中國特色文化詞匯及段落英譯

常用的中國文化特色英譯詞匯

陽歷：solar calendar

陰歷：lunar calendar

閏年：leap year

十二生肖：zodiac

春節：the Spring Festival

元宵節：the Lantern Festival

清明節：the Tomb-sweeping Day

端午節：the Dragon-boat Festival

中秋節：the Mid-autumn Day

重陽節：the Double-ninth Day

七夕節：the Double-venth Day

春聯：spring couplets

春運：the Spring Festival travel

把中國的漢字“福”字倒貼在門上(聽起來像是福到)預示新年有好運：

風水：Fengshui; geomantic omen

turn the Chine character forluck (fu) upside down to make “dao”(which sou

nds like arrival) and put it on your door to bringin good fortune for the new y

ear

廟會：temple fair

爆竹：firecracker

年畫：(traditional) New Year pictures

壓歲錢：New Year gift-money

舞龍：dragon dance

舞獅：lion dance

元宵：sweet sticky rice dumplings

花燈：festival lantern

燈謎：lantern riddle

食物對于中國佳節來說至關重要，但甜食對于農歷新年特別重要，因為他們能讓新的一

年更加甜蜜。

Food is central to all Chines festivals, but sugary snacks are especially import

ant for LunarNew Year, since they sweetne up prospects for the coming year.

傳統的佳節食物包括年糕、八寶飯、餃子、果脯和瓜子。

Traditional holiday treats include nian gao (rice pudding), ba bao fan (eight tr

easure rice),jiao zi (crispy dumplings), candied fruits and eds.

四合院：Siheyuan/ Quadrangle

亭/閣：pavilion/attic

刺繡：Embroidery

剪紙：Paper Cutting

書法：Calligraphy

針灸：Acupuncture

象形文字：Pictograms/Pictographic Characters

偏旁：radical

戰國：Warring States

人才流動：Brain Drain/Flow

鐵飯碗：Iron Bowl

黃土高原：Loess Plateau

紅白喜事：Weddings and Funerals

儒家文化：Confucian Culture

孟子：Mencius

火鍋：Hot Pot

《詩經》：the Book of Songs

《史記》：Historical Records/ Records of the Grand Historian

《西游記》：The Journey to the West

唐三彩：Tri-color Pottery of the Tang Dynasty/ The Tang Tri-colored Pottery

火藥：gunpowder

印/璽：Seal/Stamp

京劇：Beijing Opera/Peking Opera

秦腔：Crying of Qin People/Qin Opera

相聲：Cross-talk/ Comic Dialogue

電視小品：TV Sketches/TV Skit

太極拳：Tai Chi

天壇：Altar of Heaven in Beijing

故宮博物館：The Palace Muum

敦煌莫高窟：Mogao Caves

小吃攤：Snack Bar/Snack Stand

春卷：Spring Roll(s)

蓮藕：Lotus Root

北京烤鴨：Beijing Roast Duck

門當戶對：Perfect Match/ Exact Match

《水滸》：Water Margin/Outlaws of the Marsh

文房四寶(筆墨紙硯)：”The Four Treasure of the Study”/

“Brush, Ink-stick, Paper, andInk-stone”

兵馬俑：Cotta Warriour/ Terracotta Army

風水 Fengshui; geomantic omen

陽歷 Solar calendar

陰歷 Lunar calendar

閏年 leap year

十二生肖zodiac

春節 the Spring Festival

元宵節 the Lantern Festival

清明節 the Tomb-sweeping Day

端午節 the Dragon-boat Festival

中秋節 the Mid-autumn Day

重陽節 the Double-ninth Day

七夕節 the Double-venth Day

春聯 spring couplets

廟會 temple fair

爆竹 firecracker

年畫(traditional) New Year pictures

壓歲錢 New Year gift-money

舞龍dragon dance

元宵 sweet sticky rice dumplings

花燈 festival lantern

燈謎 lantern riddle

舞獅 lion dance

踩高蹺 stilt walking

賽龍舟 dragon boat race

胡同hutong

山東菜 Shandong cuisine

川菜 Sichuan cuisine

粵菜 Canton cuisine

揚州菜 Yangzhou cuisine

月餅 moon cake

年糕 rice cake

油條 deep-fried dough sticks

豆漿 soybean milk

饅頭 steamed buns

花卷 steamed twisted rolls

包子 steamed stuffed buns

北京烤鴨 Beijing roast duck

拉面 hand-stretched noodles

餛飩 wonton (dumplings in soup)

豆腐 tofu? bean curd

麻花 fried dough twist

燒餅 clay oven rolls

皮蛋 100-year egg; century egg

蛋炒飯 fried rice with egg

糖葫蘆 tomatoes on sticks

火鍋hot pot

長城 the Great Wall of China

烽火臺 beacon tower

秦士臺皇陵 the Mausoleum of Emperor Qinshihuang

兵馬俑 Terracotta Warriors and Hors

大雁塔 Big Wild Goo Pagoda

絲綢之路the Silk Road

敦煌莫高窟Mogao Grottoes

華清池 Huaqing Hot Springs

五臺山"Wutai Mountain

九華山 Jiuhua Mountain

蛾眉山Mount Emei

泰山 Mount Tai

黃山 Mount Huangshan; the Yellow Mountain

故宮 the Imperial Palace

天壇 the Temple of Heaven

午門 Meridian Gate

大運河 Grand Canal

護城河the Moat

回音壁Echo Wall

居庸關 Juyongguan Pass

九龍壁 the Nine Dragon Wall

黃帝陵 the Mausoleum of Emperor Huangdi

十三陵 the Ming Tombs

蘇州園林 Suzhou gardens

西湖 West Lake

九寨溝 Jiuzhaigou Valley

日月潭 Sun Moon Lake

布達拉宮Potala Palace

鼓樓 drum tower

四合院 quadrangle; courtyard complex

孔廟 Confucius Temple

樂山大佛 Leshan Giant Buddha

十八羅漢 the Eighteen Disciples of the Buddha

喇嘛Lama

轉世靈重 reincarnated soul boy 中藥 traditional Chine medicine

《黃帝內經》Emperor Huangdi，s Canon of Traditional Chine Medicine

《神農本草經》Shennong，s Herbal Classic

《本草綱目》Compendium of Materia Medica

針灸 acupuncture

推拿 medical massage

切脈 feeling the pul

五禽戲 five-animal exercis

舊石器時代 the Paleolithic Age

新石器時代 the Neolithic Age; New Stone Age

母系氏族社會 matriarchal clan society

封建的feudal

朝代 dynasty

秦朝 Qin Dynasty

漢朝 Han Dynasty

唐朝 Tang Dynasty

宋朝 Song Dynasty

元朝 Yuan Dynasty

明朝 Ming Dynasty

清朝 Qing Dynasty

秦士臺皇帝 Emperor Qinshihuang; the First Emperor of Qin

皇太后 Empress Dowager

漢高祖劉邦 Liu Bang, Emperor Hangaozu, founder of the Han Dynasty

成吉思汗Genghis Khan

春秋時期 the Spring and Autumn Period

文成公主 Tang Princess Wencheng

慈禧太后 Empress Dowager Ci Xi

皇帝，君主 emperor; monarch

諸侯vassal

皇妃 imperial concubine

丞相，宰相 prime minister

太監 court eunuch

少數民族 ethnic minority

祭祀 offer sacrifices

西域 the Western Regions

戰國 the Warring States

中華文明 Chine civilization

文明的搖籃 cradle of civilization

秦始皇統一中國 unification of the country by Emperor Qinshihuang

鴉片戰爭the Opium War

太平天國 the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom

戌戌變法 the Reform Movement of 1898

辛亥革命 the 1911 Revolution

新民主主義革命 New-democratic Revolution

五四運動 the May 4th Movement of 1919

南昌起義 Nanchang Uprising

918 事變 September 18th Incident

長征 the Long March

西安事變 Xi"an Incident

南京大屠殺Nanjing Massacre

抗日戰爭 the War of Resistance Against Japan

毛澤東 Mao T-tong

孫中山 Sun Yat-n

蔣介石 Chiang Kai-shek

國民黨 Kuomingtang

中華人民共和國 the People's Republic of China (PRC)

滿族 Manchu

蒙古人Mongol

士大夫 scholar-officials

學者 scholar

詩人 poet

政治家statesman

社會地位social status

中國社會詞匯

多元文化論 cultural pluralism

文化適應 acculturation

社會保障 social curity

班車 shuttle bus

相定遷戶 a relocated unit or houhold

大齡青年 single youth above the normal matrimonial age

獨生子女 the only child in a family

單親 single parent

福利彩票 welfare lotteries

家政服務 houhold management rvice

民工 migrant laborers

名人 celebrity

農村剩余勞動力 surplus rural labor/laborers

青春期 puberty

全民健身運動 nationwide fitness campaign

全國人口普查 nationwide census

社會保險 social insurance

暫住證 temporary residence permit/card

青少年犯罪 juvenile delinquency

性騷擾 xual harassment

走私 smuggling

*性另歧視 gender/xual discrimination

年齡歧視 age discrimination

工作歧視 job discrimination

享樂主義hedonism

文盲 illiteracy

貧富分化 disparity between the rich and the poor

盜版 pirated/illegal copies

一國兩制 One Country, Two Systems

三個代表 the Three Reprents Theory

兩會（人大、政協）Two Conferences (NPC and CPPCC)

南南合作 South-South Cooperation

南北對話 North-South Dialog

人大常委會 People's Congress Standing Committee

法制觀念 awareness of law

法制國家 a country with an adequate legal system

改革開放 reform and opening-up

公務員 civil rvants

官僚主義作風 the bureaucratic style of work

和諧并存 harmonious coexistence

計劃生育 family planning

計劃生育基本國策 the basic state policy of family planning

4青才申文明建設 the construction of spiritual civilization

居委會 neighborhood committee

科教興國 national rejuvenation through science and education

可持續發展 sustainable development

廉潔高效 honesty and high efficiency

兩岸關系 cross-straits relations

兩岸談判 cross-straits negotiations

領 土完整 territorial integrity

民族精神 national spirit

普選制 general election system

求同存異 ek common ground while shelving differences

人大代表NPC member

物質文明和精神文明 material and spiritual civilization

小康社會 a well-off society

小康水平 a well-off standard

一個中國原則 the one-China principle

與時俱進 keep pace with the times

綜合國力 overall national strength

共同愿望common desire

"走出去"（戰略）going global

不結盟 non-alignment

單邊主義 unilateralism

多邊政策 multilateralism

多極世界 multipolar world

人 口 老齡化 aging of population

人口出生率birth rate

社區月服務 community rvice

道德法庭 court of ethics

盜用公款embezzlement

成人夜校 night school for adults

在職進修班 on-job training cours

政治思想教育 political and ideological education

畢業生分酉己 graduate placement; assignment of graduate

充電 update one's knowledge

初等教育 elementary education

大學城 college town

大學社區 college community

高等教育 higher education

高等教育"211 工程" the "211 Project" for higher education

高等學府 institution of higher education

綜合性大學 comprehensive university

文科院校 colleges of (liberal) arts

理工科大學 college / university of science and engineering

師范學院 teachers' college; normal college

高分低能 high scores and low abilities

高考(university/college) entrance examination

高校擴招 the college expansion plan

教育界 education circle

教育投入 input in education

九年義務教育 nine-year compulsory education

課外活動 extracurricular activities

必修課 required/compulsory cour

選修課 elective/optional cour

基礎課 basic cours

專業課 specialized cours

課程表 school schedule

教學大綱 teaching program; syllabus

學習年限 period of schooling

學歷 record of formal schooling

學分 credit

啟發式教學 heuristic teaching

人才交流 talent exchange

人才戰 competition for talented people

商務英語證書 Business English Certificate (BEC)

適齡兒重入學率 enrollment rate for children of school age

升學率 proportion of students entering schools of a higher grade; enrollment rate

碩博連讀 a continuous academic project that involves postgraduate and doctoral study

素質教育 quality-oriented education

填鴨式教學 cramming method of teaching

希望工程Project Hope

走讀生 extern; non-resident student

住宿生boarder

研究生 graduate student; post-graduate (student)

應屆畢業生 graduating student; current year's graduate

校園數字化 campus digitalization

校園文化 campus culture

學漢語熱 enthusiasm in learning Chine

學歷教育 education with record of formal schooling

學齡兒重school-ager

學前教育 preschool education

學生減負 alleviate the burden on students

應試教育 exam-oriented education

職業道德 work ethics; professional ethics

記者招待會press conference

國家教委 State Education Commission

國家統計局 State Statistical Bureau

考研 take the entrance exams for postgraduate schools

職業培訓job training

職業文盲 functional illiterate

智力引進 recruit/introduce (foreign) talents

智商 intelligence quotient (IQ)

助學行動 activity to assist the impoverished students

網絡世界cyber world

網絡文化cyber culture

網絡犯罪cyber crime

網上購物 online shopping

高產優質 high yield and high quality

高科技園 high-tech park

工業園區 industrial park

火炬計劃 Torch Program (a plan to develop new and high technology)

信息港info port

信息革命 information revolution

電子貨幣e-currency

人工智能 artificial intelligence (AI)

生物技術 bio-technology

克隆 cloning

基因工程 genetic engineering

轉基因食品 genetically modified food (GM food)

試管嬰兒 test-tube baby

基因哭變 genetic mutation

網絡出版e-publishing

三維電影 three-dimensional movie

光谷 optical valley

虛擬銀行virtual bank

信息化 informationization

信息高速公路 information superhighway

新興學科 new branch of science; emerging discipline

納米 nanometer

個人數字助理 personal digital assistant (PDA)

生態農業 environment-friendly agriculture

技術密集產品 technology-intensive product

數碼科技 digital technology

同步衛星 geostationary satellite

神舟五號載人飛船 manned spacecraft Shenzhou V

風云二號氣象衛星 Fengyun II meteorological satellite

登月艙 lunar module

多任務小衛星 small multi-mission satellite (SMMS)

多媒體短信服務 Multimedia Messaging Service ( MMS)

電子商務 e-business; e-commerce

電子管理e-management

辦公自動化 Office Automation (OA)

信息高地 information highland

信息檢索 information retrieval

電話會議 teleconference

無土栽培 soilless cultivation

超級雜交水稻super-hybrid rice

科技發展 scientific and technological advancement

重點項目key project

國家重點工程 national key projects

南水北調 South-to-North water diversion

西電東送 West-East electricity transmission project

西氣東輸 West-East natural gas transmission project

網絡造謠 fabricating online rumors

惡意侵害他人名譽 maliciously harming the reputation of others

停止月服務 closure/shutdown of rvice

公司歇業 closure of business

道路封閉road closure

人為操作差錯 man-made operational mistakes

生態系統 ecosystem

森林生態系統forest ecosystem

海洋生態系統marine ecosystem

壟斷價格 to monopolize the price

壟斷市場 to monopolize/forestall/captive/corner the market

限購私用汽車 to curb the purcha of vehicles for private u

汽車限購 vehicle purcha restrictions

汽車購買配額 vehicle purcha quotas

車牌搖號 a lottery for licen plates

牌照單雙號限行 odd-even licen plate system

黑名單制度 a blacklist system

執業醫師 practicing physician; licend doctors

二代身份證 2nd-generation ID cards

防偽技術 anti-forgery technology

非法交易 illegal transaction

冒名頂替 identification fraud

洗錢 money laundering

掛失 to report the loss

補辦 to re-apply/post-register

戶籍 houhold registration

居住證 residence permit

山洪暴發flash floods

水位 water level

低洼地區 low-lying areas

淹沒農田 to inundate crops

大橋蜂塌 bridge collap

最嚴重受災地區 worst-hit/worst-stricken area

直接經濟損失direct economic loss

應急系統 emergency respon system

闖紅燈 running red light

遮擋、污損號牌 blocking or defacing licen plates

扣分處罰point penalty

酒駕 drunk driving

終身禁駕 lifetime ban from driving

段落翻譯

一、 對龍圖騰他的崇拜在中國大約已綿延了八千多年。中國龍是古人將魚、蛇、馬、牛等

動物與云霧、雷電等自然天 象集合而成的一種神物。 中國龍的形成與中華民族的多元融合過程

同步。在中國人的心目中，龍具有振奮騰飛、 開拓變化的寓意和團結凝聚的精神。

Chine Dragon Dragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 years.

The ancients in Chi na considered the dragon (or loong) a fetish that combines animals

including the fish, snake, hor and ox wit h cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural

celestial phenomena. The Chine dragon was formed in accorda nce with the multicultural

fusion process of the Chine nation. To the Chine, the dragon signifies innovatio n and

cohesion.

二、 秧歌舞是中國漢族的一種民間傳統舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明

亮多彩的表演服裝，他們的 表演動作有力迅速。在農歷春節、元宵節等節日期間，人們一旦聽

到鑼鼓聲，不管外面天氣有多冷，他們都會蜂 擁到街上看秧歌舞表演。近年來，中國東北某些

城市的老年人自發組織了了秧歌隊，隊員常年通過跳秧歌舞來保 持健康，同事他們也樂在其中。

Yangko is one of tradition folk dance of Han in is usually performed in northern

provinces. The dancer s usually wear colorful and light costumes, and the performance is

powerful and rapid. During some festivals s uch as Spring Festival, Lantein Festival, if people

hear the sound of drum and gong, no matter how cold the w eather is , they will come to street

and appreciate the Yangko. Recent years, the old people in city of east-nor thern of China

organized the team of Yangko by themlves, the teamers keep their health by dancing Yangk

o the whole year.

三、 長城是人類創造的世界奇跡之一。如果你到了中國卻沒去過長城，就想到了巴黎沒有

去看看菲爾鐵塔，或者就像 到了埃及沒有去看金字塔一樣。人們常說：“不到長城非好漢。”實

際上，長城最初只是一些斷斷續續的城墻，直 到秦朝統一中國后才將其連城長城。然而，今天

我們看到的長城——東起山海關，西至嘉峪關——大部分都是在 明代修建的。

The Great Wall is one of the wonders of the world that created by human beings! If you

come to China withou t climbing the Great Wall, it's just like going Paris without visiting the

Eiffel Tower; or going to Egypt without v isiting the Pyramids! Men often say, "He who doest

not reach the Great Wall is not a true man."In fact, it beg an as independent walls for different

states when it was first built, and did not become the "Great Wall" until t he Qin Dynasty.

However, the wall we e today, starting from Shanhaiguan Pass in the east to Jiayunguan P

ass in the west, was mostly built during the Ming Dynasty.

四、 Dumplings Dumplings are one of the Chine people’s favorite traditional dishes.

According to an ancient Chin e legend, dumplings were first made by the medical

saint---Zhang Zhongjing. There are three steps involve d in making dumplings: 1) make

dumpling wrappers out of dumpling flour; 2) prepare the dumpling stuffing; 3) make dumplings

and boil them. With thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tender stuffing, delicious taste, and

unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of times. There’s an old saying that

claims, “Nothin g could be more delicious than dumplings”. During the Spring Festival and

other holidays, or when treating rel atives and friends, Chine people like to follow the

auspicious custom of eating dumplings. To Chine peopl e who show high reverence for

family love, having dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the n ew is an

esntial part of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new year.

餃子是深受中國人民喜愛的傳統食品。 相傳為古代醫圣張仲景發明。餃子的制作是包括： 1）

搟皮、2） 備餡、 3） 包餡水煮三個步驟。其特點是皮薄餡嫩，味道鮮美，形狀獨特，百食不

厭。民間有“好吃不過餃子”的俗語。 中國人接親待客、逢年過節都有包餃子吃的習俗，寓意吉

利。對崇尚親情的中國人來說，“更歲交子”吃餃子，更 是歡度除夕、辭舊迎新必不可少的內容。

五、 Acupuncture Acupuncture is an important part of traditional Chine medicine (TCM).

In accordance with the “ main and collateral channels” theory in TCM, the purpo of

acupuncture is to dredge the channel and regulat e qi and blood, so as to keep the body’s yin

and yang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the interna l organs. It features in

traditional Chine medicine that “internal dias are to be treated with external ther apy”.

The main therapy of acupuncture involves using needles to pierce certain acupoints of the

patient’s bod y, or adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patient’s acupoints so as to stimulate

the channels and relieve pai n. With its unique advantages, acupuncture has been handed

down generation after generation and has now spread all over the world. Nowadays,

acupuncture, along with Chine food, kung fu (otherwi known as Chi ne martial arts),

and traditional Chine medicine, has been internationally hailed as one of the “four new n

ational treasures.”

針灸是中醫學的重要組成部分。按照中醫的經絡理論，針灸療法主要是通過疏通經絡、調和

氣血，來達到陰陽歸 于平衡，使臟腑趨于調和之目的。其特點是“內病外治”。主要療法是用針

刺入病人身體的一定穴位，或用艾火的 溫熱刺激燒灼病人的穴位，以達到刺激經絡。治療病痛

的目的。針灸以其獨特的優勢，流傳至今并傳播到了世界， 與中餐、功夫、中藥一起被海外譽

為中國的“新四大國粹”。

六、 Chine Kung Fu Chine kung fu, or Chine martial arts, carries traditional

Chine culture in abundance. It is a traditional Chine sport which applies the art of attack

and defence in combat and the motions engaged with a ries of skill and tricks. The core idea

of Chine king fu is derived from the Confucian theory of both “ the mean and harmony” and

“cultivating qi” (otherwi known as nourishing one’s spirit). Meanwhile, it also in cludes

thoughts of Taoism and Buddhism. Chine kung fu has a long history, with multi-various

cts and ma ny different boxing styles, and emphasizes coupling hardness with softness and

internal and external training. It contains the ancient great thinkers’ pondering of life and the

univer. The skills in wielding the 18 kinds of weapons named by the later generations mainly

involve the skills of bare-handed boxing, such as shadow boxi ng (Taijiquan), form and will

boxing (Xingyiquan), eight trigram palm (Baguazhang), and the skills of kung fu weaponry,

such as the skill of using swords, spears, two-edged swords and halberds, axes, tomahawks,

kooks , prongs and so on.

中國功夫即中國武術， 是將技擊寓于搏斗和套路運動之中的中國傳統體育項目， 承載著豐

富的中國民族傳統文化。 其核心思想是儒家的中和養氣之說，同時兼容了道家、釋家的思想。

中國武術源遠流長、流派林立、拳種繁多， 講究剛柔并濟、內外兼修，蘊含著先哲們對生命和

宇宙的參悟。后世所稱十八般武藝，主要指：徒手拳藝，如太 極拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械

功夫，如刀槍劍戟、斧鉞鉤叉等。

七、 Chine characters were initially meant to be simple pictures ud to help people

remember things. After a lon g period of development, it finally became a unique character

system that embodies phonetic sound, image, i dea, and rhyme at the same time. The writing

system, which was extremely advanced in ancient times, began with inscriptions on bones and

tortoi shells, and the are regarded as the original forms of Chine charac ters.

Afterwards, Chine characters went through numerous calligraphic styles: bronze inscriptions,

official sc ript, regular script, cursive script, running script, etc. Chine characters are usually

round outside and square inside, which is rooted in ancient Chine beliefs of an orbicular sky

and a rectangular Earth. The five basic str okes of Chine characters are “---“ (the horizontal

stroke) “│” (the vertical stroke), “／”( the left-falling strok e), “＼” (the right-falling stroke), and

“乙” (the turning stroke).

漢字是從原始人用以記事的簡單圖畫，經過不斷演變發展最終成為一種兼具音、形、意韻的

獨特文字。現存中國 古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被認為是現代漢字的初形。此后，漢字又

經歷了金文、隸書、楷書、草書、行書 等不同的階段。漢字結構“外圓內方“， 源于古人”天圓地

方“的觀念。漢字有五種基本筆畫，即：橫、豎、撇、捺、 折。

八、 Chine Chopsticks The Chine way of eating with chopsticks is unique in the world.

The recorded history of chopsticks started more than three thousand years ago. Chopsticks

were named zhu in ancient Chine. They look deceptively simple to u, but posss

multi-various functions, such as clamping, turning over, lifting up, raking, stirring, scooping,

poking, tearing, and so on. Chopsticks were taken as an auspicious mascot by ordin ary

people in ancient China. For example, the partial tone of chopsticks is often ud by people as

a metaphor at weddings to indicate a blessing or benediction for the couple to have a baby

soon. Unlike using a knife and fork or one’s own hands, a pair of chopsticks also implies the

meaning of “Harmony is what matters”. Chopsti cks are highly praid by Westerners as a

hallmark of ancient oriental civilization.

中國人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上獨樹一幟。有史記載用筷的歷史已有三千多年。筷子古

時稱為箸，它看似簡 單，但卻同時具有夾、撥、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多種功能。中國民

間視筷子為吉祥之物，如婚俗中將筷子隱喻為快生貴子的祝福等。與使用刀叉以及手抓的方式不

同，成雙結對的筷子含有“和為貴“的意蘊。西方人贊譽 筷子是古老的東方文明。

九、 Chine Seal A al can also be defined as a stamp. Both the Chine official and

private al of various dynas ties have different titles, such as stamp, zhu note, contract, fu,

lea and others. The als ud by the emper ors of ancient China were called xi, yin, bao,

etc. According to historical records, als were widely ud durin g the Warring States Period

(475BC-221BC). The making of a al is to engrave fonts, such as al characters and official

script and so on; or images in the form of intaglio and embossment into the al, basically

shaped as round or square. Covered with a vermilion overlay, the Chine al is not only

ud in daily life, but it is al so ud to reprent signatures on paintings and calligraphies. It is

gradually becoming one of China’s unique artworks.

印章就是圖章。中國歷代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱記、合同、符、契等等不同的稱謂，

而帝王所用的印章古 時稱璽、印、寶、章等。據史料記載，印章在戰國時代已普遍使用。印章

的制作是將篆隸等字體、圖像用陰、陽 的形式雕刻而成，形狀以圓、方為主。印章用朱色 鈐蓋，

除日常應用外，又多用于書畫題識，逐漸成為中國特有 的藝術形式之一。

十、 Chine Era The Chine era is the symbol that the Chine calendar us for

recording and naming years. Th e ten Heavenly Stems are: jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng, xin,

ren, gui. The twelve Earthly Branches are: ou, yin, mou, chen, si, wu, wei, shen, you, xu,

hai. After obrving the lunar month, the ancients found that t he moon always wazes and

wanes roughly 12 times a year, and two lunar months account for about 60 days, so the order

of the ten Heavenly Stems and the order of the twelve Earthly Branches are properly matched

in turn. In terms of recording date, 60 years is considered to be a full time cycle. The Chine

era chronology wa s first invented in ancient times and is still in u now. according to the

chronology of the “ten Heavenly Stem s,” 2011 is the year of “the venth of the ten Heavenly

Stems” and “ the fifth of the twelve Earthly Branches” .

天干地支是中國歷法中用以記錄和命名年歲的方法。十天干為：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、

庚、辛、壬、癸；十 二地支為：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥。古人觀

測朔望月，發現月亮圓缺 12 次大體上 是一年的天數，而兩個朔望月約是 60 天。古人以十天

干與十二地支的順序依次相配，記錄不同年份，60 年為一 個輪回。干支紀年法從古沿用至今。

按干支紀年法，2011 年便是辛卯年。

十一、 hine Beijing Opera Praid as “Oriental Opera”, Beijing Opera is a genuine

national quintesnce of China. It originated from many kinds of ancient local operas,

especially huiban in southern China. At the end of the 19t h Century, Beijing Opera evolved

and took shape, becoming the greatest kind of opera in China. Beijing Opera is a blend of

performing arts---song, speech, performance, acrobatix fighting and dance. Beijing Opera

portra ys and narrates the plot and characters through stylized acting. The main types of roles

in Beijing Opera are s heng(male), dan (young female), jing (painted face, male), and

chou( clown, male or female).

京劇被譽為“東方歌劇”， 是地道的中國國粹。它起源于中國多種古老的地方戲劇，特別是

南方的“徽班”。到了 19 世紀末，京劇形成并成為中國最大的戲曲劇種。京劇是綜合性表演藝術，

集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、 打（武）、舞（舞蹈）為一體，通過程式化的表演

手段，敘述故事，刻畫人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女 性）、凈（男性）、丑（男性女

性皆有）四大行當。

十二、 Chine Taoism Taoism first originated in China. The founder of Taoism is Laozi, a

philosopher and thinker wh o lived in the late Spring and Autumn Period (770BC-476BC). Tao

Te Ching who authorship has been attribu ted to Laozi, is considered to be the main Taoist

classic. Taoism advocates the value of a human being’s life, recommends the discarding of all

desires and worries from one’s mind, and encourages the cultivation of moral character and

the nourishment of human nature. The following is an example of Laozi’s golden saying: The

w ay that can be told of is not an unvarying way; The names that can be named are not

unvarying names. It wa s from the nameless that Heaven and Earth sprang; The named is but

the mother that rears the ten thousand creatures, each after its kind. Truly, only he that rids

himlf forever of desire can e the cret esnces; H e that has never rid himlf of desire

can e only the outcomes.

道教是中國土生土長長的宗教。創始人是春秋末期的哲學家、思想家老子。道教以老子所著

的《道德經》為主要 經典。道教主張“重人貴生”。崇尚清靜無為，修身養性。“道可道，非常道。

名可名，非常名。無名天地之始；有 名萬物之母。故常無，欲以觀其妙；常有，欲以觀其徼”

便是老子的至理名言。

十三、 Chine Idioms Chine idioms refer to comprehensive and integrated fixed

phras and expressions. Idioms are established and accepted by constant usage and

common practice. An idiom is a language unit that is larg er than a word, but has the same

grammatical function as a word. Most Chine idioms consist of four charact ers. For example,

ziqiangbuxi ( make unremitting efforts to improve onelf), qingchuyulan(bluer than indigo),

and houjibofa (success comes with time and effort). Idioms are extrated from folk proverbs,

ancient works of literature, poems, fables, allusions, and well-known sayings. Idioms are a part

of the Chine language that a re conci and have great vitality.

中國成語是漢語中意義完整的表示一般概念的固定詞組或短語。“成語”中的“成”既是約定俗

成。成語是比詞大而 語法功能又相當于詞的語言單位。絕大多數的中國成語由四個漢字組成，

例如：自強不息、青出于藍、厚積薄發。 成語主要從民間諺語、古代文學作品、詩歌、寓言、

典故、名言警句等方面提煉而成，是漢語語言中精煉而又富 有生命力的一部分。

十四、 China is the home of silk. Mulberry planting, riculture, silk reeling and thickening

are all great inventions of t he ancient Chine. As early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties

(1600BC-256BC), the Chine people’s silk-wea ving techniques had reached an extremely

high level. During the Western Han Dynasty (206BC-25AD), Zhang Qian, an outstanding

diplomat, travelled around central Asia and connected China with the Persian Gulf and th e

Mediterranean, opening up a new era of Sino-foreign trade, exchange and communication.

From then on, C hina’s silk became well known for its extraordinary quality, exquisite design

and color, and abundant culture c onnotations. Hitherto, Chine silk has been accepted as a

symbol of Chine culture and the emissary of orie ntal civilization.

中國是絲綢的故鄉。栽桑、養蠶、繅絲、織綢是中國古代人民的偉大發明。商周時期絲綢的

生產技術就已發展到 相當高的水平。西漢時張騫通西域，把中原與波斯灣、地中海緊密聯系起

來，開辟了中外交流貿易的新紀元。從 此中國的絲綢以其卓越的品質、 精美的花色和豐富的文

化內涵聞名于世， 成為中國文化的象征。 東方文明的使者。

十五、 The Chine classical garden is a precious treasure of our ancient Chine

architecture. It is a kind of environ ment art, which systematically combines artificial mountains

and rivers, plants and buildings with the natural l andscape. The construction standard of a

Chine classical garden is “artificial as it is, the garden must look in genious and natural.”

When you go sighteing in a Chine classical garden, you should be able to appreciat e its

artistic concept which “makes u of the natural landscape to create the real fun of mountains

and rivers for viewers.” Of the world’s three major garden systems, the Chine classical

garden is hailed as one of the o rigins of the world’s garden due to its long history and

abundant connotations.

中國園林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等與自然地貌有機結合的環境藝術，是我國古代建筑

藝術的珍寶。其建造 原則是“妙極自然，宛自天開”。游賞中國古典園林，能充分領略“假自然之

景，創山水真趣”的園林意境。在世界 三大園林體系中，中國園林歷史悠久、內涵豐富，被譽為

世界造園史上的淵源之一。