputs.

近義詞表

e=refu=waste=rubbish:垃圾cal=immoral:不道德的

38

r=maker:創造者=pursuit:對…的追求，渴望

stdays=outt=start=ont:開始e=reu:重新使用

ess=consciousness:意識=stance=position:立場

material=rawmaterial:原材料=layout=enforce:實施，制定

=resourcesud:使用的資源

動物

概述：動物類題目是雅思寫作每年必考的題目，主要針對動物的生存和人類與動物的關系

問題。動物一直被人類用作各種用途（forpracticalpurpos),包括娛樂（馬戲團）、消遣（寵物）、食用(家禽和

家畜）、調查和研究(實驗室動物）、商用（毛皮和藥材），諸如此類。動物保護是現在常被討論的話題。

保護動物主要有以下一些意義：

?維護生態系統（maintainnaturalecosystems),保持生態平衡，確保可持續發展（consistentwiththeprincipleof

sustainabledevelopment)；

?人類可以從動物身上獲得靈感(drawonanimal-badrearchforinspiration)；

?人類可以探知物種的起源（theoriginoflife),進行科學研究（scientificrearch);

?動物有生存的權利(animalrights),應該維護動物的權益(animalwelfare)

Topic28:Somepeoplestronglyoppoanimalexperimentation,believingthatitcaus

paintoanimals,youropinion?

支持把動物作為實驗對象的觀點：

?動物不能夠進行道德的判斷，也不會尊重其他動物的權利（recognizetherightsofotherspecies),沒有能力做

道德上的選擇（havenocapacitytomakemoralchoices),因此動物比人類低等，不能夠等同于人類；

?人類目前找不到替代動物的實驗品（replacements)；

?動物的神經系統不如人類發達，痛楚已經最小化（minimizepain),而如果在人體上做實驗是不人道的

(Vivictionpracticedonhumanbeingsisinhumane.)；動物和人相似(beararemblancetohumans)，對外

部的影響和人類反應類似（respondsimilarlytoexternaldisturbances)，因此最適宜做人類的替代品；

?人類的利益應該建立在動物利益之上（humaninterestsshouldbeplacedaboveanimalwelfare),利用動物做

實驗有助于科技的發展。

反對把動物作為實驗對象的觀點：

?動物的生存權(therighttolife)需要被保護，禁止虐待行為（theprohibitionoftorture)；

?很多時候，動物實驗的目的只是為了一些商業用途(industrialproducts),這是不道德的；

?動物實驗的結果和信息是不可靠的，具有誤導性〔unreliableandmisleading)，畢竟人類和動物有很大的不同

(manydifferencesbetweenhumansandanimals)

范文

Perhs,manypeople

believe,imal-badexperimentshavelongbeenthecentreofcriticism,

Iamoftheopinionthatsuchexperimentsareesntialtoboththewell-beingofhumanbeingsandthatof

animals.

Thereislittledoubt,firstofall,thatmostoftheanimal-badexperimentsareconductedforthedevelopment

oftechnologyandtodate,thereislittlechanceoffindingsatisfyingsubstitutionsforanimals,Animalsareud

39

mainlybecautheybearacloremblancetohumans,

respondtoexternaldisturbances(suchalectricalshock)s

muchevidencethatmostofwhatpeopleknowaboutthemlves,includingpain,stress,reproductionand

nutrition,testingprovesoneofthemainapproaches

topredicttheriskwhendrugsorotherproductsareudonhumans.

Anotherfacttosupportanimal-badexperimentisthatanimalsarenottheequivalentofhumans,andcanbe

ssiblyoneofthemainreasonswhyanimals

,bycomparison,uanimalexperimentationsnotonlyfortheirowninterestsbut

mple,somemedicaldiscoveriescanbeudbyveterinarysurgeons

togivemedicalcareandtreatmenttosickanimals.

Despitethejustificationsgivenforviviction,rearchershavetheobligationtoreduceanimaltestingand

sagrowingrecognitionthatanimaltestsaremostlydoneforcommercialpurpos

tance,thecosmeticindustryhasbeenexploitinganimal

eercosmeticproductspeople

u,ientistsareempoweredtocarryoutcruelexperiments

likeviviction,suchpowersshouldnotbeabud.

Tosummarize,onecansubscribetothenotionthatanimalscanbetakenasresourcesintendedforthebenefit

ofhumans,althoughmeanwhileitiscertainthatsufferingshouldbecontrolledtotheminimumduring

experimentation.

近義詞表

=derve:值得tution=replacement:替代品

lance=sameness=similarity:相似lent=counterpart；匹配的人或者物

ty=ability-capability=competence=aptitude=power:能力

=eat=surviveon:以…為食ter=kill=massacre=slay=butcher:屠殺，屠

宰

城鄉差距和城市化

概述：城市化是一個越來越受關注的社會問題。城市化(urbanizationorurbansprawl)是指農村地區建立城鎮，

或者是城市不斷地向農村擴展（expansivegrowthofametropolitanarea)。

城市化產生的原因：

?經濟：工業的發展使得工廠和商業（包括超級市場)不斷在鄉村地區建立；

?社會：人口快速增長，大量農民來到城市以求獲得工作機會；

?技術：交通工具的發達使人們可以更容易到較遠的地方，因而有更多人遷居郊區；

?個人：人們希望獲得更大的生活空間（expandlivingspace),更好的生活環境（attractivelivingconditions),從

而選擇在郊區居住。

城市化產生的負面影響：

?經濟：人口增加導致基礎設施的費用增加（increadinfrastructurecosts)；

?社會：大量的流動人口（highmobilityofpopulations)會導致犯罪率上升，影響社會穩定；

?環境：影響空氣質量(impairairquality)，導致污染，影響人們的身體健康。

解決城市化負面影響的措施：

40

?保護和提升自然和文化資源（prerveandenhancenaturalandculturalresources)；保持當地的城市風貌和文

化（protectthelocallandscapeandculture);確保新的建筑項目不會破壞鄉村的風景和生態系統(preventany

damagetorusticsceneryandecosystems)；

?發展甚礎設施的建設（upgradeinfrastructures),使人們具有更強的環保意識（makepeopleenvironmentally

conscious),譬如說，城巿新發展的地區可以鼓勵人們步行或便用自行車(makeareasofurbansprawlwalkableor

bicycle-friendly)

另外,城鄉差距（wideninggapbetweenurbanandruralareas)也是一個常考的問題

城鄉差距主要體現在：

?收入差距(theincomegap/disparitybetweenurbanresidentsandruralresidents),財富分配的不平均；

?鄉村缺乏獲得教育的途徑(loweraccesstoeducation),文盲率較高（higherilliteracy)；

?醫療資源主要集中在城市（medicalresourcesconcentratedincities);疾病的爆發導致生產力的損失(national

productivitysuffers);

?資源投人的不平衡——鄉村缺乏各種基本設施和服務，比如電力、能源供應（electricityandfuelsupply)、公

路、電話和網絡（accesstotelephonesandtheInternet)等；

?城市人口密度更大（populationdensity);就業機會更多(morejobopportunities)。

解決城鄉差距的方法：

?制定優惠政策促進郊區發展(makepreferentialpoliciestoboostruraldevelopment)；

?增加基礎設施的投人，改善郊區的交通、道路、電子通訊（roads,streets,rapidtransitsystem,

telecommunications)等；

?全面提高農民的科學文化素質，提高其生產力（productivity);鼓勵郊區居民積極主動創業，創造更多就業機會

(morejobopportunities),提高收人(raiincome),從根本上改變貧窮落后的狀況。

Topic29:Somefindingshaverevealedthatcitiesaroundtheworldaregrowinglarge.

Couldyououtlinethepossiblecausandpredictconquences?

城市化的原因：

?人口增加和移民（anunprecedentedpopulationgrowthandmigration)造成基礎設備不足（devoidofbasic

amenities),導致原有的基礎經費不足，城市條件惡化(urbandecay),于是城市居民開始遷居城外，導致城市的擴

展；

?隨著經濟的發展和家庭收人的提高（strongeconomyandincreasinghouholdincomes),人們開始喜歡低密

度的住宅區（strongpreferenceforlower-densityhousing);同時，由于人們可以支付得起汽車等交通的費用(able

toaffordtheautomobile),這也使得人們更易遷居城外；

?城市規劃不當（badcityplanning)導致道路的建設和基礎設施的擴建（constructionofroadsandtheprovisionof

infrastructure)與地區統籌發展不協調（unplanneddevelopment),最終使得城市居民遷居城外。

城市化所造成的影響：

?環境影響(environmentalimpact)：郊區的景觀千篇一律(monotonoussuburbanlandscapes)；空氣污染,有害

健康（ill-healthduetoairpollutiongeneratedbytraffic)；

?社會影響（socialimpact):城市人口流動增大（highmobility)會導致犯罪率的上升（asurgeinthecrimerate),

人們不會有社區的感覺（nofcommunity),人與人之間的關系比較短暫(abbreviated),社區的團結和價值不

復存在(lossofcommunityspiritandvalues)；

?經濟影響（economicimpact):在郊區建設基礎設施導致政府財政壓力（adverfiscalimpacts),對基礎設施的要

求不能夠被滿足（unmetdemandoninfrastructure);交通堵塞（trafficcongestion)影響工作效率，延誤商品和服

務的輸送（delaythedeliveryofgoodsandrvices)。

范文

Ofthoissuesthathaveconcernedthegovernment,academicsandthepublicthroughouttheworld,urban

41

thasbeen

takenasapositivedevelopmentinmanynewlyemergingcities,itisincreasinglyperceivedasathreattorural

ectiveofthissayisto

evaluatetheforcesbehindthistrendanditsconquences.

minthecitycentreissolimitedthatit

frproblemthathas

intensifiedintenities,suchas

waterandelectricitysupply,wastedisposal,swagetreatment,tonamebutafew,hasleftnochoicetourban

dwellersbuttorettleinthesuburbs,wheretheyhaveeasieraccesstonewfacilities.

tinuedincreainhouholdincomesgives

nowadayshavehigherexpectationsforqualityoflifeanda

ssiblythemainreasonwhythereal

estatemarkethasitsfocusnowontheoutskirtsofthecity,eantime,the

affordabilityandubiquityofcarownershiphasmadetransportalessriousconcernfortholivingin

ncommutedailybetweentheplaceofworkandtheplaceofresidencewithea.

Thesustainedexpansh

trafficvolumebetweensuburbsandurbanareaswouldcauvereairpollutionandreducethelands

prawlrequireslargedevelopments,causingareastolosomeoftheirunique

eeconomicperspective,therelocationofahighpopulationinsuburbswill

poadverewhoudtolivein

suburbs,theinflowofnewinhabitantswoulddamagethecommunityspiritandmakerelationsbetween

neighboursfragile.

Urbansprawlis,therefore,atrendwhichhasastrongeffectontheenvironment,communitiesandgovernment

bandecayandcitizens'desireforhigherstandardoflivingmakethistrendirreversible,the

emphasisshouldbeplacedonplannedandsustainabledevelopment.

近義詞表

y=facility=rvice：設施，設備，服務al=clearance:處理

ent=handling=dealing:處理

butafew=tomentionbutafew=andsoon=andsoforth:諸如此類

d=new:新的s=momentum=thrust=drive=force：推動

力

yoflife=livingstandard=thelevelofcomfortandwealth:生活標準，生活質量

tate=property=housing:房地產rt=suburb=theperipheryofacity：郊

區

eantime=meanwhile：同時，與此同時ty=prevalence=popularity:普遍

e=gobackandforth:通勤，在兩個地方之間來去（常用于上下班）

=easily=effortlessly=withoutmucheffort=withoutdifficulty:輕松地

=noticeable=distinct=manifest:顯著的=influx=arrival:流入，到來

tant=dweller=citizen=resident:居住者=injure:破壞

rsible=unalterable:不可扭轉的，不可逆轉的

42

教育方法和教育內容

概述：教育的內容和功能是每年雅思考試的必考題目。不管在中國還是其他國家，教育和其他行業一樣，都在不

斷更新和發展。教育學家和教一直在研究教育的內容、方式和方法，希望培養出符合社會需求的學生。總體來

說，教育對學生的影響可以從智力、知識、體育、道德、社交和實踐幾個方面去討論。

?智力方面：教育方法和途徑是否可以提高學生的學習能力（intellectualabilities)和技能；

?知識方面：學生掌握的知是否全面（fullknowledgeofasubject)；

?體育方面：教育是否可以幫助學生養成良好的生活習慣（maintainahealthylifestyle)，保持身心健康(physical

andpsychologicalwell-being)；?道德方面：學生言行舉止是否符合社會道德標準(adheretocodeofconduct);

?社會方面：學生是否掌握了必要的交流技巧和生存技能，能否適應社會；

?實踐方面：學生是否掌握了必要的工作技能，是否有較強的動手能力。

Topic30:Itisgenerallybelievedthateducationisofvitalimportancetoindividual

ouldeducationconsistoftofulfill

boththefunctions?

教育所具備的職能有：

?提高學生思考問題（higher-levelthinkingskills)、分析問題（analyticalskills)和單獨處事（actindependently)

的能力，提高個人素質；

?加強理論知識學習（theoreticalknowledge),增加實踐的經驗(practicalexperience),幫助學習者提高就業前景

(improvecareerprospects)；

?交流學科可以幫助學生提髙社會技能（improvesocialskills)、交流技巧（honecommunicationskills)和適應環

境的能力(adapttonewenvironments)；

?體育、營養學等課程可以幫助學生提高身體素質（developphysicalfitness),幫助學生養成良好的生活習慣

(educatethemtoleadormaintainahealthylifestyle}；

?法律、倫理學等課程有助于提髙學生的道德標準意識（heightenone'sawarenessofmoralstandards),使其遵

守社會規范(conformtorulesacceptedbythesociety),履行責任(assumeresponsibility);

?藝術、文學等課程提髙學生對藝術、詩歌和文學的欣賞水平（developanappreciationofart,poetryand

literature)。

范文

gardedasthepathwaytoeconomic

prosperity,aninstrumentforcombatingunemploymentandthedrivingforcebehindscientificandtechnological

heimportanceofeducationforindividualsandsociety,itsscope,constituentsand

configurationhavelongbeenthesubjectofrearch,studiesanddiscussion.

Theoretically,astudentixpectedtoacquireknowledgeofaspecificsubjectorprofessionatschool,but

throughoutthelearningprocess,ssfulschool

leavershouldshowexceptionalabilitiestoacquire,organize,interpret,evaluateandcommunicateinformation

rly,aproficientlearnershouldmeanwhilebearesourcecoordinatorandur,proficient

inidentifyingufulresources(suchasinformationandcapital)withspeedandutilizingthemtothefull

fiedstudentshouldalsopossssomeotherskills,suchasproblemsolvingandcritical

thinking,whichareesntialnotonlyfortheirfurthereducationbutalsofortheircareerslaterinlife.

Whenstudentsbecomeknowledgeableandresourceful,theyshouldbeequippedwithcompetencethatwould

llentlearnerisadmittedlyimportanttosociety,butmore

43

ionshouldabsorbnewsubstancesandembracenewconceptsin

orderforstudentstokeepintouchwithcommunityandhavefullknowledgeoftheneedsofcommunity.

Besides,aschoolshouldfacilitatetheprogressofstudentsineverypracticalfieldandgivethemopportunities

ncingtheirhands-onskillsandjob-relatedskills,schoolscan

fosterstudents'andsociety'sfuturedevelopmentandprosperity.

Whenenhancinglearners'academicexcellenceandprofessionalism,educationcannotoverlooklearners'

fast-changingandcompetitivesociety,manypeoplearenotin

agingstudentstoreducestressanddevelopgood

,forexample,functioneffectivelyasahealthfacilitatorandasa

xtracurricularactivitiescanbecombinedwithacademicactivitiestoboost

students'mentalhealthandlearningoutcomes.

Toconclude,today'sstudentsareexpectedtobeversatile,productiveandhealthyindividualswhentheyfinish

cietybecomingmorespecializedandeconomiesdemandingmoreskills,studentsshould

ouldlayastressonphysicalactivitiesas

well.

近義詞表

y=path=access=entrance:入門，途徑

=address=tackle=prevent=fightagainst:對抗，解決

uration=composition=formation=make-up:組成，構成

rly=likewi:類似地ceful=ingenious=smart:足智多謀的，聰明的

tion=change=changeover:轉變form=performingwell:表現良好

ile=multitalented=all-round:多才多藝的，全能的