新時代交互英語讀寫譯1_4中國文化部分翻譯全集

2023年12月11日發(作者：讓愛傳遞)

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Book 1

1 中國龍

對龍圖騰的崇拜在中國大約已綿延了八千多年。中國龍是古人將魚、蛇、馬、牛等動物與云霧、 雷電等自然天象集合而成的一種神物。 中國龍的形成與中華民族的多元融合過程同步。在中國人的心目中，龍具有振奮騰飛、開拓變化的寓意和團結凝聚的精神。

Chine Dragon

Dragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 year. The ancients in

China considered the dragon (or long) a fetish that combines animals including the fish,

snake, hor and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural celestial

phenomena. The Chine dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion

process of the Chine nation. To the Chine, the dragon signifies innovation and

cohesion.

2 餃子

餃子是深受中國人民喜愛的傳統特色食品。 相處為古代醫圣張仲景發明。 餃子的制作是

包括：1）搟皮、2）備餡、3）包餡水煮三個步驟。其特點是皮薄餡嫩，味道鮮美，形狀獨 特，百食不厭。民間有“好吃不過餃子”的俗語。中國人接親待友、逢年過節都有包餃子吃 的習俗，寓意吉利。對崇尚親情的中國人來講，“更歲餃子”吃餃子，更是歡度除夕、辭舊 迎新必不可少的內容。

Dumplings

Dumplings are one of the Chine people’s favorite traditional dishes. According to an

ancient Chine legend, dumplings were first made by the medical saint- Zhang

zhongjing. There are three steps involved in making dumplings: 1) make dumpling

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wrappers out of dumpling flour; 2) prepare the dumpling stuffing; 3) make dumplings

and boil them. With thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tender stuffing, delicious taste,

and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of times. There’s an old saying

that claims, “Nothing could be more delicious than dumplings.” During the Spring

Festival and other holidays, or when treating relatives and friends, Chine people like to

follow the auspicious custom of eating dumplings. To Chine people who show high

reverence for family love, having dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by

the new is an esntial part of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new year.

3 針灸

針灸是中醫學的重要組成部分。按照中醫的經絡理論，針灸療法主要是通過疏通經絡、 調和氣血，來達到陰陽歸于平衡，使臟腑趨于調和之目的。其特點是“內病外治” 。主要療

法是用針刺入病人身體的一定穴位， 或用艾火的溫熱刺激燒灼病人的穴位， 以達到刺激經絡。 治療病痛的目的。針灸以其獨特的優勢，流傳至今并傳播到了世界，與中餐、功夫、中藥一 起被海外譽為中國的“新四大國粹” 。

Acupuncture

Acupuncture is an important part of traditional Chine medicine (TCM). In accordance

with the “main and collateral channels” theory in TCM, the purpo of acupuncture is to

dredge the channel and regulate qi and blood, so as to keep the body’s yin and yang

balanced and achieve reconciliation between the internal organs. It features in traditional

Chine medicine that “internal dias are to be treated with external therapy”. The

main therapy of acupuncture involves using needles to pierce certain acupoints of the

patient’s body, or adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patient’s acupoints so as to

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stimulate the channels and relieve pain. With its unique advantages, acupuncture has

been handed down generation after generation and has now spread all over the world.

Nowadays, acupuncture, along with Chine food, kung fu (otherwi known as Chine

martial arts), and traditional Chine medicine, has been internationally hailed as one of

the “four new national treasures.”

中國功夫

中國功夫即中國武術，是將技擊寓于搏斗和套路運動之中的中國傳統體育項目，承載著豐富的中國民族傳統文化。其核心思想是儒家的中和養氣之說，同時兼容了道家、釋家的思想。中國武術源遠流長、流派林立、拳種繁多，講究剛柔并濟、內外兼修，蘊含著先哲們對生命和宇宙的參悟。后世所稱十八般武藝，主要指：徒手拳藝，如太極拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械功夫，如刀槍劍戟、斧鉞鉤叉等。

Chine Kung Fu

Chine kung fu, or Chine martial arts, carries traditional Chine culture in abundance.

It is a traditional Chine sport which applies the art of attack and defence in combat

and the motions engaged with a ries of skill and tricks. The core idea of Chine king

fu is derived from the Confucian theory of both “the mean and harmony” and

“cultivating qi” (otherwi known as nourishing one’s spirit). Meanwhile, it also includes

thoughts of Taoism and Buddhism. Chine kung fu has a long history, with

multi-various cts and many different boxing styles, and emphasizes coupling hardness

with softness and internal and external training. It contains the ancient great thinkers’

pondering of life and the univer. The skills in wielding the 18 kinds of weapons named

by the later generations mainly involve the skills of bare-handed boxing, such as shadow

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boxing (Taijiquan), form and will boxing (Xingyiquan), eight trigram palm (Baguazhang),

and the skills of kung fu weaponry, such as the skill of using swords, spears, two-edged

swords and halberds, axes, tomahawks, kooks, prongs and so on.

5 中國漢字

漢字是從原始人用以記事的簡單圖畫， 經過不斷演變發展最終成為一種兼具音、 形、

意、 韻的獨特文字。現存中國古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被認為是現代漢字的初形。此后， 漢字又經歷了金文、隸書、楷書、草書、行書等不同的階段。漢字結構“外圓內方” ，源于 古人“天圓地方”的觀念。漢字有五種基本筆畫，即：橫、豎、撇、捺、折。

Chine Characters

Chine characters were initially meant to be simple pictures ud to help people

remember things. After a long period of development, it finally became a unique system

that embodies phonetic sound, image, idea, and rhyme at the same time. The writing

system, which was extremely advanced in ancient times, began with inscriptions on

tortoi shells, and the are regarded as the original forms of Chine characters.

Afterwards, Chine characters went through numerous calligraphic styles: bronze

inscriptions, official script, regular script, cursive script, running script, etc. Chine

characters are usually round outside and square inside, which is rooted in ancient

Chine beliefs of an orbicular sky and a rectangular Earth. The five basic strokes of

Chine characters are “—” (the horizontal stroke), “︱”(the vertical stroke), “丿”(the

left-falling stroke), “丶”(the right-falling stroke), and “乙”(the turning stroke).

6 中國筷子

中國人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上獨樹一幟。有史記載用筷的歷史已有三千多年。筷子 . word可編輯 . .專業.專注.

古時稱為箸，它看似簡單，但卻同時具有夾、撥、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多種功能。中國民間視筷子為吉祥之物，如婚俗中將筷子隱喻為快生貴子的祝福等。與使用刀叉以及

手抓的方式不同，成雙結對的筷子含有“和為貴”的意蘊。西方人贊譽筷子是古老的東方文明。 Chine Chopsticks

The Chine way of eating with chopsticks is unique in the world. The recorded history

of chopsticks started more than three thousand years ago. Chopsticks were named zhu

in ancient Chine. They look deceptively simple to u, but posss multi-various

functions, such as clamping, turning over, lifting up, raking, stiring, scooping, poking,

tearing, and so on. Chopsticks were taken as an auspicious mascot by ordinary people in

ancient China. For example, the partial tone of chopsticks is often ud by people as a

metaphor as weddings to indicate a blessing or benediction for the couple to have a

baby soon. Unlike using a knife and fork or one’s own hands, a pair of chopsticks also

implies the meaning of “Harmony is what matters.” Chopsticks are highly praid by

Westerners as a hallmark of ancient oriental civilization.

7 中國印章

印章就是圖章。中國歷代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱記、合同、符、契等等不同的稱

謂，而帝王所用的印章古時稱璽、印、寶、章等。據史料記載，印章在戰國時代已普遍使用。 印章的制作是將篆隸等字體、圖像用陰、陽的形式雕刻而成，形狀以圓、方為主。印章用朱

色 鈐蓋，除日常應用外，又多用于書畫題識，逐漸成為中國特有的藝術形式之一。

Chine Seal

A al can also be defined as a stamp. Both the Chine official and private al of

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various dynasties have different titles, such as stamp, zhu note, contract, fu, lea and

others. The als ud by the emperors of ancient China were called xi, yin, bao, etc.

According to historical records, als were widely ud during the Warring States Period

(475BC-221BC). The making of a al is to engrave fonts, such as al characters and

official script and so on; or images in the form of intaglio and embossment into the al,

basically shaped as round or square. Covered with a vermilion overlay, the Chine al

is not only ud in daily life, but it is also ud to reprent signatures on paintings and

calligraphies. It is gradually becoming one of China’s unique artworks.

8 天干地支

天干地支是中國歷法中用以記錄和命名年歲的方法。十天干為：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、

已、庚、辛、壬、癸；十二地支為：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥。 古人觀測朔望月，發現月亮圓缺12 次大體上是一年的天數，而兩個朔望月約是 60

天。古人 以十天干與十二地支的順序依次相配，記錄不同年份，60 年為一個輪回。干支紀年法從古 沿用至今。按干支紀年法，2011 年便是辛卯年。

Chine Era

The Chine era is the symbol that the Chine calendar us for recording and naming

years. The ten Heavenly Stems are: jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng, xin, ren, gui. The twelve

Earthly Branches are: , yin, mou, chen, si, wu, wei, shen, you, xu, hai. After

obrving the lunar month, the ancients found that the moon always wazes and wanes

roughly 12 times a year, and two lunar months account for about 60 days, so the order

of the ten Heavenly Stems and the order of the twelve Earthly Branches are properly

matched in turn. In terms of recording date, 60 years is considered to be a full time cycle.

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The Chine era chronology was first invented in ancient times and is still in u now.

according to the chronology of the “ten Heavenly Stems,” 2011 is the year of “the

venth of the ten Heavenly Stems” and “ the fifth of the twelve Earthly Branches”.

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Book 2

1 中國絲綢

中國是絲綢的故鄉。 栽桑、 養蠶、 繅絲、 織綢是中國古代人民的偉大發明。 商周時期

（前 1600—前 256）絲綢的生產技術就已經發展到相當高的水平。西漢（前 206—公元

25）時張 騫通西域，把中原與波斯灣、地中海緊密聯系起來，開辟了中外交流貿易的新紀元。從此中 國的絲綢以其卓越的品質、精美的花色和豐富的文化內涵聞名于世，成為中國文化的象征、 東方文明的使者。

Chine silk

China is the home of silk. Mulberry planting, riculture, silk reeling and thickening are

all great inventions of the ancient Chine. As early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties

(1600BC—256BC), the Chine people’s silk-weaving techniques had reached an

extremely high level. During the Western Han Dynasty(206BC—25BC), Zhang Qian, an

outstanding diplomat, traveled around central Asia and connected China with the

Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean, opening up a new era of Sino-foreign trade,

exchange and communication. From then on, China’s silk became well known for its

extraordinary quality, exquisite design and color, and abundant cultural connotations.

Hitherto, Chine silk has been accepted as a symbol of Chine culture and the

emissary of oriental civilization.

2中國園林

中國園林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等與自然地貌有機結合的環境藝術，是我國古代 建筑藝術的珍寶。其建造原則是“妙極自然，宛自天開” 。游賞中國古典園林，能充分領略

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“假自然之景，創山水真趣”的園林意境。在世界三大園林體系中，中國園林歷史悠久、內

涵豐富，被譽為世界造園史上的淵源之一。

The Chine Classical garden

The Chine Classical garden is a precious treasure of our ancient Chine architecture.

It is a kind of environmental art, which systematically combines artificial mountains and

rivers, plants and buildings with the natural landscape. The construction standard of a

Chine classical garden is “artificial as it is, the garden must look ingenious and natural.”

When you go sighteing in a Chine classical garden, you should be able to appreciate

its artistic concept which “makes u of the natural landscape to create the real fun of

mountains and rivers for

viewers.” Of the world’s three major garden systems, the Chine classical garden is

hailed as one of the origins of the world’s garden due to its long history and abundant

connotations.

3文房四寶

筆墨紙硯是中國古代文人書房中必備的寶貝，被稱為“文房四寶” 。用筆墨書寫繪畫在 中國可追溯到五千年前。秦（前 221---前 206）時已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制筆；漢代（前

206—公元 220）以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了紙張之后，簡牘錦帛逐失其用；硯臺則隨 筆墨的使用而發展。“文房四寶”到宋朝（960--1279）以后特指湖筆（浙江湖州）、徽墨（安 徽徽州） 、宣紙（安徽宣州） 、端硯（廣東肇慶，古稱端州）可以說文房四寶書寫了整個中華文明。

Four Treasures of the Study

The writing brush, inkstick, inkstone, and paper were requisite treasures in the study of

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the scholars of ancient China, and they are often referred to as the “Four Treasures of the

Study.” The writing brush and inkstick have been ud by the Chine to write and paint

since 5,000 years ago. In the Qin Dynasty(221BC—206BC), people already ud feathers

of different hardness and bamboo trunks to make brushes. During the Han

Dynasty(206BC—220AD), man-made ink was ud instead of natural ink. After paper

was invented by the Chine, bamboo slips, wooden tablets, brocade and silk, which

originally functioned as writing surfaces, gradually faded out. The inkstone was first

developed with the u of writing brushes and ink. After the Song

Dynasty(960AD—1279AD), the “Four Treasures of the Study” particularly referred to hubi,

the writing brush produced in Huzhou, Zhangjiang province; huimo, the inkstick

produced in Huizhou, Anhui province; xuan paper, a kind of paper produced in

Xuanzhou, Anhui province; and duanyan, the inkstone made in Zhapqing, Guangdong

province(Zhaoqing was earlier called Duanzhou). Indeed, the “Four Treasures of the

Study” have written the whole Chine civilization, as it is.

4 對聯

對聯又稱楹聯或對子， 是以中文語言一字一音的特征撰寫的一種民族文體。 中國對聯的

哲學淵源及深層民族文化心理， 乃是古代中國人把握和認識事物的陰陽二元觀念。 對聯的特征是“對仗” ：字數相等，詞性相當，平仄相合，內容相關，節奏相應。對聯習俗多樣，有 春聯、婚聯、壽聯、挽聯、茶聯等。

The antithetical couplet

The antithetical couplet(also called duilian)is also known as yinglian or duizi. An

antithetical couplet is a kind of national writing style, which is compod by the skillful

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manipulation of the characteristic of the Chine language that one character

corresponds with one syllable . The philosophical origin and national cultural psychology

of the antithetical couplet are the notion of yin-yang duality, according to which the

Chine recognize and master things. The feature of the antithetical couplet is an

“antithesis”: equal characters, the same part of speech, the level and oblique fitting with

each other, the content being related, and the rhythms corresponding. There are many

types of antithetical couple ts, such as Spring Festival couplets, marriage couplets,

birthday couplets, elegiac couplets, and antithetical couplets about tea, etc.

5 中國圍棋

中國古代四大藝術“琴棋書畫”的“棋”特指圍棋。圍棋可謂中國的國棋。故稱為弈， 別稱坐隱，手談。圍棋規則簡單而玄妙無窮。棋盤方圓不及二尺，有十九紋棋路，三百六十 一枚棋子。表面上對弈雙方是對黑白棋子的排布，實則是個人心智、膽識、耐力的比拼。國 棋象征宇宙天地，包含了象數易理，兵法策略、治國安邦等無窮的哲理，充分體現了中國文

化中的智慧與靈性。

Chine Weiqi.

The four art forms in ancient China are guqin, chess, penmanship, and painting. And

chess particularly refers to Chine Weiqi. Weiqi could be called the national chess of

China. In ancient times, Weiqi was called yi, with the alternative names

Zuoyin and Shoutan. The regulations of Weiqi are both simple and complex at the same

time. A full weiqi t has 361 playing pieces and is played on a board with a 19 by 19 grid.

The circumference of the board is less than 2/3 metre. Playing Weiqi may look like an

arrangement of two sides’ black and white pieces. However, it is actually a competition

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between two players and it tests their wisdom, courage, and patience. Weiqi symbolizes

Heaven and Earth. It contains philosophical theories,

such as the theories embodied in the image-numerology in The Book of Changes, the

art of war, and theories on state administration and national curity, which embodies

the wisdom and the spirit of Chine culture.

6京劇

京劇被譽為"東方歌劇"， 是地道的中國國粹。它起源于中國多種古老的地方戲劇，特別是南方的"徽班"。到了19世紀末，京劇形成并成為中國最大的戲曲劇種。京劇是綜合性表演藝術，集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、打（武）、舞（舞蹈）為一體，通過程式化的表演手段，敘述故事，刻畫人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女性）、凈（男性）、丑（男性女性皆有）四大行當。

Beijing Opera

Praid as "Oriental Opera", Beijing Opera is a genuine national quintesnce of China.

It originated from many kinds of ancient local operas, especially huiban in southern

China. At the end of the 19th Century, Beijing Opera evolved and took shape, becoming

the greatest kind of opera in China. Beijing Opera is a blend of performing arts——song,

speech, performance, acrobatix fighting and dance. Beijing Opera portrays and narrates

the plot and characters through stylized acting. The main types of roles in Beijing Opera

are sheng(male), dan (young female), jing (painted face, male), and chou( clown, male or

female).

7道教

道教是中國土生土長長的宗教。創始人是春秋末期的哲學家、思想家老子。道教以老子所 . word可編輯 . .專業.專注.

著的《道德經》為主要經典。道教主張“重人貴生”。崇尚清靜無為，修身養性。“道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。無名天地之始；有名萬物之母。故常無，欲以觀其妙；常有，欲以觀其徼”便是老子的至理名言。

Chine Taoism

Taoism first originated in China. The founder of Taoism is Laozi, a philosopher and

thinker who lived in the late Spring and Autumn Period (770BC-476BC). Tao Te Ching

who authorship has been attributed to Laozi, is considered to be the main Taoist

classic. Taoism advocates the value of a human being’s life, recommends the discarding

of all desires and worries from one’s mind, and encourages the cultivation of moral

character and the nourishment of human nature. The following is an example of Laozi’s

golden saying: The way that can be told of is not an unvarying way; The names that can

be named are not unvarying names. It was from the nameless that Heaven and Earth

sprang; The named is but the mother that rears the ten thousand creatures, each after

its kind. Truly, only he that rids himlf forever of desire can e the cret esnces; He

that has never rid himlf of desire can e only the outcomes.

8成語

中國成語是漢語中意義完整的表示一般概念的固定詞組或短語。“成語”中的“成”既是約定俗成。成語是比詞大而語法功能又相當于詞的語言單位。絕大多數的中國成語由四個漢字組成，例如：自強不息、青出于藍、厚積薄發。成語主要從民間諺語、古代文學作品、詩歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提煉而成，是漢語語言中精煉而又富有生命力的一部分。

Chine Idioms

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Chine idioms refer to comprehensive and integrated fixed phras and expressions.

Idioms are established and accepted by constant usage and common practice. An idiom

is a language unit that is larger than a word, but has the same grammatical function as

a word. Most Chine idioms consist of four characters. For example, ziqiangbuxi ( make

unremitting efforts to improve onelf), qingchuyulan(bluer than indigo), and houjibofa

(success comes with time and effort). Idioms are extrated from folk proverbs, ancient

works of literature, poems, fables, allusions, and well-known sayings. Idioms are a part of

the Chine language that are conci and have great vitality.

Book 3

1中國傳統節日

傳統節日以中國的農歷為依據。農歷年的歲首為春節，俗稱“過年” ，有祈年等多 種習俗， 是中國人民最隆重的傳統節日， 象征團結興旺。 其他主要的節日有元宵節、 清明節、 端午節、七夕節、中秋節、重陽節、冬至節、臘八節等等。每個節日都有其來源講究和風俗 習慣。農歷節日和農歷中的二十四節氣不同。農歷節日是中華民族凝聚力和生命力的體現。 Traditional Chine Festivals

Traditional Chine festivals are usually fixed according to the Lunar calendar. January 1

on the lunar calendar has been designed as the Spring Festival (generally referred to as

guonian). There are veral customs during the Spring Festival, such as praying for a

good harvest, etc. The Spring Festival is the most ceremonious traditional festival in

China and symbolizes unity and prosperity. Some other Chine festivals include the

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Lantern Festival, the Pure Bright Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival, the Double-Seventh

Festival, the Mid-Autumn Festival, the Double-Ninth Festival, the Winter Solstice, and the

Eighth Day of the Twelfth Lunar Month, etc. Each festival has its own unique origin and

custom. The Chine festivals that follow the Lunar calendar are different from the 24

Solar Terms in the Lunar calendar. They embody China’s cohesion and vitality.

2 中國茶文化

茶是中華民族的舉國之飲，發端于神農，興盛于唐宋（618-1279） 。開門七件事，柴米

油鹽醬醋茶，是中國人日常生活的寫照。茶文化是茶的自然和人文雙重屬性的引申與概括。 中國的茶道精神將儒釋道三教融入其中， 其主要目的是借助飲茶藝術來修煉身心，

體悟大道， 提升人生境界。

Chine tea

As a traditional drink for Chine people, Chine tea is believed to have first started

with Chine Emperor Shen Nong, and flourished in the Tang and Song Dynasties

(618AD-1279AD). Making tea was considered one of the ven basic daily necessities

along with fuel, rice, oil, salt, soy sauce, and vinegar, while drinking tea is an apt portrayal

of daily life in China. Tea culture is the extension and generalization of the science and

humanities character of tea. In China, the tea spirit blends the thoughts of Confucianism,

Buddhism, and Taoism, and it aims to help people cultivate both mind and body,

comprehend the truth, and elevate the realm of life through the art of drinking tea.

3 中國畫

中國古代四大藝術“琴棋書畫”的“畫”特指國畫。其繪畫形式是用毛筆蘸水、墨、顏 料作畫于絹、 帛、 宣紙之上， 古代稱之為水墨丹青。 為區別于西方的油畫而稱之為 “中國 . word可編輯 . .專業.專注.

畫” ， 簡稱“國畫” 。其題材有人物、山水、花鳥等。技法可分為工筆和寫意。國畫的藝術特質在 于“筆墨” ，強調以形寫神，畫盡意在。國畫在藝術創作上反映了中華民族的審美意識和情趣。 Traditional Chine Painting

The four art forms in ancient China are guqin, chess, penmanship, and painting. And

painting particularly refers to traditional Chine painting. Traditional Chine painting is

done with a brush dipped into black or colored ink and is painted on silk or xuan paper.

In ancient China, it was called “ink-painting”. In order to distinguish it from Western

oil-paintings, the Chine people term their works “traditional Chine painting”

(abbreviated to “Chine painting”). The subject matters of Chine paintings are

typically figures, landscapes, birds and flowers. The drawing skills and techniques

employed by the Chine painters can be divided into two forms: fine brushwork and

free-hand brushwork. The artistic characteristics lie in “the writing brush and ink”.

Chine painting emphasizes using the shape to convey the feelings of the painter. Even

though a painting is a finished product, it endlessly conveys a meaning. In terms of the

artistic creation, traditional Chine painting is a reflection of the aesthetic

consciousness and artistic ntiment of the Chine people.

4 中國酒文化

中國是酒的故鄉。古人將酒的作用歸納為治病、養生、禮儀三類。酒文化是中華飲食文 化的重要組成部分，它的精神文化價值體現在社會政治生活、文學藝術乃至人生態度、審美

情趣等諸多方面。無酒不成宴，酒籌文化是中國合餐制的產物。宴席上的酒令五花八門，猜 拳、文字令、籌令等都富有豐厚的文化內涵，若胸中無數，則難以自如應付。

Chine Wine and Spirits Culture

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China is the home of wine and spirits. The functions of wine and spirits were classified by

the ancients into three kinds: treating patients, keeping in good health, and showing

politeness and respect to others. China’s wine and spirits culture is an important part of

Chine food culture, and it embodies its values in many respects, such as in social and

political life, literature and art, life philosophies, aesthetics, and so on. There is an old

saying which goes, “It is not a banquet without wine.” Under the custom of having dinner

together in China, drinking games were therefore introduced. There are many kinds of

banquet betting and drinking games, like the morra (a finger-guessing game),

wine/spirits words, wine/spirits chips (a drinking game), all with rich cultural

connotations. In reality, it is difficult to win unless you have a card up your sleeve. 23 5

中國石窟

中國石窟主要反映的是佛教文化藝術。敦煌莫高窟、大同云岡石窟、洛陽龍門石窟、天 水麥積山石窟，號稱中國四大石窟藝術景觀。佛教石窟隨山雕鑿、彩繪，形象生動自然，將

崇高美與世俗融為一體，把天然造化與人工創造有機結合，是由建筑、繪畫、雕塑等組成的 博大精深、絢麗奪目的綜合藝術殿堂。其藝術成就為世界所矚目，已成為重要的世界文化遺產。

Chine Grottoes

Chine grottoes mainly reflect the art of Buddhist culture. In China, there are four major

art landscapes of grottoes: the Mogao Grottoes at Dunhuang, the Yungang Grottoes at

Datong, the Longmen Grottoes at Luoyang, and the Maijishan Grottoes at Tianshui.

Carved and painted on mountains, the Buddhist grottoes mingle both sublimity and

cular feelings together, prenting us a vivid and natural appearance. They embody

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the systematic combination of both the exceptional artistry of great nature and the

extremely fine craftsmanship of mankind. The Chine Buddhist grottoes are regarded as

a profound and stunning general art gallery, which are compod of architecture,

painting, sculptures, etc. The artistic achievements of Chine grottoes have attracted

the attention of the world, and have become important international cultural heritage.

6 中國古典文學名著

中國古典文學包括詩歌、散文、小說以及詞、賦、曲等多種文體，藝術表現手法豐富各

異。而小說中的《三國演義》 、 《水滸傳》 、 《西游記》 、 《紅樓夢》則被稱為中國四大古典文學 名著，至今在國內外都有著廣泛而深遠的影響。研讀四大名著能夠了解中國傳統人文社會、 民俗之心理，是汲取古代文明精粹、處事為人策略與智慧的重要途徑。

Chine Classical Literature

Chine classical literature includes poetry, pro, fiction, and ci (new lyrics written to

pre-existing tunes), fu (“descriptive poems” of pro-poetry),

qu (freer form bad on the new popular songs and dramatic arias), and many other

styles. Its artistic expressions are various in technique. Four classics of Chine literature

are Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin, Journey to the West, and Dream of

Red Mansions, which have extensive and far-reaching significance both on a national

and international level. Through reading “the four famous novels” carefully, you can

experience traditional Chine society and human culture, and folklore customs. And it

is an important way to absorb the quintesnce of traditional Chine culture as well as

to pick up strategies and wisdom on how to get along with others.

7 中草藥

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中藥主要由植物藥（根、莖、葉、果） 、動物藥（內臟、皮、骨、器官）和礦物藥組成。

因以植物藥為主，故也稱中草藥。中藥的應用理論獨特，認為中藥有四氣五味。 “四氣”指

藥性的“寒熱溫涼” ， “五味”指藥物的“辛酸甘苦咸” 。中國人探索中草藥已有幾千年的歷

史，如今中醫藥及其診療方法已傳播到世界各地。

Chine Herbal Medicine

Traditional Chine medicine mainly consists of plant medicine (roots, stems, leaves,

fruits), animal medicine (viscera, skins, bones, organs), and mineral medicine. Chine

herbal medicine is bad on plant medicine. According to the unique application theory

of traditional Chine medicine, it is believed that it contains “four natures and five

flavors.” “Four Natures” refers to the properties of “coldness, heat, mildness, and

coolness,” while “five flavors” refers to the properties of being “pungent, sour, sweet,

bitter, and salty.” It is said that Chine people have been conducting rearch into herbal

medicine for thousands of years. Nowadays, traditional Chine medicine and its

therapeutic methods have extensively been spread to the far corners of the globe.

8 中國瓷器

瓷器是中華民族對世界文明的偉大貢獻。 早在八千年前的新石器時代， 中國的先民就發

明使用了陶器。商代（前 1600-前 1046）中期創造出了原始瓷器。漢代（前 206-公元

220） 末期燒制出成熟的青瓷。 以后瓷器由中國傳播到世界各地， 中國也博得了 “瓷之國” 的稱號。 英文中“瓷器(china)”一詞已成為“中國”的代名詞。

Chine Porcelain

Porcelain is regarded as one of China’s outstanding contributions to the world’s

civilization. As early as the Neolithic Age about 8,000 years ago, the Chine ancestors

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invented and began to u pottery. Proto-porcelain was invented in the mid-Shang

Dynasty (1600BC-1046BC). Celadon was molded in the late Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD).

From then on, porcelain was introduced by China to the rest of the world. China was

therefore dubbed the “porcelain country.” In English, the word “china” has become a

word that reprents “China.”

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Book 4

1 剪紙

剪紙又叫刻紙、窗花或剪畫。剪紙在紙的發明之前就已經流行，當時人們運用金箔、絹

帛、皮革等片狀材料，通過鏤空雕刻的技法制成工藝品。漢代（前 206-公元 220） ，紙張的 發明促使了剪紙的發展與普及。民間剪紙的題材多來源于現實生活，充滿納福迎祥的主題， 表達對美好生活的向往。

Paper-cutting

Paper-cutting (otherwi known as jianzhi) is also called kezhi, chuanghua or

jianhua. Paper –cutting was popular even before paper was invented. When there was

no paper, people carved on gold leaf, silk, feathers, and so on, with a carving technique

known as hollow-cutting to make handicrafts. In the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220AD), the

invention if paper promoted the development and popularity of paper-cutting. The folk

themes of the paper-cutting are rooted in real life, filled with the themes of enjoying a

life of ea and comfort, and expressing the desire for a happy life.

2 儒家思想

儒家思想也稱為儒學，有春秋（前 770 年-前 476 年）末期偉大的思想家、教育家孔子

所創立。歷代代表人物有孟子、董仲舒、朱熹、王陽明等。主要經典有：四書（ 《大學》 、 《中庸》 、 《論語》 、 《孟子》 ） ，五經（ 《周易》 、 《尚書》 、 《詩經》 、

《禮記》 、 《春秋》 ） 等。儒家學派以“仁、義、禮、智、信”為核心內容，構成了其倫理思想體系，是中國古代 長達兩千余年封建社會的主流意識。

Confucianism

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Confucian thought, also called Confucianism, was established by Confucius, a great

thinker and educator who lived in the late Spring and Autumn Period (770BC-476BC).

Some reprentatives of Confucianism throughout Chine history include Mencius,

Dong Zhongshu, Zhu Xi, and Wang Yangming. The main classics of Confucianism are the

Four Books (The Great Learning, The Doctrine of the Mean, The

Analects of Confucius, and Mencius) and the Five Classics (Zhouyi, Shangshu

(Collection of Ancient Texts), The Book of Songs, The Rites, and The Spring and Autumn

Annals). The Confucian school regards “benevolence, righteousness, propriety,

wisdom and fidelity” as being at the core of its ethical system. Confucianism was

the main ideology of feudal society for more than 2,000 years in China.

3 中國象棋

中國象棋早在戰國時期（前 475—前 221）就有記載，最初稱為六博，用象牙做成，到

了北宋（960—1127）末期定型為近代模式。棋盤為九豎十橫線畫成的長方形平面，是中國 封建社會制度和文化的縮影 — 有中軍帳（九宮） 、士位（士、仕） 、文官（象、相） 、武將 （車、馬、炮） 、士兵（兵、卒） 。是世界四大棋類（中國圍棋、中國象棋、國際象棋、日本 將棋）之一。

Chine Chess

The earliest records of Chine chess can be traced back to the Warring States Period

(475BC—221BC). The early-stage Chine chess was compod of six pieces carved out

of ivory, and was therefore called “Six Boxing.” Its final form of play was fixed at the end

of the Northern Song Dynasty (960AD—1127AD) after a long period of development.

The chessboard is a rectangular board that is 9 lines wide by 10 lines long. Compod of

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marshal or general, advisors (scholar or official), civil officials (elephant or minister),

military officers (chariots, hors and cannons), and soldiers (soldiers or pawns), Chine

chess is Chine social institution and culture in miniature. It is also one of the four most

popular chess games in the world, the other three being Chine Weiqi, the games of

chess, and shogi (or general’s chess).

4 二十四節氣

中國古代的先民們，根據太陽在黃道（即地球繞太陽公轉的軌道）上的位置，將一年均 分為二十四個等分，并分別賦予具有特定含義的專有名稱，如春分、清明等，這便是二十四

節氣。 二十四節氣以黃河流域氣候為背景， 把自然季節現象與農事活動的相互聯系作為內容 列入歷法，用以指導農業生產。它是中國古代先民們發明的一種獨特而偉大的歷法。

The 24 Solar Terms The ancient Chine divided a year into 24 equal gments according

to the positions of the sun on the ecliptic. Names were given with special connotations

for the gments; such as vernal equinox (occurs on March 20 or 21) and pure

brightness (occurs on April 4, 5, or 6); and hence they are called the 24 Solar Terms.

Originating from the Reaches of the Yellow River, the 24 Solar Terms are basically

a calendar to govern agricultural arrangements which takes into account the changes in

climate and practical agricultural needs. The 24 Solar Terms are considered a great and

unique creation of the ancient Chine.

5 中國書法

中國古代四大藝術“琴棋書畫”的“書”特指書法。它是用毛筆書寫篆、隸、楷、行、 草等各體漢字的藝術。中國書法在技法上講究筆法、墨法、章法等，其藝術的和諧之美體現 在字里行間。隸書的蠶頭燕尾，楷書的中規中矩，草書的龍飛鳳舞，行書的瀟灑飄逸，可謂 異 . word可編輯 . .專業.專注.

彩紛呈，千姿百態。中國書法體現了中華民族豪爽大氣、端莊含蓄的特點。

Chine Calligraphy

The four ancient Chine artistic forms are called guqin,chess,penmanship, and painting;

and penmanship particularly refers to Chine calligraphy. Chine calligraphy id a kind

of art using a brush to write al script, official scrip, regular script, cursive script, grass

script, and other various writing styles of Chine characters. The writing techniques of

Chine calligraphy are highlighted by the manner of using a brush, the way ink is ud,

the art of composition, and so on. Its harmonious beauty of art is reflected in between

the lines. Chine calligraphy exhibits its beauty in different pos, such as the

uniqueness of the official script’s “silkworm head and swallow tail,” the regular script’s

requirement to “stick to the norm and rules,” the characteristic of grass script’s “flying

dragons and dancing phoenixes,” and the distinctive “natural grace” of the cursive script.

Chine calligraphy reflects the personality of Chine people’s straightforwardness,

dignity, and reticence.

6 中國古琴

中國古代四大藝術“琴棋書畫”的“琴”特指古琴，亦稱瑤琴、玉琴、七弦琴，是中 國古老的一種彈撥樂器。據《史記》記載，琴的出現不晚于堯舜時期。為區分于西方樂器，現被稱作“古琴”。古琴依風之身形而制并命名各部位，反映出儒家的禮樂思想及中國人所 重視的和合性。

Chine Guqin

As one of the four art forms (namely guqin, chess,penmanship, and painting) in ancient

china, guqin is a kind of plucked string instrument which is also known as

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yaoqin, yuqin and qixian qin. According to Chine history book Shih Chi, qin

appeared no later than the Yao and Shun eras. In order to distinguish it from similar

musical instruments of the West, it was called guqin. The guqin’s design imitates the

shape of a phoenix. People also named different parts of the guqin after the names

various body parts of the phoenix. This naming method reflects Confucius’ thoughts on

music and the ideology of harmony that Chine people value.

7 十二生肖

十二生肖是中國用十二種動物所組成的記年方法。我國自古就有“干支記年法” ，而我 國西北地區游牧的少數民族則以動物記年，兩種記年法相互融合，形成了現在的十二生肖，

即：子鼠、丑牛、寅虎、卯兔、辰龍、巳蛇、午馬、未羊、申猴、酉雞、戍狗、亥豬。屬相 的基本意義在于使人們圓融通達、和衷共濟。

The Chine Zodiac

The Chine Zodiac is the Chine way of numbering the years. It attributes an animal to

each year, according to a 12-year cycle. Since ancient times, the Chine people began

to u the Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches to record the passing of years. At the

same time, Chine nomadic people who lived in northwest China instead ud animals

to number the years. The two ways of numbering the years were smoothly integrated,

and the Chine Zodiac took shape. The 12 animals in the Chine Zodiac are: rat, ox,

tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, hor, ram, monkey, rooster, dog, and pig. The meaning of

the symbolic animal of the birth year is that it can make people magnanimous and be of

one mind in times of difficulty.

8.唐宋詩詞

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唐詩代表了中華詩歌的最高成就。知名詩人多若星辰，李白、杜甫、白居易都是世界聞名的偉大詩人。唐詩分為古體詩、律詩、 絕句，又有五言、七言之分，其題材廣泛，數量龐大，風格和流派多樣。宋詞是繼唐詩之后中國古代文學史上的又一座高峰， 歷來與唐詩并稱雙雄。宋詞以長短句為主，依詞牌填詞，豪放派和婉約派詞風各異，主要代表有辛棄疾、蘇軾、柳永、李清照 等。

Tang Poetry and Song Ci

Tang Poetry reprents the highest achievement of Chine poetry. There were many

distinguished poets in the Tang Dynasty, including Li Bai, Du Fu, and Bai Juyi, who are

world-famous. There are various forms of Tang Poetry, such as pre-Tang poetry, regular

poems, short poems. Regular poems and short poems can also be divided into pentasyllabic

and heptasyllabic according to the characters contained in each line. There is an enormous

collection of Tang Poetry, with a wide range of subjects, styles, and schools. Its artistic charm

touches everyone deeply. Song Ci is another summit in the history of classical Chine

literature. Tang Poetry and Song Ci have consistently been called the two literary giants. The

main form of Song Ci is a kind of poetry that chie fly consists of ven-character lines

intersperd with shorter and longer ones. The writers poetize according to particular tunes.

There are two major styles of Song Ci, called the Powerful and Free School, and the Soft and

Tuneful School.

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其他

秧歌舞

秧歌舞是中國漢族的一種民間傳統舞蹈， 通常在北方省份表演。 秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮

多彩的表演服裝，他們的表演動作有力迅速。在農歷春節、元宵節等節日期間，人們一旦聽 到鑼鼓聲，不管外面天氣有多冷，他們都會蜂擁到街上看秧歌舞表演。近年來，中國東北某 些城市的老年人自發組織了了秧歌隊， 隊員常年通過跳秧歌舞來保持健康， 同事他們也樂在 其中。

Yangko

Yangko is one of tradition folk dance of Han in is usually performed in northern

provinces. The dancers usually wear colorful and light costumes, and the performance is

powerful and rapid. During some festivals such as Spring Festival, Lantein Festival, if

people hear the sound of drum and gong, no matter how cold the weather is , they will

come to street and appreciate the Yangko. Recent years, the

old people in city of east-northern of China organized the team of Yangko by themlves,

the teamers keep their health by dancing Yangko the whole year.

長城

長城是人類創造的世界奇跡之一。如果你到了中國卻沒去過長城，就想到了巴黎沒有去看看菲爾鐵塔，或者就像到了埃及沒有去看金字塔一樣。人們常說：“不到長城非好漢。”實際上，長城最初只是一些斷斷續續的城墻，直到秦朝統一中國后才將其連城長城。然而，今天我們看到的長城——東起山海關，西至嘉峪關——大部分都是在明代修建的。

The Great Wall

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The Great Wall is one of the wonders of the world that created by human beings! If you

come to China without climbing the Great Wall, it's just like going Paris without visiting

the Eiffel Tower; or going to Egypt without visiting the Pyramids! Men often say, "He who

doest not reach the Great Wall is not a true man."In fact, it began as independent walls

for different states when it was first built, and did not become the "Great Wall" until the

Qin Dynasty. However, the wall we e today, starting from Shanhaiguan Pass in the east

to Jiayunguan Pass in the west, was mostly built during the Ming Dynasty.

The Terra-cotta Warriors 秦始皇陵兵馬俑

Qin Shihuang 秦始皇, the first emperor of the feudal Chine society, brought with him

massive funerary belongings when he die — a move to show off the authority and

splendor he’d enjoyed during his lifetime (秦始皇是中國封建社會的第一個皇帝。他死后，為了顯示他生前的輝煌和 權威，在他的墓中陪葬了許多東西 ). Among them were

the three barracks of Terra-cotta Warriors (兵馬俑陣), which have been marveled at as

the “World’s Eighth Miracle” 世界第八大 奇跡.

The Underground Army 地下軍陣 Yong is either a human or animal figure made with

clay. The Qin Shihuang’s Tomb 秦始皇陵 and its great army of Terra-Cotta Warriors —

7000 soldiers, 100 hors and 100 chariots in all, give us a picture of the kind of grand

scale of the army and the comple

teness of the army’s military rvices more that 2000 years ago (再現了 2000 多年前氣勢宏偉，兵種齊全的軍陣隊形).

New Year’s Painting 年畫

New Year’s painting is a kind of traditional Chine paintings produced by means of

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woodcut process printing. As an old form of folk art in China, this kind of paintings all

has festival themes and a sharp contrast in colors (年畫是中國畫的一種， 它采用木刻套印的方法作畫， 內容喜慶、 色彩對比強烈，是中國古老的民間美術形式). They are

specially created for decoration of homes, warding off evil spirits and ominous

occurrences in the celebration of the Chine New Year (它是專門為過農歷新年時裝飾環境、除兇辟邪而創作的). That is why they are called New Year’s paintings.

The Lantern Festival 元宵節

The 15th day of the first lunar month is the Chine Lantern Festival, which coincides

with the first full-moon night of the year (這一天正好是新年的第一個月圓之夜). The

major activities of the day include watching painted lanterns, solving riddles, tting off

fireworks, and eating yuanxiao 元宵(sweet dumplings) made of glutinous rice flour （糯米面，糯米粉）.

Eating Yuanxiao 吃元宵 Eating yuanxiao 元宵 on the day of the Lantern Festival

symbolizes family reunion and happiness. Yuanxiao are made with glutinous rice flour

dough, stuffed with a variety of food such as red bean paste, same, mixed nutlets with

sugar. Minced meat is another favored flavor (元宵用糯米粉包 餡制成，餡兒有豆沙、芝麻、各類果仁加白糖，還有肉糜餡等). In southern China, people also eat tangyuan 湯圓(like yuanxiao 元宵). Watching Painted Lanterns 賞花燈 On the night of the Lantern

Festival, lines of painted lanterns are hung around the courtyard and along both sides of

the street. The colorful lights against the full moon create quite a visual feast for people

to enjoy (人們觀燈賞月，其樂融融). Solving Lantern Riddles 猜燈謎 Solving riddles

written or printed on lanterns is another way of entertaining visitors on the night.

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