英國全稱

1

Chapter1TheLandandHistory

英國全稱大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯合王國，由英格蘭、蘇格蘭、威爾士及北愛爾蘭構成，位于大西洋東

部的不列顛群島，是個島嶼國家，由大不列顛島，愛爾蘭島北部和眾多小島組成。面積約24.40萬平方公里，

人口超過6400萬(2013年)。英國屬于溫帶海洋氣候，常年溫和多雨，氣候多變。受高緯度因素的影響，有

類似極晝極夜的現象，冬季日短夜長，夏季日長夜短。

公元前3000年左右，伊比亞人最先到達大不列顛島。隨后，比克利人、凱爾特人相繼來到不列顛。公

元前1世紀到公元5世紀，羅馬入侵。羅馬人撤離后，歐洲北部的盎格魯撒克遜人和以丹麥人為主體的斯

堪的納維亞先后入侵。到了1066年，諾曼底公爵威廉征服了英格蘭，英國的封建制度正式形成。1215年，

國王約翰被迫簽訂了大憲章。不久，議會制度形成，從此英國的王權被不斷削弱和限制。1688年，“光榮革

命”爆發，確立了君主立憲制。18世紀后期到19世紀前期，英國成為世界上第一個開始并完成工業革命的

國家。19世紀是英國發展的鼎盛時期，分別建立了第一大英帝國和第二大英帝國。到二戰前夕，英國統治

了世界約1/4的土地。第一次世界大戰以及第二次世界大戰的爆發，導致英國的政治、經濟勢力大為削弱，

失去了霸權地位。隨著其殖民地的相繼獨立，20世紀60年代，大英帝國徹底瓦解。

lIntroduction

onandtheFourNations

Thefudeupoffour

nations:England,Scotland,NorthernIreland,catedtothenorthwestofcontinentalEurope,

phically,itisanislandcountry,coveringanareaofabout244,019km2,

andconsistsofGreatBritainandnortheasternpartofIreland,togetherwithmanysmallislandsofBritishIsles.

GreatBritainaccountsforover90%ofthecountry’elargestislandoffthenorthwestern

coastofmainlandEuropewithEngland,disthecondlargestislandofBritish

videdintotwoparts:NorthernIrelandandtheRepublicof

Ireland(anindependentcountry).

Englandisthelargesal

areaofEnglandis130,410km2withapopulationofaround53.9million(Mid-2013estimated),whichcoversmore

than84%,the

capitaloftheUKandEngland,aswellastheatofgovernment,islocatedinitssoutheasternpart.

MapofBritishIsles

2

Scotlandistheced

withthatofEngland,reonly5.3millionpeoplewithanareaof78,789

rgh,itslargestcity,ndisfamousforitsbeautifulnaturalscenery,such

asScottishHighlands1andLochNess2,aswellasmanyhistoricalplaces,liketheEdinburghCastles.

alareaofWalesis20,779km2,which

accountsfor1/soamountainouspartofGreatBritain,particularlyinthenorthandcentral

theastregionisthemostbuiltupregionofWales,andthemajorityofitspopulationlivethereand

italcity,Cardiff,isalsointhisregion.

NorthernIrelandliesinthenortheastoftheislandofIreland,covering14,139km2,whichconstitutes1/6ofthe

esmallestpartamongthefournationsoftheUK,aswellasthecondsparlypopulatedpartafter

italisBelfast,ecenter

forgovernment,economic,arts,highereducation,business,onally,itisthe

birthplaceofTitanic,andvotedoneoftheworld’stopdestinations.

e

TheoverallclimateintheUKistemperatemaritime,whichmeansthatitismildwithtemperaturesneither

muchlowerthan0℃inwinternormuchhigher32℃lly,theUKhaswarmsummersandcool

winters,withJulyandAugustasthewarmestmonth,r,duetothe

influenceofGulfStream3,ly,

thetemperatureinsummerisaround20℃，withthehighrarelygoingabove30℃.Theaveragetemperaturein

winterisaround0℃andldomgobelow-10℃eveninthemostnorthernpartofthecountry.

Meanwhile,sinceBritainisanislandcountryandsurroundedbythea,theclimateisconsiderably

hevariableclimatechangingdaytoday,itishardforpeopleto

onally,theuniquegeographicalpositionisalsothereason

ghitdoesnotrain

everyday,itisalwaysadvisableforpeopletobringanumbrellaorwaterproofclothingeveryday.

y

ndingoftheNation

55and54BC,Britainwastwice

r,itwasnotuntil43ADthattheRomanledbyClaudiusI

iveCelticweredriventothe

mountainregionsofScotlandandWales,whichremainedunconqueredbytheRomans.

ancivilizationwasintroduced

mple,Romanstylebathsandtempleswerebuilt,citieslikeLondonand

townswereconstructed,edeclineoftheRomanEmpire,

whentheGermanictroopsattackedRomein410A.D.,theRomanshadtowithdrawinordertoprotecttheirown

nation,whichledtotheendofRomanoccupation.

AftertheleaveoftheRomans,threegroupsofGermanictribescalledtheJutes,theAnglesandtheSaxons

nquereddifferentregionsofBritain:

1ScottishHighlands：蘇格蘭高地，是對蘇格蘭高地邊界斷層以西和以北的山地的稱，被認為是歐洲風景最優美的地區。人煙

稀少，有多座山脈，包括英國境內最高峰本內維斯山。

2LochNess：尼斯湖，位于蘇格蘭高原北部的大峽谷中，面積并不大，卻很深。平均深度達200米，最深處有300米。該湖

終年不凍，湖北端有河流與北海相通，是英國內陸最大的淡水湖。

3Gulfstream：墨西哥暖流，簡稱灣流，是大西洋上重要的洋流。世界大洋中最強大的暖流，起源于墨西哥灣，是英國溫和氣

候的關鍵。如果沒有來墨西哥暖流，大不列顛群島的氣溫將下降4至6攝氏度。

3

theJutesttledinthesouthandsoutheastoftheisland,theAnglesintheeast,themiddleandthenorth,andthe

ore,duringthisperiodtheBritainwasdividedintotheSevenKingdomsof

Northumbria,Mercia,Anglia,Wesx,Esxm,SusxandKent.

Inthelate8thcentury,theVikingsfromtheScandinaviancountriesofnorthernEurope,whichisnowDenmark

andNorway,nqueredpartofthecountryand

rtoresisttheVikings,theSaxonkingofWesx,AlfredtheGreat,unifiedtheven

kingdomsandfoughttheminagreatbattle,buthefailedtodrivethemoutthoroughlybecautheVikingsweretoo

omiwasmadethatallowtheeasternpartofEnglandtobesubjecttoDanishlawcalledDanelaw

r,extover130years,theconflictsbetweenthe

Saxootuntil1066thatthis

situationchanged.

In1066,WilliamtheConquer,fromNormandyinthenorthernFrance,crosdtheEnglishChannelwithhis

formidablearmyanddefeatedKingHarold,thelastkingoftheAnglo-Saxons,,

thereby,conqueredBritainandcrownedhimlftheKingofEngland,whichisthebeginningofNormanConquest.

ItisconsideredoneofthemostimportanthistoricaleventsinBritainandmarkedtheestablishmentoffeudalismin

England.

Duringthisperiod,federalsysteminEnglandwascompletelyestablished,whichisbadontheownershipof

ingtothesystem,mdistributedthelandstothe

d’slandwasthendividedandgiventothe

ghadthepowertocallon

ontrary,allthelordshadtherightanddutytoattendthe

king’scouncil1andoffertheiradvices.

lineofFeudalismandtheRioftheEnglishBourgeoisie

Inthisperiodoftime,manyhistoricaleventslikewarsandsigningofimportantdocumentsgradually

tishhistoryexperiencedaperiodofthedeclineoffeudalism

andtherioftheBourgeoisclass.

AfterthedeathofWilliamtheConquer,rto

consolidatetheroyalpowerandlimitthepowerofthenobles,HenryII,thegrandsonofWilliam,carriedouta

orachievementsofHenryII’sreformwerehis

1King’scouncil:英國國王樞密院，又稱元老院或國王法庭，主要由權貴、教士和重要官員所組成。分別就立法、行政和司法

事務向君主提供意見。

TheAnglo-SaxonKingdomsin650

4

introductionofjurysystemandinstitutionaliza蔬菜栽培技術 tionofcommonlaw,whichgreatlyconsolidatedtheBritish

feudalismandenabledthecountrytoenjoyaperiodofcurityandprosperity.

However,inthereignofKingJohn,BritainwasdefeatedbyFranceandlostitsterritoryinnorthernFrancein

rtoavengehimlfonFrance,Johndemandedmorefeudaltaxesandarmyrvice,whichledtogreat

ore,thenoblesforcedJohntosignalongdocumentin1215,whichis

knownastheGreatCharter(orMagnaCarta).TheGreatChartercoveredawidefieldoflawandfeudalrightsbut

themostimportantclauswere:NoextrataxesshouldbeimpodonnobleswithoutthepermissionoftheGreat

Council;nofreemanshouldbearrestedorpenalizedorbanishedinanywayunlessconvictedbyajury;merchants

wouldbeallowedtomoveaboutfreely;inaddition,thenoblesshouldbeentitledtodeclarewaragainsttheKingif

theKingriouslyviolatestheprovisionsoftheGreatCharter.

TheGreatCharterwasofprogressivesignificanceandconsideredasanimportantturningpointofEnglish

chantsandcraftsmenappeared

laysafoundationfortheBritishconstitutional

monarchyandprovidesbasicprinciplesfortheprotectionofcivilrightsintheWesternWorld.

AfterKingJohndied,r,theking’sfailedcampaignsinFrance

(1230and1242),hischoiceoffriendsandadvirs,togetherwiththecostofhisschemetoconquestSicily,Italy,

andhisobediencetothePope,,atthemeetingofParliamentatOxford

in1258thebaronsstatedtheirdissatisfactionwithHenryIII,andtriedtoforcehimtoacceptatofconditions

adicalproposalscalledforregularmeetingsofParliamentthreetimesa

requestedthat12non-noblereprentativeschonfromthecounties

shouldbeinvolvedinthemeetingsaswell.

HenryIIIrefudtoagreetotheprovisionsandawarbrokeoutbetweenhimandtheleaderofthebarons,

SimondeMontfort,ary1265,deMontfortcalledtheGreatCouncil,

whichwasattendedbytheknightsandreprentativesaswellasnoblesandclergymenfromeachcountyandfrom

theearliestforerunnerofthemodernparliament,becauitisforthefirsttime

14thcentury,parliamentdevelopedintoregular

meetingscomprisingthreebodies:Lords,CommonsandMonarch.

Thenariesofwarsfrom1337to1453,calledtheHundredYearsWar,refoughtbetween

EnglandandFranceoverterritory,trade,eginningofthewar,theEnglisharmyachieved

1360BritaincontrolledoveraquarterofFrance.

However,withtheuofgunsandgunpowderinFrance,andtheresistanceoftheFrenchpeasantsunderthe

leadershipofJoanofArc1,imethewarended,they

hadlostalmostalltheterritoriesgainedduringthewar.

nehand,thewarwitnesda

considerableriintheimportanceandfrequencyofparliaments,

positionofbtherhand,themilitary

rervonally,intheearlystageofthe

war,thenoblescuredgreatprofits,butthelong-lastingwarmadethecommonpeopleinBritainsufferedan

increadtaxation,militaryrvice,andhigherinflation,whichledsignificantsocialconflictsbetweenthetwo

factorsledtothedeclineoffeudalisminBritain.

Thriesofdynastic

civilwarsbetweenthetworoyalfamilies,theHouofYorkandtheHouofLancaster,fortheEnglishthrone.

1JoanofArc:圣女貞德，法國民族英雄，在百年英法戰爭中帶領法國農民，在對抗英國的戰斗中取得轉折性的勝利。后被法

國貴族出賣，死于1431年。

5

Thewarswerenamedbecauofthebadgeofthetwohous:ThewhiteroofYorkandtheredroofLancaster.

alvictorywenttotheHouofLancasterledbyHenryTudor,wholater

succeededthethroneofEnglandasHenryVII,andtherefore,started

fromtwofamilies,however,attheendofthewar,fferedgreatlossof

lifeandproperty,whichledtothedeclineoffeudalnoblesandpavedthewayforthedevelopmentofthe

bourgeoisie(資產階級).

tiontotheModernAge

BeganwiththeEnglishReformation,thisperiodofBritishhistorywitnesdtheendoffeudalismandthe

efast-growingeconomyandnationalcapabilityaswell

uently,thegreatchangesintheBritish

societyaccelerateditstransitiontotheModernAge.

TheEnglishReformationwasariesofeventsin16thcenturybywhichtheChurchofEnglandbrokeaway

fromtheauthorityoftheRomanPopeandtheCatholicChurch.

Thereweremanyfactorscontributedtotheprocess:Thegrowingrentmentamongthepeopletowardsthe

powerofPopeandthechurchbecauoftheburdenoftaxationplacedbytheCatholicChurch,thedeclineof

r,thedirectcauofthereligiousreformationisKingHenryVIII’s

divorcewithhisfirstwife,CatherineofAragon,esatthattimecouldonlybegranted

bythePope,butconsideringthepowerofSpain,thePoperefudHenryVIII’ore,HenryVIII

startedalargescaleofreformationbydeclaringtheChurchofEngland’1534,heissuedthe

ActofSupremacy,whichrecognizedthatthekingwas“theonlysupremeheadoftheChurchofEngland”.

AftertheaccessionofEdwardVIin1547,r,when

Edwarddiedin1553,MaryI,adevoutcatholic,

Protestantswereburnttodeathasheretics,otuntilElizabethI’sreigndid

thebloodyreligiousprocutioncometotheend,andtheChurchofEnglandwasinchargeoftheBritishmonarch

ghshemadeacompromibetweentheCatholicsandtheProtestants,shestilldefendedthefruitof

religiousreformationandconsolidatedtheChurchofEngland.

Inthe17thcentury,theEnglishCivilWar(1642–1651)riesofarmedconflictsand

politicalmachinationsbetweenParliamentarians,alsoknownasthe“Roundheads”,andRoyalists,knownas

“Cavaliers”,heresultoftherising

bourgeoisi養寵物英文 e,eignofCharlesI,the

rtosupportthewaragainstSpainand

France,CharlesItriedtoraialargeamountofmoney,butencounteredgreatrefusalfromtheparliament.

HenryVIIIElizabethI

HenryVIII

ElizabethI

6

Dissatisfiedwiththeparliament,ore,supportingbythepeasants,the

parliament,whichreprentedthebourgeoisieandnewaristocrats,r,being

afraidtolotheirlandsandprivilegeinthecountry,thelandownersandoldaristocratssupportedKingCharlesin

thefight.

In1649,Cromwell,theleaderof

Parliamentarians,r,Cromwell’s

conrvationinsocial1660,Charles

II,thesonofCharlesI,uently,theshortperiodofCommonwealthinBritishhistory

endedthen.

InthewakeofCharlesII’sdeath,JamesIIascendedthereign,butsincehewasastrictCatholic,soonafterhis

succession,1688therefollowedthe

“bloodlessrevolution”knowninBritishhistoryasthe“GloriousRevolution”.TheParliamentdeclaredWilliamand

hiswifeMary,JamesII’sdaughter,ollowingyear,WilliamandMarysignedtheBill

ofRightspasdbytheParliament,whichguaranteedtheauthorityofParliamentandlimitedthepowerofthe

ore,henthe

constitutionalmonarchywastablishedandbecamethesystemofgovernmentinthecountry.

SincethenBritainhadexpe

middle19thcentury,efirstcountrytostartand

completethisgreatrevolutioninindustry.

Thereare,Britainhadahuge

heGloriousRevolution,ile,

withitxpansionintheworld,itoccupiedalargenumberofcoloniesintheworldandbecamethemostpowerful

oniesprovideditwithenormouswealth,rawmaterialsandalargemarketforitsindustrial

,theenclosuremovement1deprivedthesmalllandownersoftheirpropertyandforcedthem

dlesslaborer,therefore,becamealargenumberoffree

labors,withtherapid

developmentofeconomyandindustry,higherproductivitybecamenecessaryinordertomeetthehigherdemand

repreneursbegantoeknewwaystopromoteproductivity.

Ariesofimportantinventionsinthetextileindustry,suchastheSpinningJenny,thewaterframe,the

spinningmuleandthepowerloom,nventionspromotedthe

mechanizationofthetextileindus

example,thedigofcanals,thecompleteofthefirstrailwayandinventionofsteamengineandsteamlocomotivein

iddleofthe19thcentury,theIndustrialRevolutionwasaccomplishedin

1Enclosuremovement:圈地運動。英國新興的資產階級和新貴族通過暴力把農民從土地上趕走，強占農民份地及公有地，剝

奪農民的土地使用權和所有權，限制或取消原有的共同耕地權和畜牧權，把強占的土地圈占起來，變成私有的大牧場、大農

場。大批的農民因此而失去賴以生存的土地，傾家蕩產，流離失所。

SpinningJenny

Steamlocomotive

7

Britain.

TheIndustrialRevolutionacceleratedtheprocessofmodernizationandtheeconomicdevelopmentofBritain,

y,theindustrialproductivitywasdramatically

ly,

numerousfreelaborsmovedintocitiesandtowns,manynewcitiessuchasManchester,Leeds,Birminghamand

SheffieldsprangupandbecameBritain’y,italsobroughtwithsomechangesinclass

italistclassreplacedtheoldaristocratsandbecamethemostimportantforceinthecountry.

eandFallofBritishEmpire

TheBritishEmpirestartedfromthereignofQueenElizabethIwithcolonizationofNewfoundlandin1583.

BritaindefeatedtheSpanishfleetin1588andHollandinthe17thcentury,whichcontributedtotheestablishmentof

ireacquiredalotof

onieswereturnedintoitssourcesofraw

materialsandimportantmarketsforitsproducts.

BythetimeQueenVictoriastartedtoreignthecountry,ithadoccupiedmanyoverascolonies,suchasthe

coloniesinCanada,Australia,NewZealand,eIndustrial

veofWorldWarIin1914,the

totalareaoftheBritishcolonieshadreached33,500,000km2,thatis,over137timesmorethanitsnativeland,with

evelopedintothelargestcolonialempireinthe

world,whichoccupiednearly1/4oftheworldlandarea,andbecame“acountryonwhichthesunneverts”.

However,thetwoworldwarsintheearlier20thcenturygraduallyweakenedBritain’spowerandledtothe

nlostagreatnumberofpeople,theasupremacyintheworldandwasinto

onally,aftertheWorldWarII,awaveofnationalliberation

1921,26countiesontheislandofIrelandbecame

1931,Australia,NewZealandand

1960s,theindependencemovement

swepttheentireBritishEmpire,includingitscoloniesinAsia,an20Britain’s

uently,theBritishEmpirecompletelyfellapartinthelate1960s.

TheEmpirehadbeenreplacedbytheBritishCommonwealthofNations1,whichisanintergovernmental

tapoliticalunion,butaloolyorganizedcommunityofformer

theBritishMonarchis

stillconsideredastheheadofCommonwealth,itsmembershavefullautonomytomanagetheirowninternaland

marygoaloftheCommonwealthistoencourageandpromotethecooperationandmutual

assistanceamongmemberstates.

WatchthevideoclipofTheBritishEmpireandfinishthetasksthatfollow.

Task1:Story–retelling

Now,workingroups(3-4members)chgroupndsone

reprentativetotellthewholeclassyourinterpretationoftheBritishEmpire.

Task2:Groupdiscussion

DiscusswithyourpartnersaboutthewaytheBritishEmpirewastablished

1BritishCommonwealth:英聯邦。是一個以英國為主導的國家聯合體，由54個主權國家（含屬地）所組成，成員大多為前大

英帝國的殖民地或附屬國。該組織元首為英國女王伊麗莎白二世，同時身兼英聯邦王國內的16國的國家元首。

8

Exercis

eandfillintheblankswithproperwordsorterms.

1)TheUnitedKingdomislocatedtothenorthwestofcontinentalEurope,paratedbythe.

2)isthelargestpartoftheUKandoccupiesmostofthesoutherntwothirdsofGreatBritain.

3)TheoverallclimateintheUKistemperate.

4)SinceBritainisanislandcountryandsurroundedbythea,theclimateisconsiderably

comparedwithothercountries.

5)TherecordedhistoryoftheUKbeginswiththein55BC.

6)DuringtheAnglo-SaxonInvasionperiod,RomanwasintroducedtoBritain.

7)DuringtheNormanConquest,inEnglandwascompletelyestablished,whichisbadonthe

ownershipofland.

8)wasariesofdynasticcivilwarsbetweenthetworoyalfamilies,theHouofYorkandthe

HouofLancaster,fortheEnglishthrone.

9)TheEnglishCivilWarwasariesofarmedconflictsandpoliticalmachinationsbetweenand

.

10)OntheEveofWorldWarIin1914,Britainhasdevelopedintothelargestcolonialempireintheworld,which

occupiednearly1/4oftheworldlandarea,andbecame“”.

onsonthisunit:

1)HowmanypartsistheUnitedKingdommadeupof?Whatarethey?

2)WhataretheimpactsofRomanInvasion?

3)WhatarethecontributionsofElizabethIintheReligiousReformation?

4)WhatarethereasonstotheBritishIndustrialRevolution?

5)WhatarethefactorsthatledtotheendofBritishEmpire?

orexplanation:

1)GreatBritain

2)NormanConquest

3)HundredYearsWar

4)TheEnglishReformation

5)GloriousRevolution

isandcomments:

1)ThesignificanceoftheGreatCharter

2)TheinfluencesofIndustrialRevolutionintheUK

9

Chapter2GovernmentandPolitics

自1688年光榮革命以后，英國便建立了君主立憲制的政治制度。英國的君王是國家元首和理論上的最

高權力者，但事實上，英國政府的實權掌握在議會手中。議會是英國政治的中心舞臺，是英國的最高立法

機關。議會為兩院制，由上院和下院組成，其中下議院，也叫作平民院，掌握主要和最終立法權。政府從

議會產生，并對其負責，首相是政府的最高領導，由議會下議院中占多數派的政黨領導擔任。英國的憲法

不是一個獨立的文件，而是三種法律的構成：成文法（StatutoryLaw）、習慣法（CommonLaw）、慣例

（Conventions）。同時，英國還是一個兩黨制的國家，議會下議院多數黨成為執政黨，除多數黨之外的第二

大黨自動成為反對黨，反對黨有可能在下議院中通過不信任投票取代執政黨地位。英國的政府體系和政黨

制度影響了許多國家尤其是英聯邦成員國的政府體系。

TheUtically,theMonarch

istheheadofstatewithsupremepowers,

entsthecontinuityandunityofthecountry.

TheBritishgovernmentalsystemconsistsofthreebranches:Legislature,Executive,ment

isthelegislatureintheUK,whichconsistsoftheKingortheQueenandtwohous,theHouofLordsandthe

ofCommons,alsocalledtheLowerHou,isthecenterofParliamentarypower.

eandtheCabinetarethecenterofBritish

ofLordsfunctionsastheSupremeCourtinthe

hethreebranches,theParliamentisthecenteroftheUK’sgovernmentalsystem.

TheBritishConstitutde

upofthreemainparts:StatutoryLaw,CommonLaw,andConventions.

efpoliticalpartyincludestheConrvative,theLabor,andtheLiberal

Democrats.

stitution

r,thereisnoauthoritativedocument.

TheconstitutionoftheUnitedKingdomisthesumoflawsandprinciplesthatmakesupthebodypolitic(政治團體)

,theBritishConstitutioniscompodofmanyparatelegaldocumentsandusual

,ithasbeendescribedas“uncodified”(Uncodifiedmeansthatthe

UKdoesnothaveasingle,writtenconstitution.)asaspecialfeaturecomparedwithothercountry’

compristhreemainparts:TheStatutoryLaw1,theCommonLaw2,andConventions3.

1StatutoryLaw：成文法。有規定法律條款可依的憲法性法律文件。

2CommonLaw：判例法。英國法院特別是高等法院在司法實踐中對某些案例的判決和解釋。

3Conventions：習慣法。大多數是在立憲政治發展過程中形成的經法院承認的憲法性法律規則。

Westminster：TheParliamentoftheUnitedKingdom

10

TheStatutoryLrstothe

lawspasdbytheParliamentasActs,suchastheGreatCharter(1215)andtheBillofRights(1689).The

rstothepreviouscourtcasof

civilrightsoffreedomandsoon,tionsare

therulesandpractices,whichdonotexistlegallyorwritteninthelaw,butcontainsomeoldpracticescrucialtothe

nationalsystemofBritain.

mentisthesupremelaw-makingbody.

Theactspasdbytheer,the

amendmentstotheConstitutionarealsomadebytheBritishParliamentwithamajorityofsupportinbothHous

ofParliamenttobefollowedbytheRoyalAsnt.

TheBritishConstitutionconcernsboththerelationshipbetweentheindividualandthestate,andthe

functioningofthelegislature,ingtoit,thegovernmentalsystemisdividedinto

threebranches:Thelegislature,theexecutiveandthejudiciary.

ernmentalSystem

TheBritishgovernme,the

ciple,theyarecheckedandbalancedbyone

another:ThelegislativepowerisinchargeofParliament;theexecutivepowerisinthehandofthegovernment;the

r,inpractice,thelegislatureandtheexecutiveintheUK

areintegratedintoaunity,becauthePrimeMinisterandtheCabinetmembersoftheexecutivecomefromthe

ore,theconstitutionoftheUKisoftendescribedashaving“aweak

parationofpowers”.

islature

Parliament,thelegislativebodyintheUK,esupreme

ingtotheconstitution,itconsistsof

threeparts:TheMonarch,theHouofLords,andtheHouofCommons.

TheQueenortheKingistheofficialheadofParliament,andplaysaconstitutionalroleinopeningand

dissolvingParliament,approvingBillsbeforetheybecomelaw,andappointthePrimeMinisterafterelection.

However,inreality,theirroleintheParliamentaswellasinthenationisbroadlyceremonialandsymbolicwithout

ortanceoftheMonarch

entsthecontinuityandadaptabilityofthegovernmentalsystemaswellasthe

unityofthecountry.

TheHouofLords,orUpperHou,dependentfrom,and

complementstheworkof,dssharesthetaskofmakingandshapinglaws

dshasthreemainroles:makinglaws,in-depth

considerationofpublicpolicy,andscrutinizingtheworkofthegovernmentthroughregularquestiontimeand

HouofLordscannotpreventlegislationspropodbytheHouofCommons

frombecominglaworintroducefinancialbills,ore,thepowersoftheHou

aresimilartothooftheHouofCommons,eintheParliamentisto

complementtheHouofCommonsratherthancompetewithit.

ThemembersoftheHouarenotelectedbutaremostlyproducedviainheritingthetitleofnobilityorbeing

,itismadeupofhereditarypeers,lifepeers,四季蘭 aswellas

tly,thereareabout760memberswhoareeligibletotakepart

them

11

continuetobeactiveintheirfieldsandhavesuccessfulcareersinbusiness,culture,science,sports,academia,law,

education,ingexperiencesandknowledgetotheirroleofexaminingmattersof

r,duetothereducedpowers,therateofattendanceisquitelow

unlesswhenimportantissuesorlargeproblemsarediscusd.

TheHouofCommons,alsocalledtheLowerHou,consistsof650MembersofParliament(MPs)whoare

electedfrom650constituencies1throughgeneralelectiontoreprentthelocalresidents’interestsandconcerns.

ThetermoftheMPsisfiveyears,tythatholds

themajorityoftheatsintheHouformsthegovernment,anditsleaderbecomesthePrimeMinister

TheHouofCommonsisthecoreofParliament,enjoyingmanypriorityandprivilegesthantheHouof

gheitherhoumayintroducebillstotheParliament,the

HouofCommonhasthesupremacyinlegislativematterswhichisassuredbytheParliamentActsandveral

mple,byacustomthatprevailedevenbeforetheParliamentActs,only

er,thoughtheQueenorKinghas

therighttomakefinaldecisiononwhetherabillbecomeslaw,t

Monarchtorejectaore,

theHouofCommonhastheprimacyovertheHouofLordsandtheMonarchintheprocessofmakinglaws.

Thecondfunrwiththe

HouofLords,theHouofCommonsperformsthisfunctionbyquestioninggovernmentministers,debatingand

ersfromeachgovernmentdepartmentsattendtheHouof

Commonsonaratiobasis(輪流)meMinisteranswers

sintheCommonslookatthecreationandamendmentoflawsaswellas

reoftentakentoewhetheramajorityof

inetheworksofthegovernmentin

detail,theHouestablishesdifferentspecialcommitteestoofferadvicesandproducesreportsontheir

rmore,itcanforceagovernmenttoresignbypassingaMotionofNoConfidence.2

cutive

HerMajesty’sGovernment(HMG),commonlyreferredtoastheBritishGovernment,isthecentral

ernmentismadeupofthePrimeMinister,theCabinetministersandassistantsto

theministers.

ThePrimeMinister,theleaderofthemajoritypartyintheHouofCommons,

thePrimeMinister’destheCabinetministersandother

ministers,whoaretheheadsofthemostimportantdepartmentsaswellasafewministerswithoutdepartments.

1Constituency:選區，一般而言，選區邊界是按照人口與法規而訂定的。現時英國共有650個選區，其中英格蘭有533個、

威爾士有40個、蘇格蘭有59個，而北愛爾蘭有18個。

2MotionofNoConfidence：不信任案。議會制國家的議會對政府表示不信任的議案。議會監督政府的一種具體形式。議會如

果通過不信任案，政府必須總辭職，或者依法提請國家元首解散議會，重新改選，由新的議會決定政府的去留。

HouofCommons

HouofLords

12

Therefore,thePrimeMinisterisnotonlytheleaderofParliamentbutalsotheleaderoftheCabinetandtheheadof

er,sincetheMonarch’spowerislimited,thePrimeMinisteristhemostpowerfulleaderin

theUK.

UndertheleadershipofthePrimeMinister,theCabinetistheultimatedecision-makingbodyoftheexecutive.

bersmeetinprivateonceortwiceaweekinthePrime

Minister’sofficialresidence,No.10DowningStreet1,holdingconfidentialdiscussionswithnodisclosureofany

cretsaboutthecountry’inetmembersassumeresponsibilityforallCabinet

decisionsandworksontheprincipleofcollectiveresponsibilityandindividualresponsibility.

Apartfromtheministers,enon-political

governmentmembersanddomostoftheworkofrunningthedepartmentontheminister’are

involvedwiththeadministrationofgovernmentalpoliciesanddecisions,theyarenotallowedtobecandidatesfor

ffofcivilrvantsineachdepartmentisrelativelystable,which

meansitdoesnotchangewhenthegovernmentchanges.

ary

Accordingtothenatureoflawcas,Britishcourtcanbedividedintotwosystems:theCivilCourtandthe

ilcas,includingmattersrelatedtothefamily,property,contractsandtorts,arehandledby

asaretakenbytheCountryCourt,theHighCourt,theHighCourtofJusticeandthe

alcasaretakenbytheMagistrate’s

Court,theCriminaecriminal

trails,areinopencourt,andin

mostcas,moreriouscasarethetrailstried

beforethejury,whichdecidesguiltyorinnocent.

TheSupremeCourtisthehighestcourtinallmattersunderEnglishandWelshlaw,NorthernIrelandlawand

deupof12LordofAppealinOrdinary,ornormallycalledtheLawLords,

whoareprofdChancellorinthe

HouofLordsudtobetheheadofJudiciary,buttheConstitutionalReformAct2005transferredthisroletothe

LordSpeakerandLordChiefJusticerespectively.

calParty

Thepoliticalpartntsystem

dependsupontheexistenceoforganizedpoliticalparties,eachofwhichprentsitspoliciestotheelectoratefor

1No.10DowningStreet：唐寧街10號，英國首相官邸和辦公室，位于倫敦的威斯敏斯特（Westminster）。其功能和地位上相

當于美國的白宮。

2Layjustice：助理法官，是英國刑事案件的司法審理中一種特殊的法官類型，其主要職能是與陪審團相似。

No.10DowningStreet

13

tiesarenotregisteredorformallyrecognizedinlaw,butinpracticemostcandidatesinelections,

andalmostallwinningcandidates,belongtooneofthemainparties.

TherearethreemainpoliticalpartiesintheUK,whichaltogetheraccountsforover90%ofthewinning

etheConrvativeParty,theLaborParty,

1945,theConrvativePartyanditsprincipalopponent,theLaborParty,havedominatedBritishpoliticallife:

EightgeneralelectionshavebeenwonbytheConrvativePartyandsixbytheLaborParty;thegreatmajorityof

membersoftheHouofCommonshavebelongedtooneofthetwoparties.

rvativeParty

TheConrvativeParty,colloquiallyreferredtoastheToryPartyortheTories,isacenter-rightpoliticalparty.

Itwasfoundedin1834,andwasoneoftwodominantpartiesinthe19thcentury,

changeditsnametotheConrvativeandUnionistPartyin1912aftermergingwiththeLiberalUnionistParty,

althoughthatnameisrding

principlesincludethepromotionofprivatepropertyandenterpri,themaintenanceofastrongmilitary,andthe

ore,itspoliciesarecharacterizedbypragmatism1

andabeliefinindividualism2.

IthasbeenthelargestpartyintheHouofCommonswith307outof650atssince2010,andthecurrent

partyleaderisDavidCameron,whoisalsothePrimeMinisteroftheUKnow.

orParty

nitiallyformedasameansforthetrade

unionmovementtoestablishhe

formation,theLaborPartyquicklyovertooktheLiberalPartyingeneralelectionsduringtheearly1920s,andwon

tobecharacterizedbysocialist3ornationalization,which

meanscommonownershipofproduction,catesgovernmentinterventionandthe

nationalizationofenterprisineconomy,increasingrightsforworkers,r,fromthelate

1980sonwards,theore,recently

theideologyofsocialistisnolongerpossibletodescribeit.

TheLaborPartywaslastinthenationalgovernmentbetween1997and2010underTonyBlairandGordon

Brown,tly,itisthecondlargestpartyintheBritishHouofCommons,with

258outof650atsandformstheOfficialOpposition4undertheleadershipofcurrentleader,EdMiliband.

eralDemocrats

TheLiberalDemocratsisa“middle”tywasformedin1988by

retwomainstrandsofdistinctideology

withintheparty,ncipaldifferencebetweenthetwoisthatthe

economicliberalstendtosupportgreaterchoiceandcompetition,aimtoincreasocialmobilitythroughincreasing

economicfreedom,sthesocial

liberalsaimtoincreaequalityofoutcomethroughstatemeans,andadvocatehigherspendingonthe

hole,thepartycanbecharacterizedbycentrist.

TheLi2010general

1Pragmatism：實用主義，實用主義者只在乎行動是否能給個人或集團帶來某種實際的利益和報酬，而不問這種行動是否合乎

客觀實際，合乎原則。

2Individualism：個人主義，強調個人的自由和個人的重要性。在政治上認為：自由、平等、人權是個人的政治訴求；民主法

治是對個人的尊重；市場經濟是對個人經濟追求的承認與規范。

3Socialist：社會主義。是一種經濟社會學思想，主張或提倡整個社會作為整體，由社會擁有和控制產品、資本、土地、資產

等，其管理和分配基于公眾利益。

4OfficialOpposition：又叫做影子內閣（ShadowCabinet）。通常由下議院中最大的反對黨領袖，物色下院中有影響的本黨議員，

按內閣形式組建而成。這種制度由英國保守黨首創，后為一些英聯邦國家所采用。

14

election,undertheleadershipofNickClegg,theLiberalDemocratswon57atswith23%ofthevotebehindthe

ConrvativePartyandtheLaborParty.

on

ThegeneralelectionintheUKisorganizedinthe650constituencies,orelectoralareas,

thepurpoofelection,tal

whoiligibletovotecanstand

asacandidateaslongastheymakeadepositof500pounds,whichislostiftheyfailtoreceive5%ofthevote.

Thisistoavoidpeoplerunningjustforajoke.

Theelectionappliesthesimplemajoritysystem,whichmeansthecandidatewhoreceivesthelargestnumber

ore,inordertowintheelection,eachpartyhasalocal

organizationineachconstituency,whomaintaskistochoothecandidatetoreprentitspartyandhelphimor

er,partyleadersalsoplayaveryimportantroleinthegeneralelection,becauwhenpeople

votetheirlocalMPs,ore,beforethegeneral

election,partyleaderswilllaunchelectoralcampaignstoprenttheirpoliciestopublicandpersuadepeopleto

votecandidatesfromtheirparty,whichmayincludeadvertimentsinnewspapers,radioandTV,television

debating,interviewsandsoon.

Assoonastheresultsofageneralelectionareknown,itisusuallyclearwhichpartywillformthegovernment.

ThepartythatwinsoverhalfoftheconstituenciesholdsamajorityofatsintheHouofCommons,andforms

tyleaderconquentlybecomesthePrimeMinister.

WatchthevideoclipofTheHouofCommonsandfinishthetasksthatfollow.

Task1:Story–retelling

Now,workingroups(3-4members)chgroupndsone

reprentativetotellthewholeclassyourinterpretationoftheHouofCommons.

Task2:Groupdiscussion

DiscusswithyourpartnersaboutthefunctionoftheHouofCommons.

Exercis

eandfillintheblankswithproperwordsorterms.

1)TheUnitedKingdomisaandaconstitutionalMonarchy.

2)TheBritishgovernmentalsystemconsistsofthreebranches:,,and

TelevisionDebating

15

.

3)oftheUnitedKingdomisthesumoflawsandprinciplesthatmakeupthebodypoliticof

theUnitedKingdom.

4)Themembersofarenotelectedbutaremostlyproducedviainheritingthetitleofnobilityor

beinggrantedbythetitleofnobilitybytheQueenortheKing.

5)TheGovernmentisledby,whoisleaderofthemajoritypartyintheHouofCommons.

6)istheultimatedecision-makingbodyoftheexecutiveheadedbythePrimeMinister.

7)Accordingtothenatureoflawcas,Britishcourtcanbedividedintotwosystems:and

.

8)isthehighestcourtinallmattersunderEnglishandWelshlaw,NorthernIrelandlawand

Scottishcivillawsincethe2009.

9)TheConrvativeParty,colloquiallyreferredtoastheToryPartyortheTories,isapolitical

party.

10)Forthepurpoofelection,thewholecountryisdividedintoofsimilarpopulation.

onsonthisunit:

1)WhatisthecharacteristicofBritishconstitution?

2)WhatistheprincipleofBritishConstitution?

3)HowdoyouunderstandtheroleofBritishMonarchintheparliament?

4)WhatistheBritishgovernmentmadeupof?

5)WhatarethecommonpracticesofcriminaltrialsintheUK?

orexplanation:

1)CommonLaw

2)Parliament

3)TheCabinet

4)TheSupremeCourt

5)ConrvativeParty

isandcomments:

1)Theexistenceofthemonarchy

2)Britishelectoralcampaigns

16

Chapter3TheEconomyoftheUK

英國作為世界上曾經擁有最多殖民地的國家，及第一個完成工業革命的國家，一度是世界上最大的生

產國，經濟上擁有絕對的主導支配地位。大英帝國的建立更為英國的經濟提供了充足的原材料，勞動力及

世界市場，促進了英國經濟霸權地位的確立。雖然在第二次世界大戰以后，英國經濟經歷了一連串衰退，

經濟發展速度下降，其主導地位也已被許多歐美國家取代，但英國政府在20世紀七八十年代的一系列經濟

及社會改革政策，在一定程度上恢復了英國的經濟。

目前英國仍然是一個重要的貿易實體、經濟強國以及金融中心，也是全球最富裕、經濟最發達和生活

水平最高的國家之一。英國的農業高度集中，高度機械化，并且效益非常的高：1%的勞動人口能夠滿足大

約60%的食品需要。英國擁有大量的煤、天然氣和石油儲備；主要能源生產大約占總GDP的10%，在工業

國家中是非常高的。第二產業，作為英國經濟曾經的支柱產業，其對GDP的貢獻正在不斷下降，盡管英國

仍是歐洲最大的軍火、電腦、電視和手機的制造地，但在經濟中的重要性已經被第三產業所取代。服務業

成為英國經濟的支柱產業，特別是銀行業、金融業、航運業、保險業以及商業服務業占GDP的比重最大，

而且處于世界領導地位，首都倫敦更是世界數一數二的金融和商業中心。

TheUK,aleadingtradingpowerandfinancialcenter,isthethirdlargesteconomyinEuropeafterGermany

andFrance,andthesixthlargesteconomyintheworld,withagrossdomesticproduct(GDP)ofUS$1.93trillion.

AsthefirstcountrytocompletetheFirstIndustryRevolutionandthelargestcolonycountry,theUKudto

havethelargesteconomyintheworld,anddominatedtheEuropeanandworldeconomyduringthe19thcentury.

However,fromthelate19thcenturyonwards,especiallyaftertheWorldWarIandWorldWarII,itexperienceda

relativeeconortorescueits

economyandsolvetheproblems,theBritishgovernmenthasissuedariesofeconomicandsocialpoliciesto

ore,theeconomyhasbeguntorecoverand

continuestoincreaatasteadydevelopmentrate.

Recently,theBritisheconomycanbedividedintothreemainctors:PrimaryIndustry,SecondaryIndustry

yIndustry,alsocalledAgricultureIndustry,isquiteintensive,highlymechanized,and

efficientbyEuropeanstandards,producingabout60%offoodneedswithlessthan2%ofthetotallaborforcein

s,theUKhaslargecoal,naturalgas,andoilresources,butitsoilandnaturalgasrervesare

aryIndustryorManufacturingIndustryudtobe

ortancehasdeclined,butstillaccounts

forabout10%ile,TertiaryIndustry,orServiceIndustry,particularlybanking,

insurance,andbusinessrvices,becomeskeydriverofBritishGDPgrowth.

HistoryofBritishEconomy

BritishCurrency:Pound

17

TheUKisthefirstindustrializedcountryintheworldandhasbeenaneconomicgiantforthepasttwo

iddleof19thcentury,withtheestablishmentoftheBritishEmpire,itconomybecame

dominantintheworld,producingonethirdoftheworld’smanufacturinggoods,halfofthecoalandiron,halfof

r,by1900,ond

IndustrialRevolutionintheUnitedStatesmeanttheUShadbeguntochallengeBritain’sroleastheleaderofthe

allyaftertheWorldWarII,theextensivewareffectsofthetwoworldwarsandtheendof

Brithenithaxperienceda

periodofrelativedecline.

However,,althoughitconomyhasbeenimproved,its

competitorshaveimprovedmorerapidly;tisheconomy

wasstillincreasing,butataslowerpace.

Generallyspeaking,thedevelopmentofBritisheconomyaftertheWWIIcanbedividedintothreeperiods:

First,itexperiencedstabledevelopmentbetweenthe1950sandthe1960s,anditconomywasgrowingslowlybut

,inthe1970s,Britisheconomysteppedintoasluggish

nomiccrisisledtotheslowdownofproductionandhighrateof

,inthe1980s,meMinister,MargaretThatcher,issued

ariesofsocialandeconomicreformstoeasomeeconomicproblems,however,failednotresolvetheproblem

ofhighunemploymentrate.

1.1950and1960s

FollowingtheendoftheSecondWorldWar,theUnitedKingdomexperiencedalongperiodwithoutamajor

recession經濟衰退andenjoyedarapidgrowthinprosperity繁榮inthe1950sand1960s,withunemployment

stayinglowandnotexceeding超過500,ernment,formedbythe

LaborParty,carriedoutdrastic激烈的economicandsocialreforms,whichlaidthefoundationforBritishsocial

thisperiod,awelfarestatewastablished,andmanyprivateindustrieswere

ndof1947,itconomyquickly

r,inflationandtradedeficitwerepersistentproblemsthatledtoaslow

developmentrateofeconomyanddeclininginternationalcompetitivenessaswellastherisingofunemployment

rate.

2.1970s

Followingthe1973oilcrisisandthe1973–1974stockmarketcrash,theBritisheconomyfellintorecession.

Duringthe1970s,theUKrecordedweakergrowththanmanyotherEuropeannationvenaftertherecession

ended,theeconomywasstillblightedbyrisingunemploymentanddouble-digitinflation,whichexceeded20%

morethanonceafter1973andwasrarelybelow10%tishgovernmentwasforcedtorequest

onally,itimplementedpublicspendingcuts

ore,theBritisheconomyimprovedforashort

r,ativeeconomic

sitetThatcher’sConrvative

hebeginningofanewperiodofneo-liberal

economics.

3.1980s

1InternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)：是根據1944年7月在布雷頓森林四年級數學手抄報圖片簡單又漂亮 會議簽訂的《國際貨幣基金協定》，于1945年12月27

日在華盛頓成立的。與世界銀行同時成立、并列為世界兩大金融機構之一，其職責是監察貨幣匯率和各國貿易情況，提供技

術和資金協助，確保全球金融制度運作正常。其總部設在華盛頓。

18

MargaretThatcherandhergovernmentintroducedthebiggestchangesinBritish

the1980smoststate-ownedenterpris

wereprivatized,taxescut,et

Thatcher’sreformsachievedagreatsuccess:Inflationcameundercontrol,efficiency

oftheeconomyimproved,

roto5%atitspeakin1988,oneofthehighestratesofanyEuropeannations.

However,Thatcher’smodernizationoftheBritisheconomywasfarfromtrouble

ativeaspectofherreformwasasubstantialincreainunemployment.

Theeconomicpolicyresultedintheclosureofoutdatedfactoriesandcoalpitswhich

ore,duringthe1980s,therateof

unemploymentremainedhigh,uently,

theMargaretThatchergovernmentlostthesupportin1990.

sforitsEconomicDeclineAfterWWII

y,theUKsufferedgreateconomic

orldWarII,ithadgoneheavilyintodebtinordertofinancethewar,lling

manyofitsaccumulatedoverasasts,andborrowinglargeamountsofmoneyfromtheUSandCanada.

Secondly,tishEmpirecollapdimmediatelyaftertheendoftheWorldWarII.

TheindependenceofitscoloniesmadeBritainlobigmarketsforBritishgoods,andtheindependentcolonies

stoppedprovidingrawmaterialstotheUK,y,

Britainspentahigheromaintaina

substantialandexpensivemilitaryprenceinmanyoveraslocationsduetoitspositionasoneofNATO’s1major

ly,itsindustrysurvivedalmostunaffectedduringthe

war,unlikeitscompetitorssuchastheUSandGermany,whoindustryhadbeendamagedcompletelyandhad

r,h

economycontinuedwithitsolderfactoriesandpre-warproducts,whichresultinaverylowproductivityandoutput.

Meanwhile,itscompetitorsstartedtoinvestinthemostmodernequipmentandmeansofproduction,andbeganto

y,Britisheconomysufferedalong-standingandcontinuingproblemoffailingto

ivelylowrateofinvestmentwasadistinctcharacteristicoftheBritisheconomyin

relationtootherdevelopedcountries,suchastheUSandGermanyatthattime.

tBritishEconomy

Fromthe1980stotheprent,

endof20thcentury,rentBritish

economycanbebrokendownintothreemainareas:PrimaryIndustry,SecondaryIndustryandTertiaryIndustry.

GreatchangeshavebeenfoundintheeconomicstructureaftertheWWII,withthepropositionofPrimaryand

SecondaryIndustrydeclinedandtheimportanceofTertiaryIndustryincreaddramatically.

yIndustry

AgricultureintheUKisquiteintensive,highlymechanized,andefficientbyEuropeanstandards,with1.4%

ofthelaborforcemanagingaround70%thecountry’r,itsoutputcannotaffordenoughfood

producesabout60%ort

1NATO：NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization，北大西洋公約組織，簡稱北約，是美國與西歐、北美主要發達國家為實現防衛協

作而建立的一個國際軍事集團組織。

2UNSecurityCouncil：聯合國安全理事會，成立于1946年，由5個常任理事國，包括英國、法國、俄羅斯、美國和中國，

以及11個非常任理事國構成，每一理事國有一個投票權。根據《聯合國憲章》，安全理事會負有維護國際和平與安全的首要

責任。

MargaretThatcher

19

2010,itexported14billionworthoffood,feedanddrink,

andimported

totalincomefromfarmingwas5.69billionin2011,reprentingonlyabout0.7%

averageincomeofeachfull-timepersonwas30,sthebestperformanceinUKagriculture

rmore,Agricultureemploys466,000people,reprenting1.52%oftheworkforce,decread

morethan32%since1996.

Aroundtwo-thirdsoftheproductionisdevotedtolivestock,r,Agriculturein

theUKisregionalvariedbecas

ofthequalityoffarmland,itcanbedividedinto“FavoredArea”and“LessFavoredArea”.“FavoredArea”means

landswithlargerflatterfieldswhereisfavorableforcropproduction,while“LessFavoredArea”meanslandthat

producesaloweragriculturalyield,typicallyuplandmoorsandhillfarms,whichexplainsthetendencytofocuson

livestockanddairyfarmingintheareas.“LessFavoredArea”ismainlyinthenorthernandwesternareasof

England,s,80%ofthefarmlandisdesignated“LessFavoredArea”,andinScotland

thefigureis84%.“FavoredArea”mainlydistributesineasternandsouthernareasinEngland,whichaccountsfor

morethan80%sofgrossvalueaddedin2009,83%oftheUK’sagriculturalincome

originatedfromEngland,9%fromScotland,4%fromNorthernIrelandand3%fromWales.

MajorcorpsintheUKarewheat,barley,oats,stheworld’sleadingproducer

andexporterofcattle,sheep,edingoflivestockisformeat,wool,andeggs,aswellasfor

lsoretainsasignificant,thoughreduced,fishingindustryintheNorthSea,theEnglish

Channelanargefishingfleet

idesover50%ofthecountry’sdemandforfish.

Themainproductsarecod,haddock,herringandsole.

TheEnergyIndustryisthetotalityofalloftheindustriesinvolvedintheproductionandsaleofenergy,

includingfuelextraction,manufacturing,societyconsumeslargeamountsoffuel,

DevonCounty–“FavoredArea”inEngland

Shell

20

andtheEnergyIndustryisacrucialpartoftheinfrastructureandmaintenanceofsocietyinalmostallcountries.

TheUKhaslargeamountsofcoal,oil,andnaturalgasrerves,yenergy

productionaccountsfor10%ofGDP,1,BritishPetroleum,

andBritishGasarethreeofthebiggesttencompaniesintheUK.

TheUKhasalonghistoryofcoalmining,whichprobablydatestoRomantimesandtakesplaceinmany

n’scoalfieldsareassociatedwithNorthumberlandandDurham,Yorkshire,

Lancashire,theEastandWestMidlandsandKentinEngland,NorthandSouthWales,idedthe

r,duringthe1980sand1990stheindustrywasscaledback

countsforonlyaboutaquarterofenergysupplies,therestbeingdividedbetweenoil,gas,and

eresultofgovernmentalpoliciesofenvironmentalprotectionaswellasthediscoveryand

1970s,largerervesofoilandgaswerediscoveredundertheNorthSea.

Theace1990s,theBritish

governmentissuedariesofpoliciestoprotectitsmineralrerves,conquently,energyproductionhasbeenin

declineandtheUKhasbeenanetimporterofoilsince2005.

aryIndustry

ManufacturingisanimportantctorofthemodernBritisheconomy,whichaccountedfor20.5%ofGDPin

theUKandfor18.2%ly,ithas

ghthemanufacturingctor’sshareof

bothemploymentandGDPhassteadilyfallensincethe1960s,itsoutputintermsofbothproductionandvaluehas

steadilyincreadsince1945,anditisstillimportantforoverastrade,accountingforover80%ofexports.

Britain’scompaniesareactiveinallmajorfieldsofManufacturingIndustry,butareparticularstronginsome

ctors.

Engineeringandalliedindustriescomprithesinglelargestctor,contributingaround30%ofoutputin

thisctor,transportequipmentwasthelargestcontributor,withmanyglobalcar

manufacturersbeingprentintheUK,UKudtohavemanyinternationalrenownedcarmanufacturersincluding

MINI,Rolls-Royce,Jaguar,LandRover,Bentley,r,mostofthemarenowownedby

overascompaniessuchasBMW(MINI,Rolls-Royce)ofGermany,Tata(Jaguar,LandRover)ofIndia,and

Volkswagen(Bentley)atedwiththisctoraretheaerospaceanddefenequipment

anufacturesabroadrangeofequipment,includingcivilanddefenaerospace,landand

pisoneoftheworld’slargestbuildersofwarships;andGKN2andRollsRoyce

manufactureaerospaceenginesandpowergenerationsystems.

nhasafourthlargestelectronics

industryintheworldwithabroadbaofdomesticfirms,eitscar

industry,ceutical(GlaxoSmithKline3,theworld’scondlargest

pharmaceuticalfirms),chemical(includingplastics,petrochemicalindustry)andfoodanddrink(ScottishWhisky

beingamajorexport)arealsootherimportantcontributorstotheUK’sma民間農村真實鬼故事 nufacturingba.

ryIndustry

TertiaryIndustryreferstotheindustrywhichdoesnotproducematerialproducts,thatis,itproducesrvices

insteadofendproducts,lTertiaryIndustryctorsmayincludefinancialrvices,

entertainment,massmedia,tourism,consulting,ecomethemostimportanteconomicctorin

1Shell：殼牌集團，世界第一大石油公司，總部位于荷蘭海牙和英國倫敦，由荷蘭皇家石油與英國的殼牌兩家公司合并組成。

2GKN:GKN集團((Guest,Keen&NettlefoldsLtd))創建于1759年，主要業務有大型民航客機和運輸機結構件，汽車傳動系統，

特種車輛，農用機械，粉末冶金，汽車零部件和環保用汽車催化轉化器的生產制造等。

3GlaxoSmithKline:英國葛蘭素史克公司，簡稱GSK，全球最大藥劑集團。是頭孢菌素的主要發明廠家之一，還擁有全球最

廣泛的抗哮喘系列產品，以及胃腸道、抗病毒、抗腫瘤、皮膚、麻醉和中樞神經系統等多個學科的治療藥品。

21

manycountries,especiallyindevelopedcountries.

Inrecentyears,withtheshrinkoftheimportanceoftheSecondaryIndustryintheUK,theimportanceof

ributedaround

77.8%ofGDPin2013withover80%oftheUK’viceIndustryis

dominatedbyfinancialrvices,especiallyinbanking,insuranceandbusinessrvices,whichtogetheraccountsby

farforthelargestproportionoftheUK’sGDP.

Londonisamajorcenterforinternationalbusinessandcommerceandisoneofthethree“commandcenters”

reover500banksinLondon,whichisthe

largestconcentrationofforeignbankbranchesintheworld,withHSBCandBarclaysBankrelocatingtheirhead

sotheleadinginternationalcenterforstockexchange,insurance,Eurobonds,andforeign

eworld’slargestfinancialcenterwiththeLondonStockExchange,theLondon

InternationalFinancialFuturesandOptionsExchange,andtheLloyd’s1ofLondoninsurancemarketallbadin

theCityofLondon.

TheBankofEnglandisthecentralbank,whichwastablishedin1694,andwasbroughtintopublic

widerangeoffinancialandeconomicresponsibilitiesbothasanagentofgovernment

sgovernmenton

theformulationofmontion,the

BankofEnglandisthenote-issuingauthority,theregistrarforgovernmentstocksandbankertomanyoveras

stheBankofEngland,nonesare

Lloyds2,Barclays3,anksalsoexertsignificant

influencesontheformulationofthefinancialandmonetarypoliciesinBritain.

TourismisalsoanesntialctorintheUK’er27milliontouristsarrivingeach

year,theUisthemostvisited

cityintheworldwith18.7millionvisitorsin2013accordingtotheOfficeofNationalStatisticsInternational

1Lloyd’s：英國勞埃德保險公司是當今世界保險業中信譽最高、名氣最大、資金最雄厚、利潤最多的一家大保險公司，它成立

于1680年，總部設在倫敦中心。但勞埃德保險集團和勞埃德銀行無關。

2Lloyds：勞埃德銀行，英國四大私營銀行之一，1765年建立是英國歷史最悠久的銀行之一，曾是英國銀行業中最早進行國

際業務的銀行之一，目前擁有的客戶數量最多。

3Barclays：巴克萊銀行，全球第七大銀行，在英國是位于匯豐銀行之后的第二大銀行。于1690年成立，是英國最古老的銀

行，是全世界第一家擁有ATM機的銀行，并發行了全英第一張信用卡和第一張借記卡。

4Midland：密德蘭銀行，1836年建立于伯明翰，英國四大私營銀行之一，經營廣泛的銀行業務。

5NationalWestminsterBankgroup：國民威斯敏斯特銀行，英國四大私營銀行之一，也是世界上最著名的銀行之一，除經營一

般銀行業務如存放款、投資、保險等業務以外，1972年起與勞埃德銀行、密德蘭銀行聯合開展信用卡業務。

FinancialCenterinLondon

22

PasngerSurvey,aheadof2ndplacedBangkok(10.4millionvisitors)and3rdplacedParis(9.7million).

WatchthevideoclipofOlympicGamestoBoostUKEconomyandfinishthetasksthatfollow.

Task1:Story–retelling

Now,workingroups(3-4members)chgroupndsone

reprentativet黑洞武器 otellthewholeclassyourinterpretationofinfluenceofOlympicGamesonUKEconomy.

Task2:Groupdiscussion

DiscusswithyourpartnersaboutthegiftsthatOlympicGamesbringtotheworld.

Exercis

eandfillintheblankswithproperwordsorterms.

(1)Asthefirstcountrythatcompletedandthelargestcolonycountry,theUKudto

havethelargesteconomyintheworld.

(2)TheBritisheconomycanbedividedintothreemainctors:,and

.

(3)TertiaryIndustry,orServiceIndustry,particularly,,and,

becomekeydriversofBritishGDPgrowthnow.

(4)AftertheWorldWarII,theextensivewareffortsofthetwoworldwarsandtheendof

ledtoariesofproblemsoftheBritisheconomyinvaryingways.

(5)In1980s,thePrimeMinister,MargaretThatcher,issuedariesofsocialandeconomicreforms,which

eadsomeeconomicproblems,however,didnotresolvetheproblemof.

(6)Aroundtwo-thirdsoftheagricultureproductionintheUKisdevotedto,one-thirdto

.

(7)TheUKhaslargeamountsof,,andrerves,andisa

majorenergyproducer.

(8)andcomprithesinglelargestctor,contributingaround30%ofoutput

inmanufacturing.

(9)isthedominantctoroftheUKeconomy,andcontributesaround77.8%ofGDPin2014.

(10)isamajorcenterforinternationalbusinessandcommerceandisoneofthethree

“commandcenters”oftheglobaleconomyalongwithand.

23

onsonthisunit:

1)WhatarethecharacteristicsofBritishAgricultureIndustry?

2)HowmanyperiodscantheBritisheconomyafterWWIIbedividedinto?Whatarethey?

3)HowdoyouunderstandtherelativedeclineofBritisheconomyafterWWII?

4)WhatarethemainagricultureproductsintheUK?

5)HowisthecarindustryintheUK?

orexplanation:

1)MargaretThatcher’sreform

2)LessFavoredArea

3)EnergyIndustry

4)TertiaryIndustry

5)BankofEngland

isandcomments:

1)ThereasonstothedeclineofBritisheconomyduringthepostwarperiod

2)ThedifferentroutesofeconomicgrowthincontemporaryChinaandtheUK

24

Chapter4SocialandCulturalLife

英國有著悠長的歷史，并在其漫長的發展過程中逐漸發展成為一個豐富多彩，多元化的社會。英國的

歷史雖然不及中國悠久，但是其對世界社會文化的影響卻同樣深遠。英國的傳統節日，如圣誕節、節禮日、

復活節等，都成為很多國家的法定假期。另外，英國也是很多現代運動的發源地，其中最著名的就是足球、

羽毛球、網球、橄欖球以及高爾夫球，英國人的運動公平精神在這些運動中有所體現。

英國人給人的印象通常是嚴謹，保守，不茍言笑，并且禮貌、謙虛，但是事實上英國人也有著獨特的

幽默感，喜歡自嘲和吐槽，形成了自己特別的英式幽默。而這一點也經常為人們所津津樂道。

英國社會結構在歷史上深受社會階級的觀念影響。即使是到了21世紀初的今天，這個觀念對英國社會

的影響仍然存在。但是英國社會在第二次世界大戰之后發生了明顯的變化，近年來隨著新的移民政策的開

放，大量移民的進入，也為英國的社會和文化帶來了新鮮的元素。

現在，英國的穿戴飲食已與各國無異，在英國能夠品嘗到來自世界各地的風味美食。但是炸魚薯條、

約克郡布丁、英式早餐以及英式下午茶等傳統食物仍是英國人日常飲食的主要構成部分。

iety

TheUK,astheoldestEnglish-speakingcountryintheworld,

consideredasoneofthemostmulticulturalsocietywithuniquesocialstructure,customsandcharacteristics.

AlthoughtheEnglishmakeupthemajorityofthenation,itwouldbeimproper,sometimesoffensive,tocallall

Britishpeople“Englishpeople”.TheyprefertodistinguishtheirownnationalitiesbyEnglish,Scottish,Irishand

Welsh,becautheyarethedescendantsofdifferentancestors,posssingdifferentlanguage,cultureandcustoms.

Generally,theBritishpeopleshareveraltypicalcharacteristics,whichisregardedasanesntialpartofthe

hsocietyisoften

consideredasasocietyinwhich“class”ismoreimportantthaninothercountries.

s

TherearefournationsintheUK:theEnglish,theScottish,theIrish,ntBritishpeople

derivefrommanydifferentgroupsandtribesthatinvadedBritainatvarioustimesfromtheEuropeanmainland.

Between1,100B.C.,BritainwasinvadedbytheCeltswholivedinthecentralandnorthwestern

enttleddowninBritainandlivedinlandoftoday’sEnglandforhundredsofyears

heRomaninvasion,Britainwasinvadedby

someGermanicgroupsfromcontinentalEuropean:Angels,Saxons,terbecametheancestorsof

thistime,manyoftheCeltswere

driventothemountainousareasinScotland,ore,theCeltsthenbecame

theancestorsoftheprent-dayScottish,WelshandIrish,whiletheAnglo-Saxonsbecametheancestorsofthe

ys,theEnglishmakeupabout80%ofthetotalpopulationofUKandmainlyscatteredin

TraditionalBritishFood:FishandChips

25

England.

teristics

Conrvationandrndtobe

stenceandcontinuityoftheMonarchand

SocialClass,theuofoldmeasurementunits,suchasmileandpound,andtheresistanceofjoiningthe

Euroer,mostBritishpeopledo

notexpresstheirideasandfeelingsopenlyorinitiateaconversation,hebest

emple,ontheunderground,bus,or

train,gbooksornewspapersrvesasagoodwaytoavoid

havetostartaconversation,weatherisnormallythebesttopictochooratherthan

ore,comparedwithotherEuropeanpeople,liketheFrenchandSpanish,theymay

sometimesbeconsideredemotionlessandrerved.

AlthoughBritishpeoplearenormallyfoundriousandrervedinmanycas,humorisanesntialpartof

eabletolaughatalmostanything,includingthemlves,andthereforeformeda

r,itmaybedifficultforpeoplefromothercountriestofully

understandBritishHumorsinceitisnormallyrelatedtohistoricandculturalbackgrounds,currentissuesand

languagetechniques.

TypicalBritishHumorusuallycontainstwofeatures:-mockery,whichmeans

laughingatonelf,istolaughatone’sownfaults,failuresandembarrassmentsandevenone’

example,Britishpeopleneverhesitatetojokeabouttheirbadweatherconditions,terriblefood,andevenpolitical

mes,theyevenmakejokesoftheQueen,sdefinedasa

characterspeakingonasubject,eprentationofalack

itsusagesareoftendifficulttotranslate,ithasbeenafeatureofBritishHumorfor

atureofBritishHumorcanbeeasilyfoundinmanyliteratureworks,TVcomedy,magazine

articles,ortabloidnewspaperreportingintheUK.

BritishHumoriver

er,theydonotlaughatdisabledpeople,physicalorpsychological,atragedyor

anhonorablefailure.

SinceBritishpeopleenjoyplayingsportsintheirleisuretime,theUKisthebirthplaceofmanymodernsports,

suchasfootball,rugby,tennis,tingoftherulesofthegamesdemonstratesthe

manshipistheabilitytopracticeasportinobediencetoits

rules,aswellasshowinggenerositytoone’ighlyvaluedqualityinthe

hegoodexamplesisthatmanysporting

termsandlanguagesareudinBritishpeople’r,likethenofhumor,

sportsmanshipisanEnglishidealthateveryBritishcanhaveorliveupwith.

Class

ThroughoutthehistoryoftheUK,ghtheclasssystemhas

beengraduallyeliminated,sagreatdifferenceinBritishpeople,

portanttoacknowledgethedifferencesbetweentheclassbeforeunderstanding

Britishpeople,hsocietycanberoughlydividedintofourmaingroupsofclass-the

UpperClass,theMiddleClass,theLowerorWorkingClass,andtheUnderClass.

untoftheUpperClassisverysmallanditmainly

consistedofthepeerage,gentry,nposssionofahereditarypeerage(butnota

lifepeerage)-forexampleaDuke,aMarquis,anEarl,aViscountoraBaron-aretypicallymembersoftheupper

26

dleClassismadeupoftheLowerMiddleClass,theMiddleMiddleClassandtheUpperMiddle

tishLowerMiddleClassprimarilyconsistsofwhite-collarworkerswhoaretypicallyemployedin

white-collarbutrelativelyunskilledrviceindustryjobssuchasretailsales,railticketagents,airlinestewardess,

travelagents,hotelclerks,shippingclerks,factoryownersandlowlevelcivilrvicejobsinlocalandregional

yhavebeen

oupofpeoplemainlyisaccountants,architects,solicitors,

teachers,socialworkers,mangers,specialITworkers,erMiddleClassbroadly

consistsofpeoplewhowerebornintofamiliesthathavetraditionallypossdhighincomes,althoughthisgroup

erMiddleClassaretraditionallyeducatedat

per-Middle-Classfamiliesmayhavepreviousancestrythatoftendirectlyrelatestothe

erClassisagroupconsistingofthelong-termunemployed,elderlypensioners,economic

immigrantsandthodependentonbenefits,typicallylivinginpublichousingorcouncilestates,thoughthehave

sincebeenreplacedbyhousingassociationproperties.

Althoughthedivisionofsocialclassisnotasdistinctasbefore,one’ssocialclasscanbeindicatedbythe

waytheyspeak,theirclothes,entclassofpeoplegoto

differentschools,differentrestaurants,ndariesamongthemareveryclear.A

person’ssocialclassdependsonanumberofdifferentfactors,includingeducation,employment,incomelevels,

r,employmentwouldbethemainguidetheywoulduto

classifythesociety.

ge

TheofficiallanguageintheUKisEnglish,whichisspokenbythemajorityofthepopulation,althoughsome

otherlanguagessuchasGaelicandWelsharestillspokenbysomeScots,WelshesandpeopleinNorthernIreland.

elopmentofEnglishlanguageexperienced

threemajorstages:OldEnglish,MiddleEnglishandModernEnglish.

lish

OldEnglishisanearlyformoftheEnglishlanguagethatwasspokenandwrittenbytheAnglo-Saxonsand

theiresternGermaniclanguage

eintroductionofChristianity,LatinandGreekalsohavea

r,duringthisperiod,itspronunciation,

spelling,vocabulary,tfamousworkfromtheOld

EnglishperiodistheepicpoemBeowulf3.

English

thisperiod,French

replacedEnglishastheofficiallanguageandlanguagespokenbyupperclass,while

r,aftertheBlackDeathinthe14th

century,withtheestrangementbetweenNormannoblesofEnglandandFrenchnoblesand

thegrowthofthelaboringandmerchantclassineconomicandsocialimportance,the

importanceofEnglishbegantoincreaagainandbecamethedominantlanguagespoken

thisstageofEnglishdevelopment,manyFrenchwordswerebrought

1Publicschool:私立學校，是區別于公立學校的一種獨立學校。相較于公立學校，它們的學費更高，教學條件更好，教材與

教授的課程也與公立學校不同。

2OldNor:古挪威語，14世紀前斯堪的納維亞人所講的北日耳曼語。

3Beowulf:《貝奧武夫》，講述了斯堪的納維亞的英雄貝奧武夫的英勇事跡。是迄今為止發現的英國盎格魯—撒克遜時期最古

老、最長的一部較完整的文學作品，也是歐洲最早的方言史詩，完成于公元八世紀左右。

GeofreyChaucer

27

restillmanyFrenchwordsinEnglishvocabularyuntil

icalworkduringthisperiodisTheCanterburyTaleswrittenbyGeofreyChaucerin14thcentury.

English

enon,Englishlanguagebecamestandardizedin

grammar,spelling,lectofLondonwasacceptedasstandardpronunciation,whileSamuel

Johnson’er,Englishwasgreatlyimprovedwithalarge

vocabularyforvariouspurposbyborrowingfromotheroriginsduringandaftertheRenaissanceandIndustrial

tion,withtheexpansionoftheBritishEmpire,Englishwasspreadtomanyother

countriesandareasintheworld,whichinturnledtotheworldwidepopularityofEnglish,aswellasthe

assimilationofwordsfrommanyothercountriessuchasChina,Japan,India,Africa,andAmerica.

TheEnglishadoptedasabroadcastingstandardintheBritishmedianowadaysiscalledStandardEnglish,or

Queen’donthespeechoftheUpperClassofsoutheasternEnglandandtheLondondialect.

StandardEnglishhasbecomeauniversalLinguaFranca1,ldlanguageudbypeoplefromalloverthe

worldtocommunicatewitheachother.

ons

BritainisghBritainis

historicallyaChristiansociety,peopleareusuallyverytoleranttowardsthefaithsofothersandthowhohaveno

religiousbeliefs.

halfoftheBritishpeopleareChristianswhobelievein

retwofamousstatechurchestablishedbylaw:

otestantsbelongtotheChurchofEnglandorthe

tishMonarchistheSupremeGovernoroftheChurchofEngland,andiscrownedby

theArchbishopofCanterburyinWestminsterAbbey.

TheoriginofChristianityintheUKdatesbacktotheAnglo-SaxonInvasionperiod,whenRomanChristianity

rderofPopeGregoryI,inewasnttoBritaintoconverttheheathen

vedinCanterburyin597with40missionaries,andbecamethefirstArchbishopof

ndof7thcentury,RomanChristianitybecamethedominantreligioninBritainandtheChurch

r,aftertheReligiousReformationinthe16thcentury,the

hentheProtestantismhasspread

overthecountry,ghRoman

CatholicChurchwasmuchpercutedandweakinBritainforalongtimeaftertheReligiousReformation,there

arestillmanyRomanCatholicsintheUK,andnumberofRomanCatholicmstobegrowingrecently.

Inthe2011Census,ChristianitywasthelargestreligiousgroupinEnglandandWaleswith33.2millionpeople

identifyingwiththereligion,accountedfor59%smadeupthecond

largestreligiousgroupwith2.7millionpeople,amountedto3%to5%ghreligiousfaithin

BritainispredominantlyChristian,manyoftheworld’relargeHindu,Jewish,

andIslamiccommunities,andalsosmallercommunitiesofBuddhists,Jains,andZoroastrians,aswellasfollowers

erwhatdenominationpeoplebelievein,theylivetogetherinpeace,

respectingeachother,undertakingtheirsocialresponsibilities,ore,

religionplaysacrucialroleinthesociallifeoftheUK.

alsandHolidays

1LinguaFranca:世界通用語。不同語言集團的人作為交際工具共同使用的交際語。

28

ATraditionalChristmasDinner

ManyholidayscelebratedthroughoutthenationintheUKreflectthereligious,historical,socialandcultural

lidaysareimportanteventsintheChristiancalendarandarebadonChristiantraditionsuch

asChristmasandEaster,whilesomeholidaysarecelebratedtocommemoratehistoricalevents,socialcustomsor

politicalreasonslikeBoxingDay,theQueen’sOfficialBirthdayandGuyFawkesNight.

mas

ChristmasisthebiggestandmostimportantfestivalcelebratedonDecember25theachyearinmemoryofthe

masisatrulymagicalason,bringingfamiliesandfriendstogethertosharethemuch

lovedcustomsandtraditions,whichhavebeenaroundforcenturies.

Peopleexchangegiftsorcardswithfriendsandrelatives,decorating

homeswithcoloredlightsandChristmastrees,andpreparing

opleareon

holidayintheUKandstayathomewiththeirfamilyonChristmas

day,day,

peoplehaveChristmasdinnertogetherwiththeirfamilymembersat

tionallyEnglishor

BritishChristmasdinnerincludesroastturkeyorgoo,Brusls

sprouts,roastpotatoes,cranberrysauce,sausageswrappedinbacon

rBritishtraditionofcelebrating

ChristmasistheQueen’sSpeechontelevisionandradiointhemorning

ofChristmasDay.

Day

BoxingDayisonDecember26th,ristmasDay,BoxingDayisapublicholiday,

tobeanoldEnglishtraditionthat

onthenextdayofChristmas,thervantsofthewealthywereallowedtovisittheirfamiliesandhaveadayoff.

Theycouldgetgiftsinbogoes

by,itdevelopedintntyears,

however,dsandthousandsofpeoplenowspendBoxingDayinshops

andbigdepartmentstores,wanderingaroundthesalesrackstogettheproductstheywant,becaualmostevery

shopsandstoresgoonthebiggestsalesovertheyear.

EasteristhecondbiggestfestivalcelebratedintheUK,

sonforthisvariationisbadonthe

alwaysfallsonthefirstSundayfollowingthefull

moonafterMarch21th,thespringequinox.

EasteristocommerSunday

Christiansgathertogethertoattendchurchrvices,suchastheSunriService1,Eastervigil2,EasterEucharist3

ditionalEastergiftisEasterEggs,whichisareligioussymbol,reprentingthetombfromwhich

steggsgivenatEasterwerebirdggspaintedinbrightcolors,

butnowadayschocolateportedthat

around80millionchocolateeggsareconsumedeachyearintheUK.

1SunriService：復活節日出崇拜。基督徒在復活節的清晨聚集在曠野或山頂觀看日出，在破曉時鳴炮與響鐘，并有樂隊與

圣詠團以贊歌來慶祝象徵耶穌升起的太陽。

2Eastervigil：復活節守夜禮，在復活節逐日前夕開始，以祈禱迎接耶穌的復活，包括燭光禮、圣道禮、圣洗禮、圣祭禮。

3EasterEucharist：復活節圣餐禮。在領圣餐的儀式上，主禮人對小塊面餅和小杯葡萄酒（代表耶穌的肉和血）進行祝禱，然

后分給正式教徒領食。教徒通過這種象征性的領食緬懷耶穌基督及其言行。

29

en’sOfficialBirthday

TheQueen’sOfficialBirthday,orKing’sOfficialBirthday,isthelecteddayonwhichthebirthdayofthe

enttheofficialbirthdayofQueenElizabethIIiscelebratedon

theconebiggestroyal

enandothermembersoftheRoyalFamilyattendtheceremonyaroundBuckingham

PalaceinLondon,andtdoes

nothavethenationalday,theQueen’sOfficialBirthdayistreatedastheNationalDayoftheUnitedKingdom.

kes’Night

GuyFawkes’Night,alsocalledBonfireNight,isanationalfestivalonNovember5theachyeartocelebratea

mber1605,aGunpowderPlottookplaceinwhichsomeCatholicsplottedtoblowupthe

EnglishParliamentandKingJamesI,onthedaytforthekingtoopenParliament,becautheKingandthe

governmentmadesomelawsagainsttheRomanCatholic,r,

brationofhissurvival,KingJamesorderedthatthe

eNightisstillcelebratedall

overtheUKbylightinghugebonfires,lettingoffmagnificentfireworks,andburninglife-sizedstrawmen.

SportsplayanimportantpartinthelifeofBritishpeople,andareoneofthemostpopularleisureactivitiesin

theworld’sfamoussportsbeganinBritain,includingcricket,football,tennis,golfandrugby.

Itsnationalsportiscricket,whilefootballisundoubtedlythemostpopularsportthroughoutthecountry.

Cricketoricketismostly

playedincommonwealthcountriessuchasIndian,Australian,Canada,NewZealandandBengalasthefourthmost

CricketWorldCupwasfirstheldin1975inEnglandandisheldeveryfour

years.

sttoflawsofthegameoffootballdate

re92professionalfootballclubsinthe

EnglishFootballLeague,

England’sfootballteamsareworldfamous,themostfamousbeingManchesterUnited,

ostpopularsportintheUK,footballisoneofthebest

ketoplayfootballinparksandplaygroundsfor

llfieldcaneasilybefoundinalmosteverycityandtown.

TennisisalsooneofthemostpopularsportsintheUK,sinceithasproducedmany

worldtoptennisplayersandhoststheworld’sbiggesttennistournament,Wimbledom

Championship,bledomChampionshipis

TroopingtheColor

ThesymbolofWimbledon

Championships

30

themosttraditionaltennischampionship:theplayerswhoplayinWimbledomwearwhiteclothesduringthegame;

noadvertimentscanbefoundonthetenniscourt,strawberryandcreamisthetraditionalsnackfortheaudience.

Nowthereareabout5millionpeopleplaytennisintheUK,andmillionsofpeoplecomingfromothercountriesto

watchtheWimbledomChampionshipinJuneandJuly.

Apartfromthesports,manyothersportssuchastabletennis,badminton,andrugbyarepopularintheUK.

TheyplayanimportantandesntialroleinBritishpeople’slife.

Britishpeopleenjoyvariousindoorandoutdooractivitiesintheirdailylife,butreadingnewspapers,watching

ingtoasurveybytheEU’s

statisticaloffice,peopleinBritainspendabout45%oftheirfreetimewatchingtelevision,makingitBritain’smost

sthatthemediaiscentertoBritishleisurelifeandplaysanesntialpartinthe

Britishpeople’tishmedia,tosomedegree,influencesthepublicopinion,reflectspeople’ssocial

status,andpromotethesocialandculturalthedevelopmentintheUK.

sionandRadio

96percentofthepopulationof

rageviewingtimeperpersonisover25hoursaweek.

TheUnitedKingdomhasadiverrangeoftelevisionandbroadcastingproviders,themostprominentbeing

thestate-ownedpublicrvicebroadcaster,theBBC(BritishBroadcastingCorporation).TheBBC’slargest

competitorsareITVplc,whichoperates11ofthe15regionaltelevisionbroadcastersthatmakeuptheITV

Network,andNewsCorporation,whichholdsalargestakeinsatellitebroadcasterBSkyB(BritishSky

Broadcasting)andalsooperateanumberofleadingnationalnewspapers.

TherearefivemainchannelsintheUK:BBC1,BBC2,ITV1,channels

channelsofferamixtureofdrama,light

entertainment,films,sport,educational,children’sandreligiousprograms,newsandcurrentaffairs,and

documentaries.

RadiointheUnitedKingdomisdominatedbytheBBC,whichoperatesradiostationsbothintheUnited

ically

theBBCalsooperatestennationalnetworks,whichtogethertransmitalltypesofmusic,news,currentaffairs,

drama,education,sportandarangeoffeatureprograms,aswellasover40localradiostationsandnationalradio

rvicesinScotland,WalesandNorthernIreland.

Britishpeopleliketolistentoradiowhileeatingdinners,doinghouwork,fmost

popularleisureactivity,thetimepeopleinBritainspendonlisteningtoradiois15hoursand50minuteachweek

tpopularradiostationbynumberoflistenersisBBCRadio2,clolyfollowedbyBBCRadio.

pers

DailyNewspapersll322copiesper1000peopleintheUK,theeighthhighestrateintheworld,which

meansreadingreabout130daily

andSundaynewspapers,andover2,ssinBritainisfreefrom

governmentalandpoliticalcontrol,andisfreetocommentonmattersofpublicinterestaslongasitissubjectto

law.

31

TraditionallyBritishnewspapershavebeendividedinto“quality”,rious-mindednewspapers(usually

referredtoas“broadsheets”becauoftheirlargesize)andthemorepopulist,“tabloid”litypress

usuallyreportsin-deptharticlesofpoliticalandsocialissue,andcarrieshigh-qualityreviewsandfeaturearticles.

Theirreadersaremostlywell-educated,es,TheDailyTelegraphand

TheGuardianaretogethercalledthe“BigThree”esisthemost

ionallyitisamoderatenewspaperand

lyTelegraph,acenter-rightbroadsheetpaper,isthehighest-llingof

the“quality”rdianis

amoreliberal“quality”broadsheet.

The“tabloids”,smallerformatnewspaperwithcompactpagesize,usuallycarriesgossips,scandals,and

storiesabtoriesandreportsareshort

andeasytoread,andtherefore,2008TheSunhad

thehighestcirculationofanydailynewspaperintheUnitedKingdomat3.1million,approximatelyaquarterofthe

terpaper,theNewsoftheWorld,hadthehighestcirculationintheSundaynewspapermarketuntilits

ewspapersarenormallyreadbypeoplefromLowerandWorkingClass.

WatchthevideoclipofBuyingPropertyintheUKandfinishthetasksthatfollow.

Task1:Story–retelling

Now,workingroups(3-4members)chgroupndsone

reprentativetotellthewholeclassyourinterpretationofBuyingPropertyintheUK.

Task2:Groupdiscussion

DiscusswithyourpartnersaboutthedifferenceofbuyingpropertyinChinaandintheUK.

Exercis

eandfillintheblankswithproperwordsorterms.

(1)aretheancestorsoftheprent-dayScottish,WelshandIrish,whilearethe

ancestorsoftheEnglishpeople.

(2)TheexistenceandcontinuityofandSocialClass,theuof,suchasmileand

pound,andtheresistanceofjoiningthearesomeexamplesthatillustratetheconrvationof

TheTimesTheSun

32

Britishpeople.

(3)isthetopclassintheBritishSociety,anditmainlyconsistedofthe,

,and.

(4)inatesfromthelanguagespokenbythe

.

(5)DuringtheMiddleEnglishperiod,manywordswerebroughtintotheEnglishvocabularyand

becamepartofit.

(6)halfoftheBritishpeoplearewho

believeinGodandBible.

(7)ManyholidayscelebratedthroughoutthenationintheUKreflectthe,,

andbackground.

(8)AtprenttheofficialbirthdayofQueenElizabethIIiscelebratedonthecondSaturdayinJuneeachyearby

amilitaryparadeknownas.

(9)Itsnationalsportis,whileisundoubtedlythemostpopularsportthroughout

thecountry.

(10)RadiointheUnitedKingdomisdominatedbythe,whichoperatesradiostationsbothinthe

UnitedKingdomandabroad.

onsonthisunit:

1)WhatarethecharacteristicsofBritishHumor?

2)HowcanyoudistinguishaBritishpeople’sclassstatus?

3)HowmanyperiodscanthedevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguagebedividedintoandwhatarethey?

4)WhatarethetraditionsofEaster?

5)WhatarethetwotypesofBritishnewspaper?

orexplanation:

1)Sportsmanship

2)TheMiddleClass

3)StandardEnglish

4)BoxingDay

5)WimbledomChampionship

isandcomments:

1)ThedevelopmentofEnglishlanguage

2)Britishnewspaperculture

33

Chapter5HigherEducation

英國是一個有悠久教育傳統的國家。它的教育體系經過幾百年的沿革，已相當完善和復雜，且具有非

常大的靈活性。總體來說分為五個階段：早期教育、小學、中學、延續教育和高等教育。延續教育分為兩

種體系：學業路線和職業路線。在延續教育結束后，學生如果想要進入大學學習需要通過A-level考試，并

取得優秀成績。

大學教育一般從18歲開始，本科需要3到4年，碩士通常為1年到2年，博士為3年到5年。英國各

個大學有不同教學方法，但大多都采用輔導課、上大課和專題報告相結合的教學方式。學生要花相當多的

時間閱讀、查資料、研究項目和寫論文。英國大學所授學位均享有極高聲譽，又各具特色。其中最古老也

是最著名的是牛津大學和劍橋大學。英國許多高等學院提供遠程教學課程，為那些未在適齡階段接受延續

教育的成年人提供接受高等教育的第二次機會。

hEducationSystem

TheBritisheducationalsystemcanbedividedintofivestagesofeducation:PreschoolEducation,Primary

Education,SecondaryEducation,ioniscompulsoryandfreefor

allchildrenbetweentheagesof5(4inNorthernIreland)and16,includingPrimaryEducationandSecondary

ingtothelaw,r,itisnot

necessarcas,childrencan

receiveeducationathome,educationconsistsoftwoparallelsystems:state

esystem,educationistotallyfreeofcharge,fundedfromtaxesandmostare

sareexpectedtopayfortheirchild’sstationaries,schooluniformaswellas

fortheirschooltrips,whilethecostofothermorespecializedequipment,likebooks,examinationfeesarecovered

atesystem,parentspayfortheirchildrentoattendpublicschools,alsoknownasprivate

schools,whichaent,thereare

about2,500publicschoolsintheUK,amongwhichthemostfamousandprestigiousonesareEtonand

Winchester.1About94%ofchildreninthecountryreceivefreeeducationfrompublicfunds,whiletherestreceive

PrimaryandSecondaryEducationthroughtheprivatesystemorhomeschooling.

PrthechildrenintheUK

attendmixedxorco-educationalschools,andusuallylocatedclotothechild’rstheyprovide

ildrentransfertothecondaryschoolattheageof11andfinish

retwotypesofcondaryschools:comprehensiveschoolsand

88%condaryschoolstudentsintheUKgotocomprehensiveschools,wherechildren

ofallabilitiescanreceivecomprehensiveeducationthatincludesacademicsubjects,likeliteratureandscience,as

1EtonandWinchester：伊頓公學和溫徹斯特公學。伊頓公學位于倫敦以西，溫徹斯特公學位于倫敦西南部，兩所學校都是英

國著名的私立貴族學校。許多皇室成員、政治大臣、社會名流、業界大亨的子女都就讀于這兩所學校。

34

rSchoolsarelective,sincetheentranceisbadonatestof

ostudentswhogethighmarksinthe“ElevenPlus”examinationorshowacademic

s,theirsubjectsaremoreacademicallyoriented,focusingonimprovingstudent’s

rschoolsareallsingle-xedschools.

WhenstudentsfinishtheirSecondaryEducationat16,theyarerequiredtotakeanationalexaminationcalled

theGeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation(GCSE),whichteststhestandardstheyachieveafter11yearsof

ingtotheresults,theydecidewhateducationtheywouldliketofollow,preparingto

tswhohopetoattenduniversitieswillcontinueathigh

schoolfortwomoreyearsoffurtherstudy,whichiscalledtheSixForm,andthentakeafurthertofstandardized

examsinGeneralCertificateofEducation-Advanced,knownasA-levels,yearsof

studyintheSixFormisverystressfulandimportant,astheresultsofA-levelsdeterminewhethertheyareeligible

owhocouldgetthreeorfourA-levelsinsubjectscouldgettheiradmittanceto

30%ofthe18to19yearoldstudentnterfull-timehighereducationeachyearintheUK.

Otherstudentswhodonotwanttoreceivehighereducationmaychoototakevocationaltraining,whichfocus

moreonstudent’spracticalskills,andtheywilltakecorrespondingexamsintheGeneralNationalVocational

Qualifications(GNVQs)1,thevocationalequivalentoftheA-levels.

Thefifthstage,HigherEducation,startsfromageof18andprovidesunderground,postgraduate,anddoctoral

tcompulsory,whichmeansthatallthestudentshavetopaytheirtuition,feesandlivingcosts.

Butthelocalauthorityandgovernmentprovidesfinancialassistanceandloanstostudentsfrompoorfamily,which

inoughtocoverallthecostsduringhighereducation.

uctiontoBritishHigherEducation

Britishhighereducationnormallyincludesacademiceducationaswellasvocationaleducationandtraining.

Higheracademiceducationistraditionallyconcentratedmoreonthestudents’academicachievements,whilethe

highervocationaledues,universities,

andinstitutionofahigher

educationprogramgenerallyresultsintheawardingofcertificates,diplomas,

educationincludesteaching,rearch,appliedwork,andsocialrvicesactivitiesofuniversities.

IntheUKuniversities,thechancellorisusuallyaceremonialfigureheadandnon-residentheadofthe

university,ncellorisusuallytheRoyal

e-chancelloristheactualchiefexecutiveofa

university,whoisinchargeoftheacademicandadministrativeaffairs.

yofBritishHigherEducation

liesthighereducationinstitutioncanbetracedbackto

ablishmentofOxfordUniversityandCambridgeUniversityinthe12thand13th

time,theuniversitieswererunbychurch.

Thesheirmajorfunctionswasto

ghprogresshadbeenmade,thelevelandscaleofhigher

educationstillsufferedvererestr

until19thcenturywhentheIndustrialRevolutioncompletedintheUKdidhighereducationembracedabooming

enon,1830s,University

ofLondonandDurhamUniversitywasfounded,followedbythefoundingofmanycityuniversities,suchas

1GeneralNationalVocationalQualification(GNVQs)：國家通用職業資格證書。GNVQs是一種廣泛的職業教育課程，與學業路

線中的GCSE和A-Level相平行，但在學業深度和難度上并不亞與這類課程。

35

UniversityofManchester,UniversityofBirmingham,thedecadesbeforeand

afterWWII,withthefoundingofUniversityofNottingham,UniversityofExeter,UniversityofLeisteretc.,the

experiencedalargeexpansioninnumbersof

r,ot

untilthe1992thatpolytechnicsandcollegesweregiventherighttobecomeuniversities,whichalsocontributedto

ent,thereareover100universitiesaswellasmany

iversitiesaregovernmentfundedexceptthe

UniversityofBuckingham1,whichisprivatefunded.

ionofBritishHigherEducation

AlltheuniversitiesintheUnitedKingdom,exceptfortheOpenUniversity,shareanundergraduateadmission

ationsmustbemadeby15thOctoberforadmissionstoOxford,Cambridgeand

medicine,dentistryandveterinarysciencecours,andby15thJanuaryforadmissionstootherUKuniversities.

Admissionisbadonstudent’sA-levelresults,schoolreferences,mes,forsome

subjects,particularlyifhighlycompetitiveorthatleadtoaprofessionalqualification,studentsarerequiredtobe

lltherequirements,A-levelresultsisthe

mostimportantone.A-levelexamscoveracollectionofover70courssuchasmathematics,physics,computer

science,ticipantsshouldtake3or4coursaccordingtotheirabilityandthecourthey

malentry

tice,mostoffersofplaces,especially

popularcoursinfamousuniversities,mple,forprestigious

universitieslikeCambridgeandOxfordusuallydemand“allA”or“AAB”nterpartof

ghbothofthemaretakenasawaytopickup

candidatesforfurtherstudy,tshave

s,theycanchoowhethertotakeallthesubjectsallofa

er,thesamesubjectscanbetakenformorethanonce.

ngMethod

Onthewhole,“flexibility”ishUniversitiestherearenofixed

xtsareinthelibraryandineveryaspectsofsocialliferelatedtoyourspecialty.

Theprofessororlecturerwillchoohisorherteachingcontentsinaccordancewiththelatesttrendsand

thestartofthecour,alistofreferencebookswillbegiven,coveringthecontents

tsot

listedinthelistmayalsobeneeded;therefore,studentswillhavetofindeveryufulbooksandlearningmaterials

er,romtraditional

classandlectures,minars,informalgroupworks,prentationsandmanualpracticesalsoabound,aimingto

improvestudents’abilitytoponewpoints,puttheoriesintopracticeaswellastoanalysisandsolvepractical

tion,theasssmentmethodsarevaried,includingexaminations,individualorgroup

prentations,essayorreportwriting,ionalexamisnottheonlywaytoevaluate

students’masteryofthecour.

1UniversityofBuckingham：白金漢大學。英國唯一一所私立大學該大學不依靠政府撥款辦學，因此能夠開設創新性的課程，

根據工商企業需求的變化迅速調整教學內容。

2UCAS:TheUniversitiesandCollegesAdmissionsService，英國高等院校聯合招生服務辦公室。它是一個公共服務機構，統一為英國所

有大學提供招生服務，和其他國家不同，申請英國大學的本科學位課程，都要通過UCAS進行申請。

36

AnotherfeatureofBritishhighereducationisitmphasisonstudents’tsarethe

romthetimeofteaching,thereisplentyoffreetimefortheir

sitiesalsoprovideastimulatingandencouragingenvironment,which

includesatutorialsystem,accesstothelatestrearchingresultsaswellasadvancedfacilities,tofacilitate

students’mple,insomecours,studentsmayberequiredtowriteanessayonthetopic

rtowritetheessaystudentswillhavetoreadagreatmanyrelatedbooks,

journals,academicarticlesandreports,carefullyanalyzetheinformationandknowledgetheycollected,andfinally

ore,afterthecompletionoftheessay,notonly

students’readingandwritingabilityisimproved,buttheirabilitiesoffindingandlectingufulinformation,their

acknowledgtingprocessisactually

aprocessoflf-study.

ySupervisionMechanism

InBritain,thecentralgrethat

thequalityismaintained,Britain

universityderdsarehighnotjustin

teachingbutinotherfacilitiesaswell:Libraries,computers,

institutionofhighereducationisstringentlyinspectedbythegovernmenttoguaranteehigh-levelrvicefor

ear,QAA(QualityAssuranceAgency)accordsimpartial

estimationtoeverycourreferringtouniformstandardsoastogivethepublicapanoramicimpressionofhow

eachschoolperformsinidenticalspecialty.

sities

Britishuniversitieshavelongattractedandwelcomedstudentsofdifferentnationalitiesandbackgrounds,and

todaybuiltonhundredsofyearjoy

remanyrenownedandworld-leading

universitiesthathavealonghistoryforhundredsofyears,suchastheUniversityofOxfordandtheUniversityof

Cambridge,aswellasanumberofrelativelynewuniversities,whichalsoprovidesfirst-classqualityeducationand

,therearemanyoptionsofuniversitieswithvariedcharacteristicsthat

bothdomesticandinternationalstudentscanchoofromaccordingtotheirownsituationsandpreferences.

sityofOxford哪種牙膏好

AstheoldestuniversityintheEnglish-speakingworld,sno

cleardateoffoundation,butevidencehasprovedthatteachingexistedatOxfordcanbetracedbackto1096and

developedrapidlyfrom1167,wh

disputesbetweenstudentsandOxfordtownsfolkin1209,someacademicsflednortheasttoCambridge,wherethey

SeminarDiscussion

37

“ancientuniversities”arefrequentlyjointlyreferred

toas“Oxbridge”.

Theuniversityconsistsof38constituentcollegesandafullrangeofacademicdepartmentswhichare

collegesarelf-governing,

udtobeasinglexuniversity,

henmanyofitscollegesbeganto

1974,enon,allcollegeshave

2008,withStHilda’sCollege,thelastofOxford’ssingle

xcollege,admittingbothmaleandfemalestudents,allthecollegesofOxfordhasbecomemixedcolleges.

TheUniversityofOxfordislocatedontheupperreachesoftheThamesand87kilometersawayfrom

niversityoccupiesalmosthalfofthecityofOxford,thecityiscalledthecityof

cityuniversity,itdoesnothaveamaincampus;instead,allthebuildingsandfacilitiesare

scatteredthroughoutthemetropolitancenter.

Withmorethan22,000students,11,000staffand230,000alumniaroundtheworld,peopleareoneofthe

ftedmenandwomenhavestudiedor

-sixBritishPrimeMinistershavebeeneducatedatOxford

University,includingMargaretThatcher,tion,thereareover50NoblePrize

laureatesaswellasmorethan30internationalleadersstudiedintheUniversity.

versityofCambridge

TheUniversityofCambridge,foundedin1209,isthecondoldestuniversityintheUKandthe

outofanassociationformedbyscholarsleavingtheUniversityofOxfordafter

ent,Cambridgeisformedfromavarietyofinstitutions,including31constituent

legesarelf-governingand

independentinstitutions,eachwithitsownpropertyandincome,

llegeappointsitsownteachingstaffandfellows,

legesalsodecidetheadmissioninaccordancewith

universityregulations.

Amongthe31collegesofCambridge,threeofthem,MurrayEdwards,NewnhamandLucyCavendish,admit

womenonly,r,Clare

HallandDarwin,whichadmitonlypostgraduates,allothercollegesadmitbothundergraduateandpostgraduate

Hall,LucyCavendish,StEdmund’sandWolfsonaretheonlycollegesadmitstudentswithage

21yearsorolder)

TheUniversityofCambridgeissituatedinthecityofCambridge,whichliesinEastAnglia,ontheRiverCam,

versityoccupiesacentrallocationwithinthecityofCambridge,with

thestudentstakingupnearly20%ofthetown’theoldercollegesaresituatednearbythecity

TheUniversityofOxford

TheUniversityofCambridge

38

centerandriverCam,alongwhichitistraditionaltopunt(乘方頭平底船)toappreciatethebuildingsand

surroundings.

Itsreputationforoutstandingacademicachievementisknownworldwideandreflectstheintellectual

achievementsofitsstudents,aswellastheworld-classoriginalrearchcarriedoutbythestaffoftheuniversity

ecourofitshistory,asizeablenumberofCambridgeUniversityacademicsandalumni

havebecomenotableintheirfields,bothacademicandinthewiderworldlikepolitics,w,

affiliatesoftheUniversityofCambridgehavewonmorethan85Nobelprizes,morethananyotheruniversity

undergraduatesoftheuniversityhavewonatotalof61Nobelprizes,13more

thantheundergraduatesofanyotheruniversity.

ckUniversity

RedBrickUniversityisaninformaltermudtorefertosixcivicuniversitiesfoundedinthelate19thand

eVictoriaUniversity,theUniversityof

Liverpool,theUniversityofManchester,theUniversityofBirmingham,theUniversityofLeeds,theUniversityof

Sheffield,hesixexistingredbrickinstitutions,ortheirpredecessorinstitutes,

gaineduniversitystatusbeforeWorldWarIandwereinitiallyestablishedascivicscienceorengineeringcolleges.

Theterm“redbrick”wasfirstcoinedbyaprofessorattheUniversityofLiverpooltodescribethecivic

erencewasinspiredbythefactthattheVictoriaBuildingattheUniversityofLiverpoolisbuilt

fromadistinctiveredpresdbrick,basistheUniversityofLiverpool

isconsideredtobetheoriginal“redbrick”institution,althoughthetermlaterbecameageneraltermforallthecivic

universitiesoftheday.

lassUniversity

ThetermPlateGlassUniversityreferstoanyoftheveraluniversitiesfoundedinthe1960sintheeraofthe

RobbinsReportonhighereducation,whichwascommissionedbytheBritishgovernmentandpublishedin1963,

recommendingimmediateexpansionofuniversities,andthatallCollegesofAdvancedTechnologyshouldbegiven

ndingofplateglassuniversitiesweresomehowtheconquencesoftheRobbins

niversitiesincludesAstonUniversity(1966),UniversityofEastAngl飯店的英語 ia(1963),UniversityofEsx

(1964/5),UniversityofKent(1965),LancasterUniversity(1964),UniversityofSusx(1961),Universityof

Warwick(1965),andUniversityofYork(1963).

Theterm“plateglass”wascoinedinthebook,ThePlateglassUniversities,

book,hefirstudthetermtorefertothenewuniversities,sincemostofthemhavebuildingwithmodern

architecturaldentrastedwiththe

redbrickuniversitiesandtheolderancientuniversities.

nUniversity

Tversityisfundedbya

combinationofstudentfees,contractincomeandallocationsforteachingandrearchbythehighereducation

,students’previous

academicachievementsarenottakenintoaccountforentrytomostundergraduatecours.

Withmorethan250,000studentnrolled,includingaround32,000agedunder25andmorethan50,000

overasstudents,itisthelargestacademicinstitutionintheUnitedKingdombystudentnumber,andqualifiesas

oneoftheworld’slargestuniversities.

TheOpenUniversityprovidesuniversityeducationtothowishingtopursuehighereducationonapart-time

and/ordistancelearningbasis,includingpeoplewithhealthdisabilities,whoareofficiallyaprioritygroupforthe

university.

39

WatchthevideoclipofIntroductiontoGCSE,A-LEVELandIBintheUKandfinishthetasksthatfollow.

Task1:Story–retelling

Now,workingroups(3-4members)chgroupndsone

reprentativetotellthewholeclassyourinterpretationofthestandardsmentionedinthevideoclip.

Task2:Groupdiscussion

DiscusswithyourpartnersabouttheexaminationsystemsinChinaandtheUK

Exercis

eandfillintheblankswithproperwordsorterms.

1)TherearetwotypesofschoolintheBritishPrimaryandSecondaryEducation:Theschools

andtheschools.

2)Studentswhodonotwanttoreceivehighereducationmaychoototakevocationaltraining,whichfocus

moreonstudent’spracticalskills,andtheywilltakeexamsin,thevocationalequivalentofthe

A-levels.

3)Admissiontouniversitiesisbadonstudent’sschoolreferences,highschoolrecords,,and

sometimestheirperformanceintheuniversity’sinterview.

4)Theestablishmentofandinthe12thand13thcenturysymbolizedthebeginning

ofBritishhighereducation.

5)Onthewhole,“”maybeudtodescribeBritishteachingmode;anditemphason

.

6)InBritain,playsacriticalroleinthesupervisionofeducationalquality.

7)Thetwo“ancientuniversities”,CambridgeandOxford,arefrequentlyjointlyreferredtoas“”.

8)Except26BritishPrimeMinistershavebeeneducatedatOxfordUniversity,thereareover50

aswellasmorethan30internationalleadersstudiedintheUniversity.

9)Thetermreferstoanyoftheveraluniversitiesfoundedinthe1960sintheeraofthe

RobbinsReportonhighereducation.

10)Instudents’previousacademicachievementsarenottakenintoaccountforentrytomost

undergraduatecours.

onsonthisunit:

ystagescantheBritishEducationsystembedividedinto?

ethedifferencesbetweencomprehensiveschoolsandgrammarschoolsintheUK?

rethetwomostimportantandfamousuniversitiesintheUK?

40

ouunderstand“flexibility”asoneofcharacteristicsofteachingmethodsappliedintheBritish

HigherEducation?

etheadmissionofuniversitiesbetweenChinaandtheUK.

orexplanation:

1)publicschools

2)GCSE

3)A-level

4)Oxbridge

5)RedBrickUniversity

isandcomments:

1)BenefitsandpotentialproblemsforChinestudentstostudyintheUK

2)Whatshouldbeplacedfirstineducation,andwhy?