1
Chapter1TheLandandHistory
英國全稱大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國，由英格蘭、蘇格蘭、威爾士及北愛爾蘭構(gòu)成，位于大西洋東
部的不列顛群島，是個島嶼國家，由大不列顛島，愛爾蘭島北部和眾多小島組成。面積約24.40萬平方公里，
人口超過6400萬(2013年)。英國屬于溫帶海洋氣候，常年溫和多雨，氣候多變。受高緯度因素的影響，有
類似極晝極夜的現(xiàn)象，冬季日短夜長，夏季日長夜短。
公元前3000年左右，伊比亞人最先到達(dá)大不列顛島。隨后，比克利人、凱爾特人相繼來到不列顛。公
元前1世紀(jì)到公元5世紀(jì)，羅馬入侵。羅馬人撤離后，歐洲北部的盎格魯撒克遜人和以丹麥人為主體的斯
堪的納維亞先后入侵。到了1066年，諾曼底公爵威廉征服了英格蘭，英國的封建制度正式形成。1215年，
國王約翰被迫簽訂了大憲章。不久，議會制度形成，從此英國的王權(quán)被不斷削弱和限制。1688年，“光榮革
命”爆發(fā)，確立了君主立憲制。18世紀(jì)后期到19世紀(jì)前期，英國成為世界上第一個開始并完成工業(yè)革命的
國家。19世紀(jì)是英國發(fā)展的鼎盛時期，分別建立了第一大英帝國和第二大英帝國。到二戰(zhàn)前夕，英國統(tǒng)治
了世界約1/4的土地。第一次世界大戰(zhàn)以及第二次世界大戰(zhàn)的爆發(fā)，導(dǎo)致英國的政治、經(jīng)濟勢力大為削弱，
失去了霸權(quán)地位。隨著其殖民地的相繼獨立，20世紀(jì)60年代，大英帝國徹底瓦解。
lIntroduction
onandtheFourNations
Thefudeupoffour
nations:England,Scotland,NorthernIreland,catedtothenorthwestofcontinentalEurope,
phically,itisanislandcountry,coveringanareaofabout244,019km2,
andconsistsofGreatBritainandnortheasternpartofIreland,togetherwithmanysmallislandsofBritishIsles.
GreatBritainaccountsforover90%ofthecountry’elargestislandoffthenorthwestern
coastofmainlandEuropewithEngland,disthecondlargestislandofBritish
videdintotwoparts:NorthernIrelandandtheRepublicof
Ireland(anindependentcountry).
Englandisthelargesal
areaofEnglandis130,410km2withapopulationofaround53.9million(Mid-2013estimated),whichcoversmore
than84%,the
capitaloftheUKandEngland,aswellastheatofgovernment,islocatedinitssoutheasternpart.
MapofBritishIsles
2
Scotlandistheced
withthatofEngland,reonly5.3millionpeoplewithanareaof78,789
rgh,itslargestcity,ndisfamousforitsbeautifulnaturalscenery,such
asScottishHighlands1andLochNess2,aswellasmanyhistoricalplaces,liketheEdinburghCastles.
alareaofWalesis20,779km2,which
accountsfor1/soamountainouspartofGreatBritain,particularlyinthenorthandcentral
theastregionisthemostbuiltupregionofWales,andthemajorityofitspopulationlivethereand
italcity,Cardiff,isalsointhisregion.
NorthernIrelandliesinthenortheastoftheislandofIreland,covering14,139km2,whichconstitutes1/6ofthe
esmallestpartamongthefournationsoftheUK,aswellasthecondsparlypopulatedpartafter
italisBelfast,ecenter
forgovernment,economic,arts,highereducation,business,onally,itisthe
birthplaceofTitanic,andvotedoneoftheworld’stopdestinations.
e
TheoverallclimateintheUKistemperatemaritime,whichmeansthatitismildwithtemperaturesneither
muchlowerthan0℃inwinternormuchhigher32℃lly,theUKhaswarmsummersandcool
winters,withJulyandAugustasthewarmestmonth,r,duetothe
influenceofGulfStream3,ly,
thetemperatureinsummerisaround20℃，withthehighrarelygoingabove30℃.Theaveragetemperaturein
winterisaround0℃andldomgobelow-10℃eveninthemostnorthernpartofthecountry.
Meanwhile,sinceBritainisanislandcountryandsurroundedbythea,theclimateisconsiderably
hevariableclimatechangingdaytoday,itishardforpeopleto
onally,theuniquegeographicalpositionisalsothereason
ghitdoesnotrain
everyday,itisalwaysadvisableforpeopletobringanumbrellaorwaterproofclothingeveryday.
y
ndingoftheNation
55and54BC,Britainwastwice
r,itwasnotuntil43ADthattheRomanledbyClaudiusI
iveCelticweredriventothe
mountainregionsofScotlandandWales,whichremainedunconqueredbytheRomans.
ancivilizationwasintroduced
mple,Romanstylebathsandtempleswerebuilt,citieslikeLondonand
townswereconstructed,edeclineoftheRomanEmpire,
whentheGermanictroopsattackedRomein410A.D.,theRomanshadtowithdrawinordertoprotecttheirown
nation,whichledtotheendofRomanoccupation.
AftertheleaveoftheRomans,threegroupsofGermanictribescalledtheJutes,theAnglesandtheSaxons
nquereddifferentregionsofBritain:
1ScottishHighlands：蘇格蘭高地，是對蘇格蘭高地邊界斷層以西和以北的山地的稱，被認(rèn)為是歐洲風(fēng)景最優(yōu)美的地區(qū)。人煙
稀少，有多座山脈，包括英國境內(nèi)最高峰本內(nèi)維斯山。
2LochNess：尼斯湖，位于蘇格蘭高原北部的大峽谷中，面積并不大，卻很深。平均深度達(dá)200米，最深處有300米。該湖
終年不凍，湖北端有河流與北海相通，是英國內(nèi)陸最大的淡水湖。
3Gulfstream：墨西哥暖流，簡稱灣流，是大西洋上重要的洋流。世界大洋中最強大的暖流，起源于墨西哥灣，是英國溫和氣
候的關(guān)鍵。如果沒有來墨西哥暖流，大不列顛群島的氣溫將下降4至6攝氏度。
3
theJutesttledinthesouthandsoutheastoftheisland,theAnglesintheeast,themiddleandthenorth,andthe
ore,duringthisperiodtheBritainwasdividedintotheSevenKingdomsof
Northumbria,Mercia,Anglia,Wesx,Esxm,SusxandKent.
Inthelate8thcentury,theVikingsfromtheScandinaviancountriesofnorthernEurope,whichisnowDenmark
andNorway,nqueredpartofthecountryand
rtoresisttheVikings,theSaxonkingofWesx,AlfredtheGreat,unifiedtheven
kingdomsandfoughttheminagreatbattle,buthefailedtodrivethemoutthoroughlybecautheVikingsweretoo
omiwasmadethatallowtheeasternpartofEnglandtobesubjecttoDanishlawcalledDanelaw
r,extover130years,theconflictsbetweenthe
Saxootuntil1066thatthis
situationchanged.
In1066,WilliamtheConquer,fromNormandyinthenorthernFrance,crosdtheEnglishChannelwithhis
formidablearmyanddefeatedKingHarold,thelastkingoftheAnglo-Saxons,,
thereby,conqueredBritainandcrownedhimlftheKingofEngland,whichisthebeginningofNormanConquest.
ItisconsideredoneofthemostimportanthistoricaleventsinBritainandmarkedtheestablishmentoffeudalismin
England.
Duringthisperiod,federalsysteminEnglandwascompletelyestablished,whichisbadontheownershipof
ingtothesystem,mdistributedthelandstothe
d’slandwasthendividedandgiventothe
ghadthepowertocallon
ontrary,allthelordshadtherightanddutytoattendthe
king’scouncil1andoffertheiradvices.
lineofFeudalismandtheRioftheEnglishBourgeoisie
Inthisperiodoftime,manyhistoricaleventslikewarsandsigningofimportantdocumentsgradually
tishhistoryexperiencedaperiodofthedeclineoffeudalism
andtherioftheBourgeoisclass.
AfterthedeathofWilliamtheConquer,rto
consolidatetheroyalpowerandlimitthepowerofthenobles,HenryII,thegrandsonofWilliam,carriedouta
orachievementsofHenryII’sreformwerehis
1King’scouncil:英國國王樞密院，又稱元老院或國王法庭，主要由權(quán)貴、教士和重要官員所組成。分別就立法、行政和司法
事務(wù)向君主提供意見。
TheAnglo-SaxonKingdomsin650
4
introductionofjurysystemandinstitutionalizationofcommonlaw,whichgreatlyconsolidatedtheBritish
feudalismandenabledthecountrytoenjoyaperiodofcurityandprosperity.
However,inthereignofKingJohn,BritainwasdefeatedbyFranceandlostitsterritoryinnorthernFrancein
rtoavengehimlfonFrance,Johndemandedmorefeudaltaxesandarmyrvice,whichledtogreat
ore,thenoblesforcedJohntosignalongdocumentin1215,whichis
knownastheGreatCharter(orMagnaCarta).TheGreatChartercoveredawidefieldoflawandfeudalrightsbut
themostimportantclauswere:NoextrataxesshouldbeimpodonnobleswithoutthepermissionoftheGreat
Council;nofreemanshouldbearrestedorpenalizedorbanishedinanywayunlessconvictedbyajury;merchants
wouldbeallowedtomoveaboutfreely;inaddition,thenoblesshouldbeentitledtodeclarewaragainsttheKingif
theKingriouslyviolatestheprovisionsoftheGreatCharter.
TheGreatCharterwasofprogressivesignificanceandconsideredasanimportantturningpointofEnglish
chantsandcraftsmenappeared
laysafoundationfortheBritishconstitutional
monarchyandprovidesbasicprinciplesfortheprotectionofcivilrightsintheWesternWorld.
AfterKingJohndied,r,theking’sfailedcampaignsinFrance
(1230and1242),hischoiceoffriendsandadvirs,togetherwiththecostofhisschemetoconquestSicily,Italy,
andhisobediencetothePope,,atthemeetingofParliamentatOxford
in1258thebaronsstatedtheirdissatisfactionwithHenryIII,andtriedtoforcehimtoacceptatofconditions
adicalproposalscalledforregularmeetingsofParliamentthreetimesa
requestedthat12non-noblereprentativeschonfromthecounties
shouldbeinvolvedinthemeetingsaswell.
HenryIIIrefudtoagreetotheprovisionsandawarbrokeoutbetweenhimandtheleaderofthebarons,
SimondeMontfort,ary1265,deMontfortcalledtheGreatCouncil,
whichwasattendedbytheknightsandreprentativesaswellasnoblesandclergymenfromeachcountyandfrom
theearliestforerunnerofthemodernparliament,becauitisforthefirsttime
14thcentury,parliamentdevelopedintoregular
meetingscomprisingthreebodies:Lords,CommonsandMonarch.
Thenariesofwarsfrom1337to1453,calledtheHundredYearsWar,refoughtbetween
EnglandandFranceoverterritory,trade,eginningofthewar,theEnglisharmyachieved
1360BritaincontrolledoveraquarterofFrance.
However,withtheuofgunsandgunpowderinFrance,andtheresistanceoftheFrenchpeasantsunderthe
leadershipofJoanofArc1,imethewarended,they
hadlostalmostalltheterritoriesgainedduringthewar.
nehand,thewarwitnesda
considerableriintheimportanceandfrequencyofparliaments,
positionofbtherhand,themilitary
rervonally,intheearlystageofthe
war,thenoblescuredgreatprofits,butthelong-lastingwarmadethecommonpeopleinBritainsufferedan
increadtaxation,militaryrvice,andhigherinflation,whichledsignificantsocialconflictsbetweenthetwo
factorsledtothedeclineoffeudalisminBritain.
Thriesofdynastic
civilwarsbetweenthetworoyalfamilies,theHouofYorkandtheHouofLancaster,fortheEnglishthrone.
1JoanofArc:圣女貞德，法國民族英雄，在百年英法戰(zhàn)爭中帶領(lǐng)法國農(nóng)民，在對抗英國的戰(zhàn)斗中取得轉(zhuǎn)折性的勝利。后被法
國貴族出賣，死于1431年。
5
Thewarswerenamedbecauofthebadgeofthetwohous:ThewhiteroofYorkandtheredroofLancaster.
alvictorywenttotheHouofLancasterledbyHenryTudor,wholater
succeededthethroneofEnglandasHenryVII,andtherefore,started
fromtwofamilies,however,attheendofthewar,fferedgreatlossof
lifeandproperty,whichledtothedeclineoffeudalnoblesandpavedthewayforthedevelopmentofthe
bourgeoisie(資產(chǎn)階級).
tiontotheModernAge
BeganwiththeEnglishReformation,thisperiodofBritishhistorywitnesdtheendoffeudalismandthe
efast-growingeconomyandnationalcapabilityaswell
uently,thegreatchangesintheBritish
societyaccelerateditstransitiontotheModernAge.
TheEnglishReformationwasariesofeventsin16thcenturybywhichtheChurchofEnglandbrokeaway
fromtheauthorityoftheRomanPopeandtheCatholicChurch.
Thereweremanyfactorscontributedtotheprocess:Thegrowingrentmentamongthepeopletowardsthe
powerofPopeandthechurchbecauoftheburdenoftaxationplacedbytheCatholicChurch,thedeclineof
r,thedirectcauofthereligiousreformationisKingHenryVIII’s
divorcewithhisfirstwife,CatherineofAragon,esatthattimecouldonlybegranted
bythePope,butconsideringthepowerofSpain,thePoperefudHenryVIII’ore,HenryVIII
startedalargescaleofreformationbydeclaringtheChurchofEngland’1534,heissuedthe
ActofSupremacy,whichrecognizedthatthekingwas“theonlysupremeheadoftheChurchofEngland”.
AftertheaccessionofEdwardVIin1547,r,when
Edwarddiedin1553,MaryI,adevoutcatholic,
Protestantswereburnttodeathasheretics,otuntilElizabethI’sreigndid
thebloodyreligiousprocutioncometotheend,andtheChurchofEnglandwasinchargeoftheBritishmonarch
ghshemadeacompromibetweentheCatholicsandtheProtestants,shestilldefendedthefruitof
religiousreformationandconsolidatedtheChurchofEngland.
Inthe17thcentury,theEnglishCivilWar(1642–1651)riesofarmedconflictsand
politicalmachinationsbetweenParliamentarians,alsoknownasthe“Roundheads”,andRoyalists,knownas
“Cavaliers”,heresultoftherising
bourgeoisie,eignofCharlesI,the
rtosupportthewaragainstSpainand
France,CharlesItriedtoraialargeamountofmoney,butencounteredgreatrefusalfromtheparliament.
HenryVIIIElizabethI
HenryVIII
ElizabethI
6
Dissatisfiedwiththeparliament,ore,supportingbythepeasants,the
parliament,whichreprentedthebourgeoisieandnewaristocrats,r,being
afraidtolotheirlandsandprivilegeinthecountry,thelandownersandoldaristocratssupportedKingCharlesin
thefight.
In1649,Cromwell,theleaderof
Parliamentarians,r,Cromwell’s
conrvationinsocial1660,Charles
II,thesonofCharlesI,uently,theshortperiodofCommonwealthinBritishhistory
endedthen.
InthewakeofCharlesII’sdeath,JamesIIascendedthereign,butsincehewasastrictCatholic,soonafterhis
succession,1688therefollowedthe
“bloodlessrevolution”knowninBritishhistoryasthe“GloriousRevolution”.TheParliamentdeclaredWilliamand
hiswifeMary,JamesII’sdaughter,ollowingyear,WilliamandMarysignedtheBill
ofRightspasdbytheParliament,whichguaranteedtheauthorityofParliamentandlimitedthepowerofthe
ore,henthe
constitutionalmonarchywastablishedandbecamethesystemofgovernmentinthecountry.
SincethenBritainhadexpe
middle19thcentury,efirstcountrytostartand
completethisgreatrevolutioninindustry.
Thereare,Britainhadahuge
heGloriousRevolution,ile,
withitxpansionintheworld,itoccupiedalargenumberofcoloniesintheworldandbecamethemostpowerful
oniesprovideditwithenormouswealth,rawmaterialsandalargemarketforitsindustrial
,theenclosuremovement1deprivedthesmalllandownersoftheirpropertyandforcedthem
dlesslaborer,therefore,becamealargenumberoffree
labors,withtherapid
developmentofeconomyandindustry,higherproductivitybecamenecessaryinordertomeetthehigherdemand
repreneursbegantoeknewwaystopromoteproductivity.
Ariesofimportantinventionsinthetextileindustry,suchastheSpinningJenny,thewaterframe,the
spinningmuleandthepowerloom,nventionspromotedthe
mechanizationofthetextileindus
example,thedigofcanals,thecompleteofthefirstrailwayandinventionofsteamengineandsteamlocomotivein
iddleofthe19thcentury,theIndustrialRevolutionwasaccomplishedin
1Enclosuremovement:圈地運動。英國新興的資產(chǎn)階級和新貴族通過暴力把農(nóng)民從土地上趕走，強占農(nóng)民份地及公有地，剝
奪農(nóng)民的土地使用權(quán)和所有權(quán)，限制或取消原有的共同耕地權(quán)和畜牧權(quán)，把強占的土地圈占起來，變成私有的大牧場、大農(nóng)
場。大批的農(nóng)民因此而失去賴以生存的土地，傾家蕩產(chǎn)，流離失所。
SpinningJenny
Steamlocomotive
7
Britain.
TheIndustrialRevolutionacceleratedtheprocessofmodernizationandtheeconomicdevelopmentofBritain,
y,theindustrialproductivitywasdramatically
ly,
numerousfreelaborsmovedintocitiesandtowns,manynewcitiessuchasManchester,Leeds,Birminghamand
SheffieldsprangupandbecameBritain’y,italsobroughtwithsomechangesinclass
italistclassreplacedtheoldaristocratsandbecamethemostimportantforceinthecountry.
eandFallofBritishEmpire
TheBritishEmpirestartedfromthereignofQueenElizabethIwithcolonizationofNewfoundlandin1583.
BritaindefeatedtheSpanishfleetin1588andHollandinthe17thcentury,whichcontributedtotheestablishmentof
ireacquiredalotof
onieswereturnedintoitssourcesofraw
materialsandimportantmarketsforitsproducts.
BythetimeQueenVictoriastartedtoreignthecountry,ithadoccupiedmanyoverascolonies,suchasthe
coloniesinCanada,Australia,NewZealand,eIndustrial
veofWorldWarIin1914,the
totalareaoftheBritishcolonieshadreached33,500,000km2,thatis,over137timesmorethanitsnativeland,with
evelopedintothelargestcolonialempireinthe
world,whichoccupiednearly1/4oftheworldlandarea,andbecame“acountryonwhichthesunneverts”.
However,thetwoworldwarsintheearlier20thcenturygraduallyweakenedBritain’spowerandledtothe
nlostagreatnumberofpeople,theasupremacyintheworldandwasinto
onally,aftertheWorldWarII,awaveofnationalliberation
1921,26countiesontheislandofIrelandbecame
1931,Australia,NewZealandand
1960s,theindependencemovement
swepttheentireBritishEmpire,includingitscoloniesinAsia,an20Britain’s
uently,theBritishEmpirecompletelyfellapartinthelate1960s.
TheEmpirehadbeenreplacedbytheBritishCommonwealthofNations1,whichisanintergovernmental
tapoliticalunion,butaloolyorganizedcommunityofformer
theBritishMonarchis
stillconsideredastheheadofCommonwealth,itsmembershavefullautonomytomanagetheirowninternaland
marygoaloftheCommonwealthistoencourageandpromotethecooperationandmutual
assistanceamongmemberstates.
WatchthevideoclipofTheBritishEmpireandfinishthetasksthatfollow.
Task1:Story–retelling
Now,workingroups(3-4members)chgroupndsone
reprentativetotellthewholeclassyourinterpretationoftheBritishEmpire.
Task2:Groupdiscussion
Discusswithyourpartner餛飩的由來 saboutthewaytheBritishEmpirewastablished
1BritishCommonwealth:英聯(lián)邦。是一個以英國為主導(dǎo)的國家聯(lián)合體，由54個主權(quán)國家（含屬地）所組成，成員大多為前大
英帝國的殖民地或附屬國。該組織元首為英國女王伊麗莎白二世，同時身兼英聯(lián)邦王國內(nèi)的16國的國家元首。
8
Exercis
eandfillintheblankswithproperwordsorterms.
1)TheUnitedKingdomislocatedtothenorthwestofcontinentalEurope,paratedbythe.
2)isthelargestpartoftheUKandoccupiesmostofthesoutherntwothirdsofGreatBritain.
3)TheoverallclimateintheUKistemperate.
4)SinceBritainisanislandcountryandsurroundedbythea,theclimateisconsiderably
comparedwithothercountries.
5)TherecordedhistoryoftheUKbeginswiththein55BC.
6)DuringtheAnglo-SaxonInvasionperiod,RomanwasintroducedtoBritain.
7)DuringtheNormanConquest,inEnglandwascompletelyestablished,whichisbadonthe
ownershipofland.
8)wasariesofdynasticcivilwarsbetweenthetworoyalfamilies,theHouofYorkandthe
HouofLancaster,fortheEnglishthrone.
9)TheEnglishCivilWarwasariesofarmedconflictsandpoliticalmachinationsbetweenand
.
10)OntheEveofWorldWarIin1914,Britainhasdevelopedintothelargestcolonialempireintheworld,which
occupiednearly1/4oftheworldlandarea,andbecame“”.
onsonthisunit:
1)HowmanypartsistheUnitedKingdommadeupof?Whatarethey?
2)WhataretheimpactsofRomanInvasion?
3)WhatarethecontributionsofElizabethIintheReligiousReformation?
4)WhatarethereasonstotheBritishIndustrialRevolution?
5)WhatarethefactorsthatledtotheendofBritishEmpire?
orexplanation:
1)GreatBritain
2)NormanConquest
3)HundredYearsWar
4)TheEnglishReformation
5)GloriousRevolution
isandcomments:
1)ThesignificanceoftheGreatCharter
2)TheinfluencesofIndustrialRevolutionintheUK
9
Chapter2GovernmentandPolitics
自1688年光榮革命以后，英國便建立了君主立憲制的政治制度。英國的君王是國家元首和理論上的最
高權(quán)力者，但事實上，英國政府的實權(quán)掌握在議會手中。議會是英國政治的中心舞臺，是英國的最高立法
機關(guān)。議會為兩院制，由上院和下院組成，其中下議院，也叫作平民院，掌握主要和最終立法權(quán)。政府從
議會產(chǎn)生，并對其負(fù)責(zé)，首相是政府的最高領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，由議會下議院中占多數(shù)派的政黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)擔(dān)任。英國的憲法
不是一個獨立的文件，而是三種法律的構(gòu)成：成文法（StatutoryLaw）、習(xí)慣法（CommonLaw）、慣例
（Conventions）。同時，英國還是一個兩黨制的國家，議會下議院多數(shù)黨成為執(zhí)政黨，除多數(shù)黨之外的第二
大黨自動成為反對黨，反對黨有可能在下議院中通過不信任投票取代執(zhí)政黨地位。英國的政府體系和政黨
制度影響了許多國家尤其是英聯(lián)邦成員國的政府體系。
TheUtically,theMonarch
istheheadofstatewithsupremepowers,
entsthecontinuityandunityofthecountry.
TheBritishgovernmentalsystemconsistsofthreebranches:Legislature,Executive,ment
isthelegislatureintheUK,whichconsistsoftheKingortheQueenandtwohous,theHouofLordsandthe
ofCommons,alsocalledtheLowerHou,isthecenterofParliamentarypower.
eandtheCabinetarethecenterofBritish
ofLordsfunctionsastheSupremeCourtinthe
hethreebranches,theParliamentisthecenteroftheUK’sgovernmentalsystem.
TheBritishConstitutde
upofthreemainparts:StatutoryLaw,CommonLaw,andConventions.
efpoliticalpartyincludestheConrvative,theLabor,andtheLiberal
Democrats.
stitution
r,thereisnoauthoritativedocument.
TheconstitutionoftheUnitedKingdomisthesumoflawsandprinciplesthatmakesupthebodypolitic(政治團體)
,theBritishConstitutioniscompodofmanyparatelegaldocumentsandusual
,ithasbeendescribedas“uncodified”(Uncodifiedmeansthatthe
UKdoesnothaveasingle,writtenconstitution.)asaspecialfeaturecomparedwithothercountry’
compristhreemainparts:TheStatutoryLaw1,theCommonLaw2,andConventions3.
1StatutoryLaw：成文法。有規(guī)定法律條款可依的憲法性法律文件。
2CommonLaw：判例法。英國法院特別是高等法院在司法實踐中對某些案例的判決和解釋。
3Conventions：習(xí)慣法。大多數(shù)是在立憲政治發(fā)展過程中形成的經(jīng)法院承認(rèn)的憲法性法律規(guī)則。
Westminster：TheParliamentoftheU羊怎么畫簡筆畫 nitedKingdom
10
TheStatutoryLrstothe
lawspasdbytheParliamentasActs,suchastheGreatCharter(1215)andtheBillofRights(1689).The
rstothepreviouscourtcasof
civilrightsoffreedomandsoon,tionsare
therulesandpractices,whichdonotexistlegallyorwritteninthelaw,butcontainsomeoldpracticescrucialtothe
nationalsystemofBritain.
mentisthesupremelaw-makingbody.
Theactspasdbytheer,the
amendmentstotheConstitutionarealsomadebytheBritishParliamentwithamajorityofsupportinbothHous
ofParliamenttobefollowedbytheRoyalAsnt.
TheBritishConstitutionconcernsboththerelationshipbetweentheindividualandthestate,andthe
functioningofthelegislature,ingtoit,thegovernmentalsystemisdividedinto
threebranches:Thelegislature,theexecutiveandthejudiciary.
ernmentalSystem
TheBritishgovernme,the
ciple,theyarecheckedandbalancedbyone
another:ThelegislativepowerisinchargeofParliament;theexecutivepowerisinthehandofthegovernment;the
r,inpractice,thelegislatureandtheexecutiveintheUK
areintegratedintoaunity,becauthePrimeMinisterandtheCabinetmembersoftheexecutivecomefromthe
ore,theconstitutionoftheUKisoftendescribedashaving“aweak
parationofpowers”.
islature
Parliament,thelegislativebodyintheUK,esupreme
ingtotheconstitution,itconsistsof
threeparts:TheMonarch,theHouofLords,andtheHouofCommons.
TheQueenortheKingistheofficialheadofParliament,andplaysaconstitutionalroleinopeningand
dissolvingParliament,approvingBillsbeforetheybecomelaw,andappointthePrimeMinisterafterelection.
However,inreality,theirroleintheParliamentaswellasinthenationisbroadlyceremonialandsymbolicwithout
ortanceoftheMonarch
entsthecontinuityandadaptabilityofthegovernmentalsystemaswellasthe
unityofthecountry.
TheHouofLords,orUpperHou,dependentfrom,and
complementstheworkof,dssharesthetaskofmakingandshapinglaws
dshasthreemainroles:makinglaws,in-depth
considerationofpublicpolicy,andscrutinizingtheworkofthegovernmentthroughregularquestiontimeand
HouofLordscannotpreventlegislationspropodbytheHouofCommons
frombecominglaworintroducefinancialbills,ore,thepowersoftheHou
aresimilartothooftheHouofCommons,eintheParliamentisto
complementtheHouofCommonsratherthancompetewithit.
ThemembersoftheHouarenotelectedbutaremostlyproducedviainheritingthetitleofnobilityorbeing
,itismadeupofhereditarypeers,lifepeers,aswellas
tly,thereareabout760memberswhoareeligibletotakepart
them
11
continuetobeactiveintheirfieldsandhavesuccessfulcareersinbusiness,culture,science,sports,academia,law,
education,ingexperiencesandknowledgetotheirroleofexaminingmattersof
r,duetothereducedpowers,therateofattendanceisquitelow
unlesswhenimportantissuesorlargeproblemsarediscusd.
TheHouofCommons,alsocalledtheLowerHou,consistsof650MembersofParliament(MPs)whoare
electedfrom650constituencies1throughgeneralelectiontoreprentthelocalresidents’interestsandconcerns.
ThetermoftheMPsisfiveyears,tythatholds
themajorityoftheatsintheHouformsthegovernment,anditsleaderbecomesthePrimeMinister
TheHouofCommonsisthecoreofParliament,enjoyingmanypriorityandprivilegesthantheHouof
gheitherhoumayintroducebillstotheParliament,the
HouofCommonhasthesupremacyinlegislativematterswhichisassuredbytheParliamentActsandveral
mple,byacustomthatprevailedevenbeforetheParliamentActs,only
er,thoughtheQueenorKinghas
therighttomakefinaldecisiononwhetherabillbecomeslaw,t
Monarchtorejectaore,
theHouofCommonhastheprimacyovertheHouofLordsandtheMonarchintheprocessofmakinglaws.
Thecondfunrwiththe
HouofLords,theHouofCommonsperformsthisfunctionbyquestioninggovernmentministers,debatingand
ersfromeachgovernmentdepartmentsattendtheHouof
Commonsonaratiobasis(輪流)meMinisteranswers
sintheCommonslookatthecreationandamendmentoflawsaswellas
reoftentakentoewhetheramajorityof
inetheworksofthegovernmentin
detail,theHouestablishesdifferentspecialcommitteestoofferadvicesandproducesreportsontheir
rmore,itcanforceagovernmenttoresignbypassingaMotionofNoConfidence.2
cutive
HerMajesty’sGovernment(HMG),commonlyreferredtoastheBritishGovernment,isthecentral
ernmentismadeupofthePrimeMinister,theCabinetministersandassistantsto
theministers.
ThePrimeMinister,theleaderofthemajoritypartyintheHouofCommons,
thePrimeMinister’destheCabinetministersandother
ministers,whoaretheheadsofthemostimportantdepartmentsaswellasafewministerswithoutdepartments.
1Constituency:選區(qū)，一般而言，選區(qū)邊界是按照人口與法規(guī)而訂定的。現(xiàn)時英國共有650個選區(qū)，其中英格蘭有533個、
威爾士有40個、蘇格蘭有59個，而北愛爾蘭有18個。
2MotionofNoConfidence：不信任案。議會制國家的議會對政府表示不信任的議案。議會監(jiān)督政府的一種具體形式。議會如
果通過不信任案，政府必須總辭職，或者依法提請國家元首解散議會，重新改選，由新的議會決定政府的去留。
HouofCommons
HouofLords
12
Therefore,thePrimeMinisterisnotonlytheleaderofParliamentbutalsotheleaderoftheCabinetandtheheadof
er,sincetheMonarch’spowerislimited,thePrimeMinisteristhemostpowerfulleaderin
theUK.
UndertheleadershipofthePrimeMinister,theCabinetistheultimatedecision-makingbodyoftheexecutive.
bersmeetinprivateonceortwiceaweekinthePrime
Minister’sofficialresidence,No.10DowningStreet1,holdingconfidentialdiscussionswithnodisclosureofany
cretsaboutthecountry’inetmembersassumeresponsibilityforallCabinet
decisionsandworksontheprincipleofcollectiveresponsibilityandindividualresponsibility.
Apartfromtheministers,enon-political
governmentmembersanddomostoftheworkofrunningthedepartmentontheminister’are
involvedwiththeadministrationofgovernmentalpoliciesanddecisions,theyarenotallowedtobecandidatesfor
ffofcivilrvantsineachdepartmentisrelativelystable,which
meansitdoesnotchangewhenthegovernmentchanges.
ary
Accordingtothenatureoflawcas,Britishcourtcanbedividedintotwosystems:theCivilCourtandthe
ilcas,includingmattersrelatedtothefamily,property,contractsandtorts,arehandledby
asaretakenbytheCountryCourt,theHighCourt,theHighCourtofJusticeandthe
alcasaretakenbytheMagistrate’s
Court,theCriminaecriminal
trails,areinopencourt,andin
mostcas,moreriouscasarethetrailstried
beforethejury,whichdecidesguiltyorinnocent.
TheSupremeCourtisthehighestcourtinallmattersunderEnglishandWelshlaw,NorthernIrelandlawand
deupof12LordofAppealinOrdinary,ornormallycalledtheLawLords,
whoareprofdChancellorinthe
HouofLordsudtobetheheadofJudiciary,buttheConstitutionalReformAct2005transferredthisroletothe
LordSpeakerandLordChiefJusticerespectively.
calParty
Thepoliticalpartntsystem
dependsupontheexistenceoforganizedpoliticalparties,eachofwhichprentsitspoliciestotheelectoratefor
1No.10DowningStreet：唐寧街10號，英國首相官邸和辦公室，位于倫敦的威斯敏斯特（Westminster）。其功能和地位上相
當(dāng)于美國的白宮。
2Layjustice：助理法官，是英國刑事案件的司法審理中一種特殊的法官類型，其主要職能是與陪審團相似。
No.10DowningStreet
13
tiesarenotregisteredorformallyrecognizedinlaw,butinpracticemostcandidatesinelections,
andalmostallwinningcandidates,belongtooneofthemainparties.
TherearethreemainpoliticalpartiesintheUK,whichaltogetheraccountsforover90%ofthewinning
etheConrvativeParty,theLaborParty,
1945,theConrvativePartyanditsprincipalopponent,theLaborParty,havedominatedBritishpoliticallife:
EightgeneralelectionshavebeenwonbytheConrvativePartyandsixbytheLaborParty;thegreatmajorityof
membersoftheHouofCommonshavebelongedtooneofthetwoparties.
rvativeParty
TheConrvativeParty,colloquiallyreferredtoastheToryPartyortheTories,isacenter-rightpoliticalparty.
Itwasfoundedin1834,andwasoneoftwodominantpartiesinthe19thcentury,
changeditsnametotheConrvativeandUnionistPartyin1912aftermergingwiththeLiberalUnionistParty,
althoughthatnameisrding
principlesincludethepromotionofprivatepropertyandenterpri,themaintenanceofastrongmilitary,andthe
ore,itspoliciesarecharacterizedbypragmatism1
andabeliefinindividualism2.
IthasbeenthelargestpartyintheHouofCommonswith307outof650atssince2010,andthecurrent
partyleaderisDavidCameron,whoisalsothePrimeMinisteroftheUKnow.
orParty
nitiallyformedasameansforthetrade
unionmovementtoestablishhe
formation,theLaborPartyquicklyovertooktheLiberalPartyingeneralelectionsduringtheearly1920s,andwon
tobecharacterizedbysocialist3ornationalization,which
meanscommonownershipofproduction,catesgovernmentinterventionandthe
nationalizationofenterprisineconomy,increasingrightsforworkers,r,fromthelate
1980sonwards,theore,recently
theideologyofsocialistisnolongerpossibletodescribeit.
TheLaborPartywaslastinthenationalgovernmentbetween1997and2010underTonyBlairandGordon
Brown,tly,itisthecondlargestpartyintheBritishHouofCommons,with
258outof650atsandformstheOfficialOpposition4undertheleadershipofcurrentleader,EdMiliband.
eralDemocrats
TheLiberalDemocratsisa“middle”tywasformedin1988by
retwomainstrandsofdistinctideology
withintheparty,ncipaldifferencebetweenthetwoisthatthe
economicliberalstendtosupportgreaterchoiceandcompetition,aimtoincreasocialmobilitythroughincreasing
economicfreedom,sthesocial
liberalsaimtoincreaequalityofoutcomethroughstatemeans,andadvocatehigherspendingonthe
hole,thepartycanbecharacterizedbycentrist.
TheLi2010general
1Pragmatism：實用主義，實用主義者只在乎行動是否能給個人或集團帶來某種實際的利益和報酬，而不問這種行動是否合乎
客觀實際，合乎原則。
2Individualism：個人主義，強調(diào)個人的自由和個人的重要性。在政治上認(rèn)為：自由、平等、人權(quán)是個人的政治訴求；民主法
治是對個人的尊重；市場經(jīng)濟是對個人經(jīng)濟追求的承認(rèn)與規(guī)范。
3Socialist：社會主義。是一種經(jīng)濟社會學(xué)思想，主張或提倡整個社會作為整體，由社會擁有和控制產(chǎn)品、資本、土地、資產(chǎn)
等，其管理和分配基于公眾利益。
4OfficialOpposition：又叫做影子內(nèi)閣（ShadowCabinet）。通常由下議院中最大的反對黨領(lǐng)袖，物色下院中有影響的本黨議員，
按內(nèi)閣形式組建而成。這種制度由英國保守黨首創(chuàng)，后為一些英聯(lián)邦國家所采用。
14
election,undertheleadershipofNickClegg,theLiberalDemocratswon57atswith23%ofthevotebehindthe
ConrvativePartyandtheLaborParty.
on
ThegeneralelectionintheUKisorganizedinthe650constituencies,orelectoralareas,
thepurpoofelection,tal
whoiligibletovotecanstand
asacandidateaslongastheymakeadepositof500pounds,whichislostiftheyfailtoreceive5%ofthevote.
Thisistoavoidpeoplerunningjustforajoke.
Theelectionappliesthesimplemajoritysystem,whichmeansthecandidatewhoreceivesthelargestnumber
ore,inordertowintheelection,eachpartyhasalocal
organizationineachconstituency,whomaintaskistochoothecandidatetoreprentitspartyandhelphimor
er,partyleadersalsoplayaveryimportantroleinthegeneralelection,becauwhenpeople
votetheirlocalMPs,ore,beforethegeneral
election,partyleaderswilllaunchelectoralcampaignstoprenttheirpoliciestopublicandpersuadepeopleto
votecandidatesfromtheirparty,whichmayincludeadvertimentsinnewspapers,radioandTV,television
debating,interviewsandsoon.
Assoonastheresultsofageneralelectionareknown,itisusuallyclearwhichpartywillformthegovernment.
ThepartythatwinsoverhalfoftheconstituenciesholdsamajorityofatsintheHouofCommons,andforms
tyleaderconquentlybecomesthePrimeMinister.
WatchthevideoclipofTheHouofCommonsandfinishthetasksthatf不足與改進(jìn) ollow.
Task1:Story–retelling
Now,workingroups(3-4members)chgroupndsone
reprentativetotellthewholeclassyourinterpretationoftheHouofCommons.
Task2:Groupdiscussion
DiscusswithyourpartnersaboutthefunctionoftheHouofCommons.
Exercis
eandfillintheblankswithproperwordsorterms.
1)TheUnitedKingdomisaandaconstitutionalMonarchy.
2)TheBritishgovernmentalsystemconsistsofthreebranches:,,and
TelevisionDebating
15
.
3)oftheUnitedKingdomisthesumoflawsandprinciplesthatmakeupthebodypoliticof
theUnitedKingdom.
4)Themembersofarenotelectedbutaremostlyproducedviainheritingthetitleofnobilityor
beinggrantedbythetitleofnobilitybytheQueenortheKing.
5)TheGovernmentisledby,whoisleaderofthemajoritypartyintheHouofCommons.
6)istheultimatedecision-makingbodyoftheexecutiveheadedbythePrimeMinister.
7)Accordingtothenatureoflawcas,Britishcourtcanbedividedintotwosystems:and
.
8)isthehighestcourtinallmattersunderEnglishandWelshlaw,NorthernIrelandlawand
Scottishcivillawsincethe2009.
9)TheConrvativeParty,colloquiallyreferredtoastheToryPartyortheTories,isapolitical
party.
10)Forthepurpoofelection,thewholecountryisdividedintoofsimilarpopulation.
onsonthisunit:
1)WhatisthecharacteristicofBritishconstitution?
2)WhatistheprincipleofBritishConstitution?
3)HowdoyouunderstandtheroleofBritishMonarchintheparliament?
4)WhatistheBritishgovernmentmadeupof?
5)WhatarethecommonpracticesofcriminaltrialsintheUK?
orexplanation關(guān)于驚蟄的詩 :
1)CommonLaw
2)Parliament
3)TheCabinet
4)TheSupremeCourt
5)ConrvativeParty
isandcomments:
1)Theexistenceofthemonarchy
2)Britishelectoralcampaigns
16
Chapter3TheEconomyoftheUK
英國作為世界上曾經(jīng)擁有最多殖民地的國家，及第一個完成工業(yè)革命的國家，一度是世界上最大的生
產(chǎn)國，經(jīng)濟上擁有絕對的主導(dǎo)支配地位。大英帝國的建立更為英國的經(jīng)濟提供了充足的原材料，勞動力及
世界市場，促進(jìn)了英國經(jīng)濟霸權(quán)地位的確立。雖然在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以后，英國經(jīng)濟經(jīng)歷了一連串衰退，
經(jīng)濟發(fā)展速度下降，其主導(dǎo)地位也已被許多歐美國家取代，但英國政府在20世紀(jì)七八十年代的一系列經(jīng)濟
及社會改革政策，在一定程度上恢復(fù)了英國的經(jīng)濟。
目前英國仍然是一個重要的貿(mào)易實體、經(jīng)濟強國以及金融中心，也是全球最富裕、經(jīng)濟最發(fā)達(dá)和生活
水平最高的國家之一。英國的農(nóng)業(yè)高度集中，高度機械化，并且效益非常的高：1%的勞動人口能夠滿足大
約60%的食品需要。英國擁有大量的煤、天然氣和石油儲備；主要能源生產(chǎn)大約占總GDP的10%，在工業(yè)
國家中是非常高的。第二產(chǎn)業(yè)，作為英國經(jīng)濟曾經(jīng)的支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)，其對GDP的貢獻(xiàn)正在不斷下降，盡管英國
仍是歐洲最大的軍火、電腦、電視和手機的制造地，但在經(jīng)濟中的重要性已經(jīng)被第三產(chǎn)業(yè)所取代。服務(wù)業(yè)
成為英國經(jīng)濟的支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)，特別是銀行業(yè)、金融業(yè)、航運業(yè)、保險業(yè)以及商業(yè)服務(wù)業(yè)占GDP的比重最大，
而且處于世界領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位，首都倫敦更是世界數(shù)一數(shù)二的金融和商業(yè)中心。
TheUK,aleadingtradingpowerandfinancialcenter,isthethirdlargesteconomyinEuropeafterGermany
andFrance,andthesixthlargesteconomyintheworld,withagrossdomesticproduct(GDP)ofUS$1.93trillion.
AsthefirstcountrytocompletetheFirstIndustryRevolutionandthelargestcolonycountry,theUKudto
havethelargesteconomyintheworld,anddominatedtheEuropeanandworldeconomyduringthe19thcentury.
However,fromthelate19thcenturyonwards,especiallyaftertheWorldWarIandWorldWarII,itexperienceda
relativeeconortorescueits
economyandsolvetheproblems,theBritishgovernmenthasissuedariesofeconomicandsocialpoliciesto
ore,theeconomyhasbeguntorecoverand
continuestoincreaatasteadydevelopmentrate.
Recently,theBritisheconomycanbedividedintothreemainctors:PrimaryIndustry,SecondaryIndustry
yIndustry,alsocalledAgricultureIndustry,isquiteintensive,highlymechanized,and
efficientbyEuropeanstandards,producingabout60%offoodneedswithlessthan2%ofthetotallaborforcein
s,theUKhaslargecoal,naturalgas,andoilresources,butitsoilandnaturalgasrervesare
aryIndustryorManufacturingIndustryudtobe
ortancehasdeclined,butstillaccounts
forabout10%ile,TertiaryIndustry,orServiceIndustry,particularlybanking,
insurance,andbusinessrvices,becomeskeydriverofBritishGDPgrowth.
HistoryofBritishEconomy
BritishCurrency:Pound
17
TheUKisthefirstindustrializedcountryintheworldandhasbeenaneconomicgiantforthepasttwo
iddleof19thcentury,withtheestablishmentoftheBritishEmpire,itconomybecame
dominantintheworld,producingonethirdoftheworld’smanufacturinggoods,halfofthecoalandiron,halfof
r,by1900,ond
IndustrialRevolutionintheUnitedStatesmeanttheUShadbeguntochallengeBritain’sroleastheleaderofthe
allyaftertheWorldWarII,theextensivewareffectsofthetwoworldwarsandtheendof
Brithenithaxperienceda
periodofrelativedecline.
However,,althoughitconomyhasbeenimproved,its
competitorshaveimprovedmorerapidly;tisheconomy
wasstillincreasing,butataslowerpace.
Generallyspeaking,thedevelopmentofBritisheconomyaftertheWWIIcanbedividedintothreeperiods:
First,itexperiencedstabledevelopmentbetweenthe1950sandthe1960s,anditconomywasgrowingslowlybut
,inthe1970s,Britisheconomysteppedintoasluggish
nomiccrisisledtotheslowdownofproductionandhighrateof
,inthe1980s,meMinister,MargaretThatcher,issued
ariesofsocialandeconomicreformstoeasomeeconomicproblems,however,failednotresolvetheproblem
ofhighunemploymentrate.
1.1950and1960s
FollowingtheendoftheSecondWorldWar,theUnitedKingdomexperiencedalongperiodwithoutamajor
recession經(jīng)濟衰退andenjoyedarapidgrowthinprosperity繁榮inthe1950sand1960s,withunemployment
stayinglowandnotexceeding超過500,ernment,formedbythe
LaborParty,carriedoutdrastic激烈的economicandsocialreforms,whichlaidthefoundationforBritishsocial
thisperiod,awelfarestatewastablished,andmanyprivateindustrieswere
ndof1947,itconomyquickly
r,inflationandtradedeficitwerepersistentproblemsthatledtoaslow
developmentrateofeconomyanddeclininginternationalcompetitivenessaswellastherisingofunemployment
rate.
2.1970s
Followingthe1973oilcrisisandthe1973–1974stockmarketcrash,theBritisheconomyfellintorecession.
Duringthe1970s,theUKrecordedweakergrowththanmanyotherEuropeannationvenaftertherecession
ended,theeconomywasstillblightedbyrisingunemploymentanddouble-digitinflation,whichexceeded20%
morethanonceafter1973andwasrarelybelow10%tishgovernmentwasforcedtorequest
onally,itimplementedpublicspendingcuts
ore,theBritisheconomyimprovedforashort
r,ativeeconomic
sitetThatcher’sConrvative
hebeginningofanewperiodofneo-liberal
economics.
3.1980s
1InternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)：是根據(jù)1944年7月在布雷頓森林會議簽訂的《國際貨幣基金協(xié)定》，于1945年12月27
日在華盛頓成立的。與世界銀行同時成立、并列為世界兩大金融機構(gòu)之一，其職責(zé)是監(jiān)察貨幣匯率和各國貿(mào)易情況，提供技
術(shù)和資金協(xié)助，確保全球金融制度運作正常。霸氣照片 其總部設(shè)在華盛頓。
18
MargaretThatcherandhergovernmentintroducedthebiggestchangesinBritish
the1980smoststate-ownedenterpris
wereprivatized,taxescut,et
Thatcher’sreformsachievedagreatsuccess:Inflationcameundercontrol,efficiency
oftheeconomyimproved,
roto5%atitspeakin1988,oneofthehighestratesofanyEuropeannations.
However,Thatcher’smodernizationoftheBritisheconomywasfarfromtrouble
ativeaspectofherreformwasasubstantialincreainunemployment.
Theeconomicpolicyresultedintheclosureofoutdatedfactoriesandcoalpitswhich
ore,duringthe1980s,therateof
unemploymentremainedhigh,uently,
theMargaretThatchergovernmentlostthesupportin1990.
sforitsEconomicDeclineAfterWWII
y,theUKsufferedgreateconomic
orldWarII,ithadgoneheavilyintodebtinordertofinancethewar,lling
manyofitsaccumulatedoverasasts,andborrowinglargeamountsofmoneyfromtheUSandCanada.
Secondly,tishEmpirecollapdimmediatelyaftertheendoftheWorldWarII.
TheindependenceofitscoloniesmadeBritainlobigmarketsforBritishgoods,andtheindependentcolonies
stoppedprovidingrawmaterialstotheUK,y,
Britainspentahigheromaintaina
substantialandexpensivemilitaryprenceinmanyoveraslocationsduetoitspositionasoneofNATO’s1major
ly,itsindustrysurvivedalmostunaffectedduringthe
war,unlikeitscompetitorssuchastheUSandGermany,whoindustryhadbeendamagedcompletelyandhad
r,h
economycontinuedwithitsolderfactoriesandpre-warproducts,whichresultinaverylowproductivityandoutput.
Meanwhile,itscompetitorsstartedtoinvestinthemostmodernequipmentandmeansofproduction,andb一個人孤獨的句子 eganto
y,Britisheconomysufferedalong-standingandcontinuingproblemoffailingto
ivelylowrateofinvestmentwasadistinctcharacteristicoftheBritisheconomyin
relationtootherdevelopedcountries,suchastheUSandGermanyatthattime.
tBritishEconomy
Fromthe1980stotheprent,
endof20thcentury,rentBritish
economycanbebrokendownintothreemainareas:PrimaryIndustry,SecondaryIndustryandTertiaryIndustry.
GreatchangeshavebeenfoundintheeconomicstructureaftertheWWII,withthepropositionofPrimaryand
SecondaryIndustrydeclinedandtheimportanceofTertiaryIndustryincreaddramatically.
yIndustry
AgricultureintheUKisquiteintensive,highlymechanized,andefficientbyEuropeanstandards,with1.4%
ofthelaborforcemanagingaround70%thecountry’r,itsoutputcannotaffordenoughfood
producesabout60%ort
1NATO：NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization，北大西洋公約組織，簡稱北約，是美國與西歐、北美主要發(fā)達(dá)國家為實現(xiàn)防衛(wèi)協(xié)
作而建立的一個國際軍事集團組織。
2UNSecurityCouncil：聯(lián)合國安全理事會，成立于1946年，由5個常任理事國，包括英國、法國、俄羅斯、美國和中國，
以及11個非常任理事國構(gòu)成，每一理事國有一個投票權(quán)。根據(jù)《聯(lián)合國憲章》，安全理事會負(fù)有維護(hù)國際和平與安全的首要
責(zé)任。
MargaretThatcher
19
2010,itexported14billionworthoffood,feedanddrink,
andimported
totalincomefromfarmingwas5.69billionin2011,reprentingonlyabout0.7%
averageincomeofeachfull-timepersonwas30,sthebestperformanceinUKagriculture
rmore,Agricultureemploys466,000people,reprenting1.52%oftheworkforce,decread
morethan32%since1996.
Aroundtwo-thirdsoftheproductionisdevotedtolivestock,r,Agriculturein
theUKisregionalvariedbecas
ofthequalityoffarmland,itcanbedividedinto“FavoredArea”and“LessFavoredArea”.“FavoredArea”means
landswithlargerflatterfieldswhereisfavorableforcropproduction,while“LessFavoredArea”meanslandthat
producesaloweragriculturalyield,typicallyuplandmoorsandhillfarms,whichexplainsthetendencytofocuson
livestockanddairyfarmingintheareas.“LessFavoredArea”ismainlyinthenorthernandwesternareasof
England,s,80%ofthefarmlandisdesignated“LessFavoredArea”,andinScotland
thefigureis84%.“FavoredArea”mainlydistributesineasternandsouthernareasinEngland,whichaccountsfor
morethan80%sofgrossvalueaddedin2009,83%oftheUK’sagriculturalincome
originatedfromEngland,9%fromScotland,4%fromNorthernIrelandand3%fromWales.
MajorcorpsintheUKarewheat,barley,oats,stheworld’sleadingproducer
andexporterofcattle,sheep,edingoflivestockisformeat,wool,andeggs,aswellasfor
lsoretainsasignificant,thoughreduced,fishingindustryintheNorthSea,theEnglish
Channelanargefishingfleet
idesover50%ofthecountry’sdemandforfish.
Themainproductsarecod,haddock,herringandsole.
TheEnergyIndustryisthetotalityofalloftheindustriesinvolvedintheproductionandsaleofenergy,
includingfuelextraction,manufacturing,societyconsumeslargeamountsoffuel,
DevonCounty–“FavoredArea”inEngland
Shell
20
andtheEnergyIndustryisacrucialpartoftheinfrastructureandmaintenanceofsocietyinalmostallcountries.
TheUKhaslargeamountsofcoal,oil,andnaturalgasrerves,yenergy
productionaccountsfor10%ofGDP,1,BritishPetroleum,
andBritishGasarethreeofthebiggesttencompaniesintheUK.
TheUKhasalonghistoryofcoalmining,whichprobablydatestoRomantimesandtakesplaceinmany
n’scoalfieldsareassociatedwithNorthumberlandandDurham,Yorkshire,
Lancashire,theEastandWestMidlandsandKentinEngland,NorthandSouthWales,idedthe
r,duringthe1980sand1990stheindustrywasscaledback
countsforonlyaboutaquarterofenergysupplies,therestbeingdividedbetweenoil,gas,and
eresultofgovernmentalpoliciesofenvironmentalprotectionaswellasthediscoveryand
1970s,largerervesofoilandgaswerediscoveredundertheNorthSea.
Theace1990s,theBritish
governmentissuedariesofpoliciestoprotectitsmineralrerves,conquently,energyproductionhasbeenin
declineandtheUKhasbeenanetimporterofoilsince2005.
aryIndustry
ManufacturingisanimportantctorofthemodernBritisheconomy,whichaccountedfor20.5%ofGDPin
theUKandfor18.2%ly,ithas
ghthemanufacturingctor’sshareof
bothemploymentandGDPhassteadilyfallensincethe1960s,itsoutputintermsofbothproductionandvaluehas
steadilyincreadsince1945,anditisstillimportantforoverastrade,accountingforover80%ofexports.
Britain’scompaniesareactiveinallmajorfieldsofManufacturingIndustry,butareparticularstronginsome
ctors.
Engineeringandalliedindustriescomprithesinglelargestctor,contributingaround30%ofoutputin
thisctor,transportequipmentwasthelargestcontributor,withmanyglobalcar
manufacturersbeingprentintheUK,UKudtohavemanyinternationalrenownedcarmanufacturersincluding
MINI,Rolls-Royce,Jaguar,LandRover,Bentley,r,mostofthemarenowownedby
overascompaniessuchasBMW(MINI,Rolls-Royce)ofGermany,Tata(Jaguar,LandRover)ofIndia,and
Volkswagen(Bentley)atedwiththisctoraretheaerospaceanddefenequipment
anufacturesabroadrangeofequipment,includingcivilanddefenaerospace,landand
pisoneoftheworld’slargestbuildersofwarships;andGKN2andRollsRoyce
manufactureaerospaceenginesandpowergenerationsystems.
nhasafourthlargestelectronics
industryintheworldwithabroadbaofdomesticfirms,eitscar
industry,ceutical(GlaxoSmithKline3,theworld’scondlargest
pharmaceuticalfirms),chemical(includingplastics,petrochemicalindustry)andfoodanddrink(ScottishWhisky
beingamajorexport)arealsootherimportantcontributorstotheUK’smanufacturingba.
ryIndustry
TertiaryIndustryreferstotheindustrywhichdoesnotproducematerialproducts,thatis,itproducesrvices
insteadofendproducts,lTertiaryIndustryctorsmayincludefinancialrvices,
entertainment,massmedia,tourism,consulting,ecomethemostimportanteconomicctorin
1Shell：殼牌集團，世界第一大石油公司，總部位于荷蘭海牙和英國倫敦，由荷蘭皇家石油與英國的殼牌兩家公司合并組成。
2GKN:GKN集團((Guest,Keen&NettlefoldsLtd))創(chuàng)建于1759年，主要業(yè)務(wù)有大型民航客機和運輸機結(jié)構(gòu)件，汽車傳動系統(tǒng)，
特種車輛，農(nóng)用機械，粉末冶金，汽車零部件和環(huán)保用汽車催化轉(zhuǎn)化器的生產(chǎn)制造等。
3GlaxoSmithKline:英國葛蘭素史克公司，簡稱GSK，全球最大藥劑集團。是頭孢菌素的主要發(fā)明廠家之一，還擁有全球最
廣泛的抗哮喘系列產(chǎn)品，以及胃腸道、抗病毒、抗腫瘤、皮膚、麻醉和中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)等多個學(xué)科的治療藥品。
21
manycountries,especiallyindevelopedcountries.
Inrecentyears,withtheshrinkoftheimportanceoftheSecondaryIndustryintheUK,theimportanceof
ributedaround
77.8%ofGDPin2013withover80%oftheUK’viceIndustryis
dominatedbyfinancialrvices,especiallyinbanking,insuranceandbusinessrvices,whichtogetheraccountsby
farforthelargestproportionoftheUK’sGDP.
Londonisamajorcenterforinternationalbusinessandcommerceandisoneofthethree“commandcenters”
reover500banksinLondon,whichisthe
largestconcentrationofforeignbankbranchesintheworld,withHSBCandBarclaysBankrelocatingtheirhead
sotheleadinginternationalcenterforstockexchange,insurance,Eurobonds,andforeign
eworld’slargestfinancialcenterwiththeLondonStockExchange,theLondon
InternationalFinancialFuturesandOptionsExchange,andtheLloyd’s1ofLondoninsurancemarketallbadin
theCityofLondon.
TheBankofEnglandisthecentralbank,whichwastablishedin1694,andwasbroughtintopublic
widerangeoffinancialandeconomicresponsibilitiesbothasanagentofgovernment
sgovernmenton
theformulationofmontion,the
BankofEnglandisthenote-issuingauthority,theregistrarforgovernmentstocksandbankertomanyoveras
stheBankofEngland,nonesare
Lloyds2,Barclays3,anksalsoexertsignificant
influencesontheformulationofthefinancialandmonetarypoliciesinBritain.
TourismisalsoanesntialctorintheUK’er27milliontouristsarrivingeach
year,theUisthemostvisited
cityintheworldwith18.7millionvisitorsin2013accordingtotheOfficeofNationalStatisticsInternational
1Lloyd’s：英國勞埃德保險公司是當(dāng)今世界保險業(yè)中信譽最高、名氣最大、資金最雄厚、利潤最多的一家大保險公司，它成立
于1680年，總部設(shè)在倫敦中心。但勞埃德保險集團和勞埃德銀行無關(guān)。
2Lloyds：勞埃德銀行，英國四大私營銀行之一，1765年建立是英國歷史最悠久的銀行之一，曾是英國銀行業(yè)中最早進(jìn)行國
際業(yè)務(wù)的銀行之一，目前擁有的客戶數(shù)量最多。
3Barclays：巴克萊銀行，全球第七大銀行，在英國是位于匯豐銀行之后的第二大銀行。于1690年成立，是英國最古老的銀
行，是全世界第一家擁有ATM機的銀行，并發(fā)行了全英第一張信用卡和第一張借記卡。
4Midland：密德蘭銀行，1836年建立于伯明翰，英國四大私營銀行之一，經(jīng)營廣泛的銀行業(yè)務(wù)。
5NationalWestminsterBankgroup：國民威斯敏斯特銀行，英國四大私營銀行之一，也是世界上最著名的銀行之一，除經(jīng)營一
般銀行業(yè)務(wù)如存放款、投資、保險等業(yè)務(wù)以外，1972年起與勞埃德銀行、密德蘭銀行聯(lián)合開展信用卡業(yè)務(wù)。
FinancialCenterinLondon
22
PasngerSurvey,aheadof2ndplacedBangkok(10.4millionvisitors)and3rdplacedParis(9.7million).
WatchthevideoclipofOlympicGamestoBoostUKEconomyandfinishthetasksthatfollow.
Task1:Story–retelling
Now,workingroups(3-4members)chgroupndsone
reprentativetotellthewholeclassyourinterpretationofinfluenceofOlympicGamesonUKEconomy.
Task2:Groupdiscussion
DiscusswithyourpartnersaboutthegiftsthatOlympicGamesbringtotheworld.
Exercis
eandfillintheblankswithproperwordsorterms.
(1)Asthefirstcountrythatcompletedandthelargestcolonycountry,theUKudto
havethelargesteconomyintheworld.
(2)TheBritisheconomycanbedividedintothreemainctors:,and
.
(3)TertiaryIndustry,orServiceIndustry,particularly,,and,
becomekeydriversofBritishGDPgrowthnow.
(4)AftertheWorldWarII,theextensivewareffortsofthetwoworldwarsandtheendof
ledtoariesofproblemsoftheBritisheconomyinvaryingways.
(5)In1980s,thePrimeMinister,MargaretThatcher,issuedariesofsocialandeconomicreforms,which
eadsomeeconomicproblems,however,didnotresolvetheproblemof.
(6)Aroundtwo-thirdsoftheagricultureproductionintheUKisdevotedto,one-thirdto
.
(7)TheUKhaslargeamountsof,,andrerves,andisa
majorenergyproducer.
(8)andcomprithesinglelargestctor,contributingaround30%ofoutput
inmanufacturing.
(9)isthedominantctoroftheUKeconomy,andcontributesaround77.8%ofGDPin2014.
(10)isamajorcenterforinternationalbusinessandcommerceandisoneofthethree
“commandcenters”oftheglobaleconomyalongwithand.
23
onsonthisunit:
1)WhatarethecharacteristicsofBritishAgricultureIndustry?
2)HowmanyperiodscantheBritisheconomyafterWWIIbedividedinto?Whatarethey?
3)HowdoyouunderstandtherelativedeclineofBritisheconomyafterWWII?
4)WhatarethemainagricultureproductsintheUK?
5)HowisthecarindustryintheUK?
orexplanation:
1)MargaretThatcher’sreform
2)LessFavoredArea
3)EnergyIndustry
4)TertiaryIndustry
5)BankofEngland
isandcomments:
1)Thereasonstothedecline時間的比喻句 ofBritisheconomyduringthepostwarperiod
2)ThedifferentroutesofeconomicgrowthincontemporaryChinaandtheUK
24
Chapter4SocialandCulturalLife
英國有著悠長的歷史，并在其漫長的發(fā)展過程中逐漸發(fā)展成為一個豐富多彩，多元化的社會。英國的
歷史雖然不及中國悠久，但是其對世界社會文化的影響卻同樣深遠(yuǎn)。英國的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日，如圣誕節(jié)、節(jié)禮日、
復(fù)活節(jié)等，都成為很多國家的法定假期。另外，英國也是很多現(xiàn)代運動的發(fā)源地，其中最著名的就是足球、
羽毛球、網(wǎng)球、橄欖球以及高爾夫球，英國人的運動公平精神在這些運動中有所體現(xiàn)。
英國人給人的印象通常是嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，保守，不茍言笑，并且禮貌、謙虛，但是事實上英國人也有著獨特的
幽默感，喜歡自嘲和吐槽，形成了自己特別的英式幽默。而這一點也經(jīng)常為人們所津津樂道。
英國社會結(jié)構(gòu)在歷史上深受社會階級的觀念影響。即使是到了21世紀(jì)初的今天，這個觀念對英國社會
的影響仍然存在。但是英國社會在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)之后發(fā)生了明顯的變化，近年來隨著新的移民政策的開
放，大量移民的進(jìn)入，也為英國的社會和文化帶來了新鮮的元素。
現(xiàn)在，英國的穿戴飲食已與各國無異，在英國能夠品嘗到來自世界各地的風(fēng)味美食。但是炸魚薯條、
約克郡布丁、英式早餐以及英式下午茶等傳統(tǒng)食物仍是英國人日常飲食的主要構(gòu)成部分。
iety
TheUK,astheoldestEnglish-speakingcountryintheworld,
consideredasoneofthemostmulticulturalsocietywithuniquesocialstructure,customsandcharacteristics.
AlthoughtheEnglishmakeupthemajorityofthenation,itwouldbeimproper,sometimesoffensive,tocallall
Britishpeople“Englishpeople”.TheyprefertodistinguishtheirownnationalitiesbyEnglish,Scottish,Irishand
Welsh,becautheyarethedescendantsofdifferentancestors,posssingdifferentlanguage,cultureandcustoms.
Generally,theBritishpeopleshareveraltypicalcharacteristics,whichisregardedasanesntialpartofthe
hsocietyisoften
consideredasasocietyinwhich“class”ismoreimportantthaninothercountries.
s
TherearefournationsintheUK:theEnglish,theScottish,theIrish,ntBritishpeople
derivefrommanydifferentgroupsandtribesthatinvadedBritainatvarioustimesfromtheEuropeanmainland.
Between1,100B.C.,BritainwasinvadedbytheCeltswholivedinthecentralandnorthwestern
enttleddowninBritainandlivedinlandoftoday’sEnglandforhundredsofyears
heRomaninvasion,Britainwasinvadedby
someGermanicgroupsfromcontinentalEuropean:Angels,Saxons,terbecametheancestorsof
thistime,manyoftheCeltswere
driventothemountainousareasinScotland,ore,theCeltsthenbecame
theancestorsoftheprent-dayScottish,WelshandIrish,whiletheAnglo-Saxonsbecametheancestorsofthe
ys,theEnglishmakeupabout80%ofthetotalpopulationofUKandmainlyscatteredin
TraditionalBritishFood:FishandChips
25
England.
teristics
Conrvationandrndtobe
stenceandcontinuityoftheMonarchand
SocialClass,theuofoldmeasurementunits,suchasmileandpound,andtheresistanceofjoiningthe
Euroer,mostBritishpeopledo
notexpresstheirideasandfeelingsopenlyorinitiateaconversation,hebest
emple,ontheunderground,bus,or
train,gbooksornewspapersrvesasagoodwaytoavoid
havetostartaconversation,weatherisnormallythebesttopictochooratherthan
ore,comparedwithotherEuropeanpeople,liketheFrenchandSpanish,theymay
sometimesbeconsideredemotionlessandrerved.
AlthoughBritishpeoplearenormallyfoundriousandrervedinmanycas,humorisanesntialpartof
eabletolaughatalmostanything,includingthemlves,andthereforeformeda
r,itmaybedifficultforpeoplefromothercountriestofully
understandBritishHumorsinceitisnormallyrelatedtohistoricandculturalbackgrounds,currentissuesand
languagetechniques.
TypicalBritishHumorusuallycontainstwofeatures:-mockery,whichmeans
laughingatonelf,istolaughatone’sownfaults,failuresandembarrassmentsandevenone’
example,Britishpeopleneverhesitatetojokeabouttheirbadweatherconditions,terriblefood,andevenpolitical
mes,theyevenmakejokesoftheQueen,sdefinedasa
characterspeakingonasubject,eprentationofalack
itsusagesareoftendifficulttotranslate,ithasbeenafeatureofBritishHumorfor
atureofBritishHumorcanbeeasilyfoundinmanyliteratureworks,TVcomedy,magazine
articles,ortabloidnewspaperreportingintheUK.
BritishHumoriver
er,theydonotlaughatdisabledpeople,physicalorpsychological,atragedyor
anhonorablefailure.
SinceBritishpeopleenjoyplayingsportsintheirleisuretime,theUKisthebirthplaceofmanymodernsports,
suchasfootball,rugby,tennis,tingoftherulesofthegamesdemonstratesthe
manshipistheabilitytopracticeasportinobediencetoits
rules,aswellasshowinggenerositytoone’ighlyvaluedqualityinthe
hegoodexamplesisthatmanysporting
termsandlanguagesareudinBritishpeople’r,likethenofhumor,
sportsmanshipisanEnglishidealthateveryBritishcanhaveorliveupwith.
Class
ThroughoutthehistoryoftheUK,ghtheclasssystemhas
beengraduallyeliminated,sagreatdifferenceinBritishpeople,
portanttoacknowledgethedifferencesbetweentheclassbeforeunderstanding
Britishpeople,hsocietycanberoughlydividedintofourmaingroupsofclass-the
UpperClass,theMiddleClass,theLowerorWorkingClass,andtheUnderClass.
untoftheUpperClassisverysmallanditmainly
consistedofthepeerage,gentry,nposssionofahereditarypeerage(butnota
lifepeerage)-forexampleaDuke,aMarquis,anEarl,aViscountoraBaron-aretypicallymembersoftheupper
26
dleClassismadeupoftheLowerMiddleClass,theMiddleMiddleClassandtheUpperMiddle
tishLowerMiddleClassprimarilyconsistsofwhite-collarworkerswhoaretypicallyemployedin
white-collarbutrelativelyunskilledrviceindustryjobssuchasretailsales,railticketagents,airlinestewardess,
travelagents,hotelclerks,shippingclerks,factoryownersandlowlevelcivilrvicejobsinlocalandregional
yhavebeen
oupofpeoplemainlyisaccountants,architects,solicitors,
teachers,socialworkers,mangers,specialITworkers,erMiddleClassbroadly
consistsofpeoplewhowerebornintofamiliesthathavetraditionallypossdhighincomes,althoughthisgroup
erMiddleClassaretraditionallyeducatedat
per-Middle-Classfamiliesmayhavepreviousancestrythatoftendirectlyrelatestothe
erClassisagroupconsistingofthelong-termunemployed,elderlypensioners,economic
immigrantsandthodependentonbenefits,typicallylivinginpublichousingorcouncilestates,thoughthehave
sincebeenreplacedbyhousingassociationproperties.
Althoughthedivisionofsocialclassisnotasdistinctasbefore,one’ssocialclasscanbeindicatedbythe
waytheyspeak,theirclothes,entclassofpeoplegoto
differentschools,differentrestaurants,ndariesamongthemareveryclear.A
person’ssocialclassdependsonanumberofdifferentfactors,includingeducation,employment,incomelevels,
r,employmentwouldbethemainguidetheywoulduto
classifythesociety.
ge
TheofficiallanguageintheUKisEnglish,whichisspokenbythemajorityofthepopulation,althoughsome
otherlanguagessuchasGaelicandWelsharestillspokenbysomeScots,WelshesandpeopleinNorthernIreland.
elopmentofEnglishlanguageexperienced
threemajorstages:OldEnglish,MiddleEnglishandModernEnglish.
lish
OldEnglishisanearlyformoftheEnglishlanguagethatwasspokenandwrittenbytheAnglo-Saxonsand
theiresternGermaniclanguage
eintroductionofChristianity,LatinandGreekalsohavea
r,duringthisperiod,itspronunciation,
spelling,vocabulary,tfamousworkfromtheOld
EnglishperiodistheepicpoemBeowulf3.
English
thisperiod,French
replacedEnglishastheofficiallanguageandlanguagespokenbyupperclass,while
r,aftertheBlackDeathinthe14th
century,withtheestrangementbetweenNormannoblesofEnglandandFrenchnoblesand
thegrowthofthelaboringandmerchantclassineconomicandsocialimportance,the
importanceofEnglishbegantoincreaagainandbecamethedominantlanguagespoken
thisstageofEnglishdevelopment,manyFrenchwordswerebrought
1Publicschool:私立學(xué)校，是區(qū)別于公立學(xué)校的一種獨立學(xué)校。相較于公立學(xué)校，它們的學(xué)費更高，教學(xué)條件更好，教材與
教授的課程也與公立學(xué)校不同。
2OldNor:古挪威語，14世紀(jì)前斯堪的納維亞人所講的北日耳曼語。
3Beowulf:《貝奧武夫》，講述了斯堪的納維亞的英雄貝奧武夫的英勇事跡。是迄今為止發(fā)現(xiàn)的英國盎格魯—撒克遜時期最古
老、最長的一部較完整的文學(xué)作品，也是歐洲最早的方言史詩，完成于公元八世紀(jì)左右。
GeofreyChaucer
27
restillmanyFrenchwordsinEnglishvocabularyuntil
icalworkduringthisperiodisTheCanterburyTaleswrittenbyGeofreyChaucerin14thcentury.
English
enon,Englishlanguagebecamestandardizedin
grammar,spelling,lectofLondonwasacceptedasstandardpronunciation,whileSamuel
Johnson’er,Englishwasgreatlyimprovedwithalarge
vocabularyforvariouspurposbyborrowingfromotheroriginsduringandaftertheRenaissanceandIndustrial
tion,withtheexpansionoftheBritishEmpire,Englishwasspreadtomanyother
countriesandareasintheworld,whichinturnledtotheworldwidepopularityofEnglish,aswellasthe
assimilationofwordsfrommanyothercountriessuchasChina,Japan,India,Africa,andAmerica.
TheEnglishadoptedasabroadcastingstandardintheBritishmedianowadaysiscalledStandardEnglish,or
Queen’donthespeechoftheUpperClassofsoutheasternEnglandandtheLondondialect.
StandardEnglishhasbecomeauniversalLinguaFranca1,ldlanguageudbypeoplefromalloverthe
worldtocommunicatewitheachother.
ons
BritainisghBritainis
historicallyaChristiansociety,peopleareusuallyverytoleranttowardsthefaithsofothersandthowhohaveno
religiousbeliefs.
halfoftheBritishpeopleareChristianswhobelievein
retwofamousstatechurchestablishedbylaw:
otestantsbelongtotheChurchofEnglandorthe
tishMonarchistheSupremeGovernoroftheChurchofEngland,andiscrownedby
theArchbishopofCanterburyinWestminsterAbbey.
TheoriginofChristianityintheUKdatesbacktotheAnglo-SaxonInvasionperiod,whenRomanChristianity
rderofPopeGregoryI,inewasnttoBritaintoconverttheheathen
vedinCanterburyin597with40missionaries,andbecamethefirstArchbishopof
ndof7thcentury,RomanChristianitybecamethedominantreligioninBritainandtheChurch
r,aftertheReligiousReformationinthe16thcentury,the
hentheProtestantismhasspread
overthecountry,ghRoman
CatholicChurchwasmuchpercutedandweakinBritainforalongtimeaftertheReligiousReformation,there
arestillmanyRomanCatholicsintheUK,andnumberofRomanCatholicmstobegrowingrecently.
Inthe2011Census,ChristianitywasthelargestreligiousgroupinEnglandandWaleswith33.2millionpeople
identifyingwiththereligion,accountedfor59%smadeupthecond
largestreligiousgroupwith2.7millionpeople,amountedto3%to5%ghreligiousfaithin
BritainispredominantlyChristian,manyoftheworld’relargeHindu,Jewish,
andIslamiccommunities,andalsosmallercommunitiesofBuddhists,Jains,andZoroastrians,aswellasfollowers
erwhatdenominationpeoplebelievein,theylivetogetherinpeace,
respectingeachother,undertakingtheirsocialresponsibilities,ore,
religionplaysacrucialroleinthesociallifeoftheUK.
alsandHolidays
1LinguaFranca:世界通用語。不同語言集團的人作為交際工具共同使用的交際語。
28
ATraditionalChristmasDinner
ManyholidayscelebratedthroughoutthenationintheUKreflectthereligious,historical,socialandcultural
lidaysareimportanteventsintheChristiancalendarandarebadonChristiantraditionsuch
asChristmasandEaster,whilesomeholidaysarecelebratedtocommemoratehistoricalevents,socialcustomsor
politicalreasonslikeBoxingDay,theQueen’sOfficialBirthdayandGuyFawkesNight.
mas
ChristmasisthebiggestandmostimportantfestivalcelebratedonDecember25theachyearinmemoryofthe
masisatrulymagicalason,bringingfamiliesandfriendstogethertosharethemuch
lovedcustomsandtraditions,whichhavebeenaroundforcenturies.
Peopleexchangegiftsorcardswithfriendsandrelatives,decorating
homeswithcoloredlightsandChristmastrees,andpreparing
opleareon
holidayintheUKandstayathomewiththeirfamilyonChristmas
day,day,
peoplehaveChristmasdinnertogetherwiththeirfamilymembersat
tionallyEnglishor
BritishChristmasdinnerincludesroastturkeyorgoo,Brusls
sprouts,roastpotatoes,cranberrysauce,sausageswrappedinbacon
rBritishtraditionofcelebrating
ChristmasistheQueen’sSpeechontelevisionandradiointhemorning
ofChristmasDay.
Day
BoxingDayisonDecember26th,ristmasDay,BoxingDayisapublicholiday,
tobeanoldEnglishtraditionthat
onthenextdayofChristmas,thervantsofthewealthywereallowedtovisittheirfamiliesandhaveadayoff.
Theycouldgetgiftsinbogoes
by,itdevelopedintntyears,
however,dsandthousandsofpeoplenowspendBoxingDayinshops
andbigdepartmentstores,wanderingaroundthesalesrackstogettheproductstheywant,becaualmostevery
shopsandstoresgoonthebiggestsalesovertheyear.
EasteristhecondbiggestfestivalcelebratedintheUK,
sonforthisvariationisbadonthe
alwaysfallsonthefirstSundayfollowingthefull
moonafterMarch21th,thespringequinox.
EasteristocommerSunday
Christiansgathertogethertoattendchurchrvices,suchastheSunriService1,Eastervigil2,EasterEucharist3
ditionalEastergiftisEasterEggs,whichisareligioussymbol,reprentingthetombfromwhich
steggsgivenatEasterwerebirdggspaintedinbrightcolors,
butnowadayschocolateportedthat
around80millionchocolateeggsareconsumedeachyearintheUK.
1SunriService：復(fù)活節(jié)日出崇拜?；酵皆趶?fù)活節(jié)的清晨聚集在曠野或山頂觀看日出，在破曉時鳴炮與響鐘，并有樂隊與
圣詠團以贊歌來慶祝象徵耶穌升起的太陽。
2Eastervigil：復(fù)活節(jié)守夜禮，在復(fù)活節(jié)逐日前夕開始，以祈禱迎接耶穌的復(fù)活，包括燭光禮、圣道禮、圣洗禮、圣祭禮。
3EasterEucharist：復(fù)活節(jié)圣餐禮。在領(lǐng)圣餐的儀式上，主禮人對小塊面餅和小杯葡萄酒（代表耶穌的肉和血）進(jìn)行祝禱，然
后分給正式教徒領(lǐng)食。教徒通過這種象征性的領(lǐng)食緬懷耶穌基督及其言行。
29
en’sOfficialBirthday
TheQueen’sOfficialBirthday,orKing’sOfficialBirthday,isthelecteddayonwhichthebirthdayofthe
enttheofficialbirthdayofQueenElizabethIIiscelebratedon
theconebiggestroyal
enandothermembersoftheRoyalFamilyattendtheceremonyaroundBuckingham
PalaceinLondon,andtdoes
nothavethenationalday,theQueen’sOfficialBirthdayistreatedastheNationalDayoftheUnitedKingdom.
kes’Night
GuyFawkes’Night,alsocalledBonfireNight,isanationalfestivalonNovember5theachyeartocelebratea
mber1605,aGunpowderPlottookplaceinwhichsomeCatholicsplottedtoblowupthe
EnglishParliamentandKingJamesI,onthedaytforthekingtoopenParliament,becautheKingandthe
governmentmadesomelawsagainsttheRomanCatholic,r,
brationofhissurvival,KingJamesorderedthatthe
eNightisstillcelebratedall
overtheUKbylightinghugebonfires,lettingoffmagnificentfireworks,andburninglife-sizedstrawmen.
SportsplayanimportantpartinthelifeofBritishpeople,andareoneofthemostpopularleisureactivitiesin
theworld’sfamoussportsbeganinBritain,includingcricket,football,tennis,golfandrugby.
Itsnationalsportiscricket,whilefootballisundoubtedlythemostpopularsportthroughoutthecountry.
Cricketoricketismostly
playedincommonwealthcountriessuchasIndian,Australian,Canada,NewZealandandBengalasthefourthmost
CricketWorldCupwasfirstheldin1975inEnglandandisheldeveryfour
years.
sttoflawsofthegameoffootballdate
re92professionalfootballclubsinthe
EnglishFootballLeague,
England’sfootballteamsareworldfamous,themostfamousbeingManchesterUnited,
ostpopularsportintheUK,footballisoneofthebest
ketoplayfootballinparksandplaygroundsfor
llfieldcaneasilybefoundinalmosteverycityandtown.
TennisisalsooneofthemostpopularsportsintheUK,sinceithasproducedmany
worldtoptennisplayersandhoststheworld’sbiggesttennistournament,Wimbledom
Championship,bledomChampionshipis
TroopingtheColor
ThesymbolofWimbledon
Championships
30
themosttraditionaltennischampionship:theplayerswhoplayinWimbledomwearwhiteclothesduringthegame;
noadvertimentscanbefoundonthetenniscourt,strawberryandcreamisthetraditionalsnackfortheaudience.
Nowthereareabout5millionpeopleplaytennisintheUK,andmillionsofpeoplecomingfromothercountriesto
watchtheWimbledomChampionshipinJuneandJuly.
Apartfromthesports,manyothersportssuchastabletennis,badminton,andrugbyarepopularintheUK.
TheyplayanimportantandesntialroleinBritishpeople’slife.
Britishpeopleenjoyvariousindoorandoutdooractivitiesintheirdailylife,butreadingnewspapers,watching
ingtoasurveybytheEU’s
statisticaloffice,peopleinBritainspendabout45%oftheirfreetimewatchingtelevision,makingitBritain’smost
sthatthemediaiscentertoBritishleisurelifeandplaysanesntialpartinthe
Britishpeople’tishmedia,tosomedegree,influencesthepublicopinion,reflectspeople’ssocial
status,andpromotethesocialandculturalthedevelopmentintheUK.
sionandRadio
96percentofthepopulationof
rageviewingtimeperpersonisover25hoursaweek.
TheUnitedKingdomhasadiverrangeoftelevisionandbroadcastingproviders,themostprominentbeing
thestate-ownedpublicrvicebroadcaster,theBBC(BritishBroadcastingCorporation).TheBBC’slargest
competitorsareITVplc,whichoperates11ofthe15regionaltelevisionbroadcastersthatmakeuptheITV
Network,andNewsCorporation,whichholdsalargestakeinsatellitebroadcasterBSkyB(BritishSky
Broadcasting)andalsooperateanumberofleadingnationalnewspapers.
TherearefivemainchannelsintheUK:BBC1,BBC2,ITV1,channels
channelsofferamixtureofdrama,light
entertainment,films,sport,educational,children’sandreligiousprograms,newsandcurrentaffairs,and
documentaries.
RadiointheUnitedKingdomisdominatedbytheBBC,whichoperatesradiostationsbothintheUnited
ically
theBBCalsooperatestennationalnetworks,whichtogethertransmitalltypesofmusic,news,currentaffairs,
drama,education,sportandarangeoffeatureprograms,aswellasover40localradiostationsandnationalradio
rvicesinScotland,WalesandNorthernIreland.
Britishpeopleliketolistentoradiowhileeatingdinners,doinghouwork,fmost
popularleisureactivity,thetimepeopleinBritainspendonlisteningtoradiois15hoursand50minuteachweek
tpopularradiostationbynumberoflistenersisBBCRadio2,clolyfollowedbyBBCRadio.
pers
DailyNewspapersll322copiesper1000peopleintheUK,theeighthhighestrateintheworld,which
meansreadingreabout130daily
andSundaynewspapers,andover2,ssinBritainisfreefrom
governmentalandpoliticalcontrol,andisfreetocommentonmattersofpublicinterestaslongasitissubjectto
law.
31
TraditionallyBritishnewspapershavebeendividedinto“quality”,rious-mindednewspapers(usually
referredtoas“broadsheets”becauoftheirlargesize)andthemorepopulist,“tabloid”litypress
usuallyreportsin-deptharticlesofpoliticalandsocialissue,andcarrieshigh-qualityreviewsandfeaturearticles.
Theirreadersaremostlywell-educated,es,TheDailyTelegraphand
TheGuardianaretogethercalledthe“BigThree”esisthemost
ionallyitisamoderatenewspaperand
lyTelegraph,acenter-rightbroadsheetpaper,isthehighest-llingof
the“quality”rdianis
amoreliberal“quality”broadsheet.
The“tabloids”,smallerformatnewspaperwithcompactpagesize,usuallycarriesgossips,scandals,and
storiesabtoriesandreportsareshort
andeasytoread,andtherefore,2008TheSunhad
thehighestcirculationofanydailynewspaperintheUnitedKingdomat3.1million,approximatelyaquarterofthe
terpaper,theNewsoftheWorld,hadthehighestcirculationintheSundaynewspapermarketuntilits
ewspapersarenormallyreadbypeoplefromLowerandWorkingClass.
WatchthevideoclipofBuyingPropertyintheUKandfinishthetasksthatfollow.
Task1:Story–retelling
Now,workingroups(3-4members)chgroupndsone
reprentativetotellthewholeclassyourinterpretationofBuyingPropertyintheUK.
Task2:Groupdiscussion
DiscusswithyourpartnersaboutthedifferenceofbuyingpropertyinChinaandintheUK.
Exercis
eandfillintheblankswithproperwordsorterms.
(1)aretheancestorsoftheprent-dayScottish,WelshandIrish,whilearethe
ancestorsoftheEnglishpeople.
(2)TheexistenceandcontinuityofandSocialClass,theuof,suchasmileand
pound,andtheresistanceofjoiningthearesomeexamplesthatillustratetheconrvationof
TheTimesTheSun
32
Britishpeople.
(3)isthetopclassintheBritishSociety,anditmainlyconsistedofthe,
,and.
(4)inatesfromthelanguagespokenbythe
.
(5)DuringtheMiddleEnglishperiod,manywordswerebroughtintotheEnglishvocabularyand
becamepartofit.
(6)halfoftheBritishpeoplearewho
believeinGodandBible.
(7)ManyholidayscelebratedthroughoutthenationintheUKreflectthe,,
andbackground.
(8)AtprenttheofficialbirthdayofQueenElizabethIIiscelebratedonthecondSaturdayinJuneeachyearby
amilitaryparadeknownas.
(9)Itsnationalsportis,whileisundoubtedlythemostpopularsportthroughout
thecountry.
(10)RadiointheUnitedKingdomisdominatedbythe,whichoperatesradiostationsbothinthe
UnitedKingdomandabroad.
onsonthisunit:
1)WhatarethecharacteristicsofBritishHumor?
2)HowcanyoudistinguishaBritishpeople’sclassstatus?
3)HowmanyperiodscanthedevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguagebedividedintoandwhatarethey?
4)WhatarethetraditionsofEaster?
5)WhatarethetwotypesofBritishnewspaper?
orexplanation:
1)Sportsmanship
2)TheMiddleClass
3)StandardEnglish
4)BoxingDay
5)WimbledomChampionship
isandcomments:
1)ThedevelopmentofEnglishlanguage
2)Britishnewspaperculture
33
Chapter5HigherEducation
英國是一個有悠久教育傳統(tǒng)的國家。它的教育體系經(jīng)過幾百年的沿革，已相當(dāng)完善和復(fù)雜，且具有非
常大的靈活性。總體來說分為五個階段：早期教育、小學(xué)、中學(xué)、延續(xù)教育和高等教育。延續(xù)教育分為兩
種體系：學(xué)業(yè)路線和職業(yè)路線。在延續(xù)教育結(jié)束后，學(xué)生如果想要進(jìn)入大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)需要通過A-level考試，并
取得優(yōu)秀成績。
大學(xué)教育一般從18歲開始，本科需要3到4年，碩士通常為1年到2年，博士為3年到5年。英國各
個大學(xué)有不同教學(xué)方法，但大多都采用輔導(dǎo)課、上大課和專題報告相結(jié)合的教學(xué)方式。學(xué)生要花相當(dāng)多的
時間閱讀、查資料、研究項目和寫論文。英國大學(xué)所授學(xué)位均享有極高聲譽，又各具特色。其中最古老也
是最著名的是牛津大學(xué)和劍橋大學(xué)。英國許多高等學(xué)院提供遠(yuǎn)程教學(xué)課程，為那些未在適齡階段接受延續(xù)
教育的成年人提供接受高等教育的第二次機會。
hEducationSystem
TheBritisheducationalsystemcanbedividedintofivestagesofeducation:PreschoolEducation,Primary
Education,SecondaryEducation,ioniscompulsoryandfreefor
allchildrenbetweentheagesof5(4inNorthernIreland)and16,includingPrimaryEducationandSecondary
ingtothelaw,r,itisnot
necessarcas,childrencan
receiveeducationathome,educationconsistsoftwoparallelsystems:state
esystem,educationistotallyfreeofcharge,fundedfromtaxesandmostare
sareexpectedtopayfortheirchild’sstationaries,schooluniformaswellas
fortheirschooltrips,whilethecostofothermorespecializedequipment,likebooks,examinationfeesarecovered
atesystem,parentspayfortheirchildrentoattendpublicschools,alsoknownasprivate
schools,whichaent,thereare
about2,500publicschoolsintheUK,amongwhichthemostfamousandprestigiousonesareEtonand
Winchester.1About94%ofchildreninthecountryreceivefreeeducationfrompublicfunds,whiletherestreceive
PrimaryandSecondaryEducationthroughtheprivatesystemorhomeschooling.
PrthechildrenintheUK
attendmixedxorco-educationalschools,andusuallylocatedclotothechild’rstheyprovide
ildrentransfertothecondaryschoolattheageof11andfinish
retwotypesofcondaryschools:comprehensiveschoolsand
88%condaryschoolstudentsintheUKgotocomprehensiveschools,wherechildren
ofallabilitiescanreceivecomprehensiveeducationthatincludesacademicsubjects,likeliteratureandscience,as
1EtonandWinchester：伊頓公學(xué)和溫徹斯特公學(xué)。伊頓公學(xué)位于倫敦以西，溫徹斯特公學(xué)位于倫敦西南部，兩所學(xué)校都是英
國著名的私立貴族學(xué)校。許多皇室成員、政治大臣、社會名流、業(yè)界大亨的子女都就讀于這兩所學(xué)校。
34
rSchoolsarelective,sincetheentranceisbadonatestof
ostudentswhogethighmarksinthe“ElevenPlus”examinationorshowacademic
s,theirsubjectsaremoreacademicallyoriented,focusingonimprovingstudent’s
rschoolsareallsingle-xedschools.
WhenstudentsfinishtheirSecondaryEducationat16,theyarerequiredtotakeanationalexaminationcalled
theGeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation(GCSE),whichteststhestandardstheyachieveafter11yearsof
ingtotheresults,theydecidewhateducationtheywouldliketofollow,preparingto
tswhohopetoattenduniversitieswillcontinueathigh
schoolfortwomoreyearsoffurtherstudy,whichiscalledtheSixForm,andthentakeafurthertofstandardized
examsinGeneralCertificateofEducation-Advanced,knownasA-levels,yearsof
studyintheSixFormisverystressfulandimportant,astheresultsofA-levelsdeterminewhethertheyareeligible
owhocouldgetthreeorfourA-levelsinsubjectscouldgettheiradmittanceto
30%ofthe18to19yearoldstudentnterfull-timehighereducationeachyearintheUK.
Otherstudentswhodonotwanttoreceivehighereducationmaychoototakevocationaltraining,whichfocus
moreonstudent’spracticalskills,andtheywilltakecorrespondingexamsintheGeneralNationalVocational
Qualifications(GNVQs)1,thevocationalequivalentoftheA-levels.
Thefifthstage,HigherEducation,startsfromageof18andprovidesunderground,postgraduate,anddoctoral
tcompulsory,whichmeansthatallthestudentshavetopaytheirtuition,feesandlivingcosts.
Butthelocalauthorityandgovernmentprovidesfinancialassistanceandloanstostudentsfrompoorfamily,which
inoughtocoverallthecostsduringhighereducation.
uctiontoBritishHigherEducation
Britishhighereducationnormallyincludesacademiceducationaswellasvocationaleducationandtraining.
Higheracademiceducationistraditionallyconcentratedmoreonthestudents’academicachievements,whilethe
highervocationaledues,universities,
andinstitutionofahigher
educationprogramgenerallyresultsintheawardingofcertificates,diplomas,
educationincludesteaching,rearch,appliedwork,andsocialrvicesactivitiesofuniversities.
IntheUKuniversities,thechancellorisusuallyaceremonialfigureheadandnon-residentheadofthe
university,ncellorisusuallytheRoyal
e-chancelloristheactualchiefexecutiveofa
university,whoisinchargeoftheacademicandadministrativeaffairs.
yofBritishHigherEducation
liesthighereducationinstitutioncanbetracedbackto
ablishmentofOxfordUniversityandCambridgeUniversityinthe12thand13th
time,theuniversitieswererunbychurch.
Thesheirmajorfunctionswasto
ghprogresshadbeenmade,thelevelandscaleofhigher
educationstillsufferedvererestr
until19thcenturywhentheIndustrialRevolutioncompletedintheUKdidhighereducationembracedabooming
enon,1830s,University
ofLondonandDurhamUniversitywasfounded,followedbythefoundingofmanycityuniversities,suchas
1GeneralNationalVocationalQualification(GNVQs)：國家通用職業(yè)資格證書。GNVQs是一種廣泛的職業(yè)教育課程，與學(xué)業(yè)路
線中的GCSE和A-Level相平行，但在學(xué)業(yè)深度和難度上并不亞與這類課程。
35
UniversityofManchester,UniversityofBirmingham,thedecadesbeforeand
afterWWII,withthefoundingofUniversityofNottingham,UniversityofExeter,UniversityofLeisteretc.,the
experiencedalargeexpansioninnumbersof
r,ot
untilthe1992thatpolytechnicsandcollegesweregiventherighttobecomeuniversities,whichalsocontributedto
ent,thereareover100universitiesaswellasmany
iversitiesaregovernmentfundedexceptthe
UniversityofBuckingham1,whichisprivatefunded.
ionofBritishHigherEducation
AlltheuniversitiesintheUnitedKingdom,exceptfortheOpenUniversity,shareanundergraduateadmission
ationsmustbemadeby15thOctoberforadmissionstoOxford,Cambridgeand
medicine,dentistryandveterinarysciencecours,andby15thJanuaryforadmissionstootherUKuniversities.
Admissionisbadonstudent’sA-levelresults,schoolreferences,mes,forsome
subjects,particularlyifhighlycompetitiveorthatleadtoaprofessionalqualification,studentsarerequiredtobe
lltherequirements,A-levelresultsisthe
mostimportantone.A-levelexamscoveracollectionofover70courssuchasmathematics,physics,computer
science,ticipantsshouldtake3or4coursaccordingtotheirabilityandthecourthey
malentry
tice,mostoffersofplaces,especially
popularcoursinfamousuniversities,mple,forprestigious
universitieslikeCambridgeandOxfordusuallydemand“allA”or“AAB”nterpartof
ghbothofthemaretakenasawaytopickup
candidatesforfurtherstudy,tshave
s,theycanchoowhethertotakeallthesubjectsallofa
er,thesamesubjectscanbetakenformorethanonce.
ngMethod
Onthewhole,“flexibility”ishUniversitiestherearenofixed
xtsareinthelibraryandineveryaspectsofsocialliferelatedtoyourspecialty.
Theprofessororlecturerwillchoohisorherteachingcontentsinaccordancewiththelatesttrendsand
thestartofthecour,alistofreferencebookswillbegiven,coveringthecontents
tsot
listedinthelistmayalsobeneeded;therefore,studentswillhavetofindeveryufulbooksandlearningmaterials
er,romtraditional
classandlectures,minars,informalgroupworks,prentationsandmanualpracticesalsoabound,aimingto
improvestudents’abilitytoponewpoints,puttheoriesintopracticeaswellastoanalysisandsolvepractical
tion,theasssmentmethodsarevaried,includingexaminations,individualorgroup
prentations,essayorreportwriting,ionalexamisnottheonlywaytoevaluate
students’masteryofthecour.
1UniversityofBuckingham：白金漢大學(xué)。英國唯一一所私立大學(xué)該大學(xué)不依靠政府撥款辦學(xué)，因此能夠開設(shè)創(chuàng)新性的課程，
根據(jù)工商企業(yè)需求的變化迅速調(diào)整教學(xué)內(nèi)容。
2UCAS:TheUniversitiesandCollegesAdmissionsService，英國高等院校聯(lián)合招生服務(wù)辦公室。它是一個公共服務(wù)機構(gòu)，統(tǒng)一為英國所
有大學(xué)提供招生服務(wù)，和其他國家不同，申請英國大學(xué)的本科學(xué)位課程，都要通過UCAS進(jìn)行申請。
36
AnotherfeatureofBritishhighereducationisitmphasisonstudents’tsarethe
romthetimeofteaching,thereisplentyoffreetimefortheir
sitiesalsoprovideastimulatingandencouragingenvironment,which
includesatutorialsystem,accesstothelatestrearchingresultsaswellasadvancedfacilities,tofacilitate
students’mple,insomecours,studentsmayberequiredtowriteanessayonthetopic
rtowritetheessaystudentswillhavetoreadagreatmanyrelatedbooks,
journals,academicarticlesandreports,carefullyanalyzetheinformationandknowledgetheycollected,andfinally
ore,afterthecompletionoftheessay,notonly
students’readingandwritingabilityisimproved,buttheirabilitiesoffindingandlectingufulinformation,their
acknowledgtingprocessisactually
aprocessoflf-study.
ySupervisionMechanism
InBritain,thecentralgrethat
thequalityismaintained,Britain
universityderdsarehighnotjustin
teachingbutinotherfacilitiesaswell:Libraries,computers,
institutionofhighereducationisstringentlyinspectedbythegovernmenttoguaranteehigh-levelrvicefor
ear,QAA(QualityAssuranceAgency)accordsimpartial
estimationtoeverycourreferringtouniformstandardsoastogivethepublicapanoramicimpressionofhow
eachschoolperformsinidenticalspecialty.
sities
Britishuniversitieshavelongattractedandwelcomedstudentsofdifferentnationalitiesandbackgrounds,and
todaybuiltonhundredsofyearjoy
remanyrenownedandworld-leading
universitiesthathavealonghistoryforhundredsofyears,suchastheUniversityofOxfordandtheUniversityof
Cambridge,aswellasanumberofrelativelynewuniversities,whichalsoprovidesfirst-classqualityeducationand
,therearemanyoptionsofuniversitieswithvariedcharacteristicsthat
bothdomesticandinternationalstudentscanchoofromaccordingtotheirownsituationsandpreferences.
sityofOxford
AstheoldestuniversityintheEnglish-speakingworld,sno
cleardateoffoundation,butevidencehasprovedthatteachingexistedatOxfordcanbetracedbackto1096and
developedrapidlyfrom1167,wh
disputesbetweenstudentsandOxfordtownsfolkin1209,someacademicsflednortheasttoCambridge,wherethey
SeminarDiscussion
37
“ancientuniversities”arefrequentlyjointlyreferred
toas“Oxbridge”.
Theuniversityconsistsof38constituentcollegesandafullrangeofacademicdepartmentswhichare
collegesarelf-governing,
udtobeasinglexuniversity,
henmanyofitscollegesbeganto
1974,enon,allcollegeshave
2008,withStHilda’sCollege,thelastofOxford’ssingle
xcollege,admittingbothmaleandfemalestudents,allthecollegesofOxfordhasbecomemixedcolleges.
TheUniversityofOxfordislocatedontheupperreachesoftheThamesand87kilometersawayfrom
niversityoccupiesalmosthalfofthecityofOxford,thecityiscalledthecityof
cityuniversity,itdoesnothaveamaincampus;instead,allthebuildingsandfacilitiesare
scatteredthroughoutthemetropolitancenter.
Withmorethan22,000students,11,000staffand230,000alumniaroundtheworld,peopleareoneofthe
ftedmenandwomenhavestudiedor
-sixBritishPrimeMinistershavebeeneducatedatOxford
University,includingMargaretThatcher,tion,thereareover50NoblePrize
laureatesaswellasmorethan30internationalleadersstudiedintheUniversity.
versityofCambridge
TheUniversityofCambridge,foundedin1209,isthecondoldestuniversityintheUKandthe
outofanassociationformedbyscholarsleavingtheUniversityofOxfordafter
ent,Cambridgeisformedfromavarietyofinstitutions,including31constituent
legesarelf-governingand
independentinstitutions,eachwithitsownpropertyandincome,
llegeappointsitsownteachingstaffandfellows,
legesalsodecidetheadmissioninaccordancewith
universityregulations.
Amongthe31collegesofCambridge,threeofthem,MurrayEdwards,NewnhamandLucyCavendish,admit
womenonly,r,Clare
HallandDarwin,whichadmitonlypostgraduates,allothercollegesadmitbothundergraduateandpostgraduate
Hall,LucyCavendish,StEdmund’sandWolfsonaretheonlycollegesadmitstudentswithage
21yearsorolder)
TheUniversityofCambridgeissituatedinthecityofCambridge,whichliesinEastAnglia,ontheRiverCam,
versityoccupiesac演講稿高中 entrallocationwithinthecityofCambridge,with
thestudentstakingupnearly20%ofthetown’theoldercollegesaresituatednearbythecity
TheUniversityofOxford
TheUniversityofCambridge
38
centerandriverCam,alongwhichitistraditionaltopunt(乘方頭平底船)toappreciatethebuildingsand
surroundings.
Itsreputationforoutstandingacademicachievementisknownworldwideandreflectstheintellectual
achievementsofitsstudents,aswellastheworld-classoriginalrearchcarriedoutbythestaffoftheuniversity
ecourofitshistory,asizeablenumberofCambridgeUniversityacademicsandalumni
havebecomenotableintheirfields,bothacademicandinthewiderworldlikepolitics,w,
affiliatesoftheUniversityofCambridgehavewonmorethan85Nobelprizes,morethananyotheruniversity
undergraduatesoftheuniversityhavewonatotalof61Nobelprizes,13more
thantheundergraduatesofanyotheruniversity.
ckUniversity
RedBrickUniversityisaninformaltermudtorefertosixcivicuniversitiesfoundedinthelate19thand
eVictoriaUniversity,theUniversityof
Liverpool,theUniversityofManchester,theUniversityofBirmingham,theUniversityofLeeds,theUniversityof
Sheffield,hesixexistingredbrickinstitutions,ortheirpredecessorinstitutes,
gaineduniversitystatusbeforeWorldWarIandwereinitiallyestablishedascivicscienceorengineeringcolleges.
Theterm“redbrick”wasfirstcoinedbyaprofessorattheUniversityofLiverpooltodescribethecivic
erencewasinspiredbythefactthattheVictoriaBuildingattheUniversityofLiverpoolisbuilt
fromadistinctiveredpresdbrick,basistheUniversityofLiverpool
isconsideredtobetheoriginal“redbrick”institution,althoughthetermlaterbecameageneraltermforallthecivic
universitiesoftheday.
lassUniversity
ThetermPlateGlassUniversityreferstoanyoftheveraluniversitiesfoundedinthe1960sintheeraofthe
RobbinsReportonhighereducation,whichwascommissionedbytheBritishgovernmentandpublishedin1963,
recommendingimmediateexpansionofuniversities,andthatallCollegesofAdvancedTechnologyshouldbegiven
ndingofplateglassuniversitiesweresomehowtheconquencesoftheRobbins
niversitiesincludesAstonUniversity(1966),UniversityofEastAnglia(1963),UniversityofEsx
(1964/5),UniversityofKent(1965),LancasterUniversity(1964),UniversityofSusx(1961),Universityof
Warwick(1965),andUniversityofYork(1963).
Theterm“plateglass”wascoinedinthebook,ThePlateglassUniversities,
book,hefirstudthetermtorefertothenewuniversities,sincemostofthemhavebuildingwithmodern
architecturaldentrastedwiththe
redbrickuniversitiesandtheolderancientuniversities.
nUniversity
Tversityisfundedbya
combinationofstudentfees,contractincomeandallocationsforteachingandrearchbythehighereducation
,students’previous
academicachievementsarenottakenintoaccountforentrytomostundergraduatecours.
Withmorethan250,000studentnrolled,includingaround32,000agedunder25andmorethan50,000
overasstudents,itisthelargestacademicinstitutionintheUnitedKingdombystudentnumber,andqualifiesas
oneoftheworld’slargestuniversities.
TheOpenUniversityprovidesuniversityeducationtothowishingtopursuehighereducationonapart-time
and/ordistancelearningbasis,includingpeoplewithhealthdisabilities,whoareofficiallyaprioritygroupforthe
university.
39
WatchthevideoclipofIntroductiontoGCSE,A-LEVELandIBintheUKandfinishthetasksthatfollow.
Task1:Story–retelling
Now,workingroups(3-4members)chgroupndsone
reprentativetotellthewholeclassyourinterpretationofthestandardsmentionedinthevideoclip.
Task2:Groupdiscussion
DiscusswithyourpartnersabouttheexaminationsystemsinChinaandtheUK
Exercis
eandfillintheblankswithproperwordsorterms.
1)TherearetwotypesofschoolintheBritishPrimaryandSecondaryEducation:Theschools
andtheschools.
2)Studentswhodonotwanttoreceivehighereducationmaychoototakevocationaltraining,whichfocus
moreonstudent’spracticalskills,andtheywilltakeexamsin,thevocationalequivalentofthe
A-levels.
3)Admissiontouniversitiesisbadonstudent’sschoolreferences,highschoolrecords,,and
sometimestheirperformanceintheuniversity’sinterview.
4)Theestablishmentofandinthe12thand13thcenturysymbolizedthebeginning
ofBritishhighereducation.
5)Onthewhole,“”maybeudtodescribeBritishteachingmo高二數(shù)學(xué)教案 de;anditemphason
.
6)InBritain,playsacriticalroleinthesupervisionofeducationalquality.
7)Thetwo“ancientuniversities”,CambridgeandOxford,arefrequentlyjointlyreferredtoas“”.
8)Except26BritishPrimeMinistershavebeeneducatedatOxfordUniversity,thereareover50
aswellasmorethan30internationalleadersstudiedintheUniversity.
9)Thetermreferstoanyoftheveraluniversitiesfoundedinthe1960sintheeraofthe
RobbinsReportonhighereducation.
10)Instudents’previousacademicachievementsarenottakenintoaccountforentrytomost
undergraduatecours.
onsonthisunit:
ystagescantheBritishEducationsystembedividedinto?
ethedifferencesbetweencomprehensiveschoolsandgrammarschoolsintheUK?
rethetwomostimportantandfamousuniversitiesintheUK?
40
ouunderstand“flexibility”asoneofcharacteristicsofteachingmethodsappliedintheBritish
HigherEducation?
etheadmissionofuniversitiesbetweenChinaandtheUK.
orexplanation:
1)publicschools
2)GCSE
3)A-level
4)Oxbridge
5)RedBrickUniversity
isandcomments:
1)BenefitsandpotentialproblemsforChinestudentstostudyintheUK
2)Whatshouldbeplacedfirstineducation,andwhy?
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