法律英語單詞(自己整理的)

2023年12月28日發(作者：山大校訓)

僅供參考！歡迎參與詞條建設！

Book 1， unit 1

Reading： Bodies of law

common law

civil law

criminal law

codify

code

disputes

Types of law

習慣法，普通法，判例法 bad on customs

成文法，大陸法，民法

刑法 deal with crimes

編纂

法典

爭執，糾紛

議案；法案。a formal statement of a propod new law that is

discusd and then voted on

規章 carry out the intent of the law

（地方）條例 enacted by a town,city or country government

指令 （如：歐盟指令） establish policies

成文法 formal written law

規章、條例

bill

regulation

ordinance

directive

statutes

provision

article

chapter

clau

Speaking1 : Explaining what a

law says

stipulate

provide

規定

語氣弱于stipulates

specify

Types of courts

appellate court

crown court

high court

supreme court

juvenile court

lower court

magistrates’ court

moot court

small—claims court

tribunal

明確規定

受理上訴法院 review cas heard in a lower court

刑事法庭 hear rious criminal cas

高等法院 the highest court in a jurisdiction

最高法院

青少年法庭 try a person under the age of 18

下級法庭 hear a ca for the first time

地方法院,地方治安法庭 small crimes are tried in the UK

模擬法庭 students argue hypothetical cas

小額補償訴訟法院 limit amount of money

特別法庭，專門法庭 legal problems of a particular type

Speaking2: Civil court systems

專家證人 a person who has specialid knowledge of a

particular subject

上訴人 appeals a decision to a higher court

訴訟律師 plead cas in court

expert witness

appellant

advocate

Listening: Documents in court

affidavit

injunction

writ

pleading

client

法庭宣誓, 口供 swear officially to tell the truth

禁令 stop sb doing something

傳票 involved sb in a legal process

訴訟；訴訟文件 t forth the cau of action

訴訟當事人, 委托人

Book 1,Unit 2

Reading： Legaleducation - a

call to the Bar

1.大律師職業（可出席高等法庭）（尤指資格）the profession of

barrister 2。律師職業 the profession of any kind of lawyer

取消(某人)的律師資格 to stop a lawyer from working in the

the Bar

disbar legal profession，especially becau he or she has done sth

illegal

LLB

vocational

Legum Baccalaureus法學學士

職業的，職業技術的

大律師,出庭律師，辯護律師（在英國有資格出席上級法庭進行辯barrister 護） a lawyer in Britain who has the right to argue cas in

the higher courts of law

律師學院（尤指英國倫敦四個培養律師的組織)（in England） the

four private unincorporated societies in London that

Inns of Court function as a law school and have the exclusive privilege of

calling candidates to the English are Lincoln’s Inn，Inner Temple，Middle Temple。Gray’s Inn

Bar Vocational Cour

call to the bar

法律職業課程

獲得律師資格 allowed to work as a qualified barrister

1。大律師見習期 a period during which a lawyer trains to

become a barrister by studying with a qualified barrir 2。pupillage 大律師實習制度 3。學生時期（尤指接受某人教育) a period

during which you are a student,especially when you are being

taught by a particular person

1.學徒期 a period of time working as an apprentice 2.學徒工作 a job as an apprentice

大律師事務所

1.事務律師,訴狀律師（代擬法律文書、提供法律咨詢等的一般辯護律師）a lawyer who prepares legal documents， for example

apprenticeship

barristers' chambers

solicitor

for the sale of land or buildings,advis people on legal

matters，and can speak for them in some courts of law 2。推銷員 a person who job is to visit or telephone people and

try to ll them sth 3。(城鎮或政府部門負責法律事務的）法務官 the most nior legal officer of a city，town or

government department

Legal Practice Cour（LPC） 法律實踐課程

trainee solicitor

law school

實習律師

法學院

法律博士(美）基礎的法律學位，專供非法學畢業的本科畢業生修juris doctor（J.D)

讀，畢業生可以申請入讀專業法律證書(P。C。LL.)以圖取得香港律師資格,香港中文大學和香港城市大學均設有此課程，2009年起香港大學亦開辦此課程.

律師資格考試 in the USA，an important test taken by law—bar examination school graduates which，when pasd，qualifies a person to

practi law

1。聯絡;聯系 a relationship between two organizations or

liaison different departments in an organization,involving the

exchange of information or ideas 2.聯絡員；聯系人

1。法律顧問；律師 a lawyer or group of lawyers reprenting

counl sb in court 2。勸告，建議 advice，especially given by older

people or experts

Listening

Associate

Full Partner

Paralegal

Real Property

Salaried Partner

合伙人，同事，朋友 2。準會員 adj。合伙的，共事的，有關連的

（法律)無限責任合伙人

n.法律事務助理 adj。輔助律師業務的

n.不動產，房地產

(法律）受薪合伙人

litigation

n.訴訟；打官司the process of making or defending a claim in

a court of law

n.從業人員(尤指醫學或法律界的）a person who works in a

practitioner profession;n習藝者，專門人才a person who regularly does a

particular activity，especially one that requires skill

n。交易,業務，買賣a piece of business that is done between

transaction people，especially an act of buying or lling ; n。辦理，處理the process of doing sth

商標a name,symbol or design that a company us for its

trade—mark

products and that cannot be ud by anyone el;n.特征，標記a special way of behaving or dressing that is typical of

ab and that makes them easily recognized

侵犯權益to limit ab's legal rightsn.觸犯法規to break a law

or rule ；

n。房東,地主a man from whom you rent a room，a hou,etc;n.店主，老板a man who owns or manages a pub or a guest hou

n.房客，租戶，佃戶a person who pays rent for the u of a

infringement

landlord

tenant room，building，land etc；v.(作為租賃者）居住，工作to live

or work in a place as a tenant

Language Focus

出庭律師a lawyerwho is admitted to plead at the bar and argue

cas in superior courts。

1.代理人,法律事務代理人 a legal agent 2. 律師 a lawyer

法律顧問 lawyer suppling advices for corparaton

1.事務律師(英）lawyer who consults with clients and prepare

barrister

attorney

in-hou counl

solicitor documents but is not heard in High Court2.(美）首席法務官main legal officel of the government

corporate lawyer

defence laywer

法務Setting up a business venture for the company

辯護律師 a lawyer of a defendant

government lawyer 政府律師 lawyer work for government

專利律師 a lawyer who drafts and procutes patent

patent lawyer applications and reprents inventors in infringement suits

and interference hearings

tax lawyer

trial lawyer

Unit 3

Reading： Introduction to

constitutional law

US Constitution

稅務律師 lawyer helping with tax issues

出庭辯護律師 defence for the defendant on the court

美國憲法

1.（報紙、雜志的)文章a piece of writing;2.物品；物件object；3。正品；真貨the genuine article;4。（契約、文件的）條款、條文、項目a ction of a formal agreement or document;5.見習契約Someone who is in articles is being trained as a

lawyer or accountant by a firm with whom they have a written

agreement;6.冠詞

1.(法令或法規的）修正條款，修正案a ction that is added to

article

amendment a law or rule in order to change it；2。修改，修訂a change

is made to a piece of writing。

bill of rights 權利法案

司法審查、復審review by a court of law of actions of a

judicial review

government official or entity or of so me other legally

appointed person or body or the review by an appellate court

of the decision of a trial court

正當程序，正當法律程序，法定訴訟程序the administration of

justice according to establish rules and principles

政權分離

（中央及地方的）分權

due process

paration of powers

division of powers

checks and balances

limited government

（政府機關彼此之間的）相互制衡

有限政府

1.來源；產地;2.尋找（產品或貨源的）貨源;3.消息來源；消息人士；（論文中引文的）出處、原始資料 a person or book that

source provides information for a news story or for a piece of

rearch.4.(困難的）根源、原因 a difficulty’s cau。5.（河流的）源頭

前例、先例 If there is a precedent for an action or event,

precedent it has happended before， and this can be regarded as an

argument for doing it again

1.重要問題；議題；爭論的問題 an important subject;2。首要事項；要點；問題的要害;3.（報刊的）期，號，版次the version

of magazine or newspaper;4.發表，發布。make a statement or

a warning known formally or publicly；5。向...頒發；（正式）發給；6。(液體聲音氣味）流出、發出、冒出issues from=comes

out of 7.爭論中的，討論中的at issus=being argued about;8。使。。.引起關注；在。..上跳起爭論make an issue of something;9.不同意；對。.。持爭議take issue with someone or

something=disagree with them;10.在.。。方面有困難have issues

with=have problems connected with

issue

state constitution

mundane subjects

Key terms：Principles of the

constitutional law（BY 陳寧怡2012301180)

州憲法

平凡的人

1。分權。即將政府機構一分為三：立法、行政和司法。每一個分支都有特定的職責范圍,任何其他分支不得侵犯. 2.分權與制衡原 paration of powers 則。美國憲法所確立的一項原則。依布蘭迪斯(Brandeis）大法官所言，這一原則在1787年制憲會議上采納，其目的不在于提高政府效率，而在于保護人民免受暴政或獨裁專制之苦。

division of powers 〈美>（聯邦憲法規定的聯邦和州之間的政府權力劃分）；分權

制衡原則；制約與平衡原則。之每一政府部門皆具有對抗其他任何部門行為的能力，從而不致出現任何單一部門操縱整個政府的權力checks and balances 和職能的理論。如在美國，行政部門可通過行使否決權[veto

power］制約立法機關;而只要達到充分多數，立法機關則可推翻任一否決。

limited government

Unit 4

legal entity

有限政府

Company Law

法律實體

法人Legal persons are of two kinds: natural persons –

people – and juridical persons– groups of people， such as

legal person

corporations， which are treated by law as if they were

persons. While people acquire legal personhood when they are

born, judicial persons do so when they are incorporated in

accordance with law.

法律責任 The legal bound obligation to pay law， a

personal liability

person is legally liable when they are financially and

legally responsible for something..

公司屏障(保護持股人免受獨家業主造成的企業破產所帶來的損失） Its purpo lies in the fact that under the special

corporate veil

circumstance of law， the creditor can investigate control

shareholder's legal liabilities through the“corporate

veil"to make creditor gain more forceful protection。

公司注冊證書[登記執照］,a signed statement by the Registrar

of Companies that a company is duly incorporated

董事會A board of directors is a body of elected or appointed

members who jointly overe the activities of a company or

board of directors

organization. Other names include board of governors, board

of managers， board of regents， board of trustees， and board

of visitors. It is often simply referred to as "the board".

memorandum of association

公司章程A legal document tting up a corporation - either

with or without limited liability — and including the

certificate of incorporation

company's name, purpo， and duration.

謹慎責任a requirement that a person act toward others and

the public with watchfulness， attention， caution and

duty of care

prudence that a reasonable person in the circumstances would。

If a person's actions do not meet this standard of care, then

the acts are considered negligent， and any damages resulting

may be claimed in a lawsuit for negligence。

成立公司 Company formation is the term for the process of

incorporation of a business in the UK。 It is also sometimes

referred to as company registration. The terms are both

company formation

also ud when incorporating a business in the Republic of

Ireland. Under UK company law and most international law a

company or corporation is considered to be an entity that is

parate from the people who own or operate the company.

bonus 獎金 A premium paid in addition to what is due or expected

清償； 結算； 清算；1. The act of determining by agreement

or by litigation the exact amount of something (as a debt or

liquidation damages) that before was uncertain. 2. The act of ttling

a debt by payment or other satisfaction。 3。 The act or

process of converting asts into cash, esp. to ttle debts。

legal entity 法律實體

公司注冊證［登記執照]，法人認可證，公司章程；

A certificate of incorporation is a legal document relating

certificate of incorporation to the formation of a company or corporation. It is a licen

to form a corporation issued by state government. Its preci

meaning depends upon the legal system in which it is ud.

法定形式

statutory form

As for the application materials that are complete and

consistent with the statutory forms or that have been

supplemented by the applicant in light of the relevant

requirements， it shall acceptthem.

memorandum of association

公司章程，公會規約； The memorandum of association of a

company, often simply called the memorandum (and then often

capitalid as an abbreviation for the official name, which

is a proper noun and usually includes other words)， is the

document that governs the relationship between the company

and the outside. It is one of the documents required to

incorporate a company in the United Kingdom， Ireland， India，

Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, and is also ud in many

of the common law jurisdictions of the Commonwealth。

authorized capital

法定資本，額定資本，認可資本；

nominal capital

名義資本

The par value of shares of stock a corporation has issued。

公司章程[執照］；

In corporate governance, a company's articles of association

is a document which， along with the memorandum of association

articles of association

form the company's constitution, defines the

responsibilities of the directors, the kind of business to

be undertaken, and the means by which the shareholders exert

control over the board of directors.

內部規章制度，次要法規，（社、團制定的）規章制度；

bylaw

The official rules and regulations which govern a

corporation's management。 Drawn up at the time of

incorporation， along with the charter。

特別大會

An extraordinary general meeting, commonly abbreviated as

EGM， is a meeting of members of an organisation, shareholders

of a company， or employees of an official body， which occurs

at an irregular time。 The term is usually ud where the group

would ordinarily hold an annual general meeting （AGM）, but

extraordinary gengral meeting

where an issue aris which requires the input of the entire

membership and is too rious or urgent to wait until the next

AGM. Members and/or shareholders must be informed of the

purpo of the EGM so that they may attend in a position where

they can discuss and exerci intelligent judgment，

otherwi any resolutions pasd are invalid。

年度(股東）大會，周年股東大會An annual general meeting

（commonly abbreviated as AGM, also known as the annual

meeting） is a meeting that official bodies, and associations

involving the general public (including companies with

shareholders)， are often required by law （or the

constitution， charter， by—laws etc。 governing the body）

annual general meeting (AGM） to hold。 An AGM is held every year to elect the board of

directors and inform their members of previous and future

activities. It is an opportunity for the shareholders and

partners to receive copies of the company's accounts as well

as reviewing fiscal information for the past year and asking

any questions regarding the directions the business will take

in the future.

董事會

board of director

A board of directors is a body of elected or appointed members

who jointly overe the activities of a company or

organization.

duty of care

fiduciary duty

conflict of interest

balance sheet

profit—and—loss account

bonus issue

capitalisation issue

liquidation

auditor

director

注意義務

誠信義務

利益沖突

資產負債表

損益類賬戶

紅股,或bonus share

資本化發行

清算

審計員

董事；經理 指揮公司業務,構成董事會，為公司決策機構board of

directors 主管；指導者;管理者 officer

liquidator

n。清算人；清算事務管理人,亦稱receiver

managing director

總經理,常務董事 someone who controls resources and

expenditures

①促進者；倡導者；推動者 ②（公司等的）發起人，創辦人 ③promote 推銷商 ④（議案的）提出者，提案人 ⑤（古）刑事訴訟告發人

⑥（英）教會案件的上訴人

代理人；代表，尤用于公司法中

委托書

①涉訟財產管理人 ②破產財產管理人 ③〈英〉接受贓物者 ④〈英〉精神錯亂的看管人

n.股東；股票持有人 share:股份 份額

CONTRACT LAW：Contract Formation

n。提前到期，加速到期Clau in a contract requiring the

obligor to pay all or a part of a payable amount sooner than

as agreed upon the occurrence of some event or

circumstance stated in the contract， usually failure to make

payment。

proxy

授權 授權委托書；代理receiver

shareholder

UNIT 7

acceleration

提前收益，提前批準

n.(財產的)轉讓，讓與Clau prohibiting or permitting

assignment

assignment under certain conditions.

n.讓與證書、委托證書 n。（轉讓的)財產、權力等 v。轉讓

n.保密條款，機密，機密性Clau concerning the treating of

information as private and not for distribution beyond

confidentiality

specifically identified individuals or organizations， nor ud

other than for specifically identified purpos.

n.可以信賴的品質，受到信任的能力

n。對價，約因Clau expressing the cau， motive， price

consideration

or impelling motive which induces one party to enter into an

agreement。

n.考慮，體貼

Force Majeure

n。不可抗力Clau designed to protect against failures to

perform contractual obligations caud by unavoidable

events beyond the party's control, such as natural disasters

or wars。

n。約定違約金，約定違約賠償金Clau referring to an

Liquidated Damages

amount predetermined by the parties as the total amount of

compensation a non-breaching party should receive if the

other party breaches a part of the contract。

n。完整條款Clau stating that the written terms of an

Entire Agreement

agreement may not be varied by prior or oral agreements

becau all such agreements have been consolidated into

the written document。

n。(合同的）可分性Clau providing that, in the event that

verability

one or more provisions of the agreement are declared

unenforceable， the balance of the agreement remains in

force.

Termination

n.

結束

結局

終點Clau outlining when and under which

circumstances the contract may be determined.

n.訴訟費的繳納Clau tting out which party is responsible

Payment of Costs

for payment of costs related to the preparation of the

agreement and ancillary documents。

Express contract

n.明示合同，明約A contract who clau is t clearly by

both parties orally or in written form。

默認契約A contract which is t according to the behavior

n。Implied contract

of two parties and the environment during the formation of

the contract， although there was no obvious words

prented。

防止欺詐法英國1677年通過的一部制定法.該法由諾丁漢n。Statute of fraud

勛爵制定，原名為《Act of the prevention of Frauds and

Perjuries》，立法宗旨是在證據不發達的時代，當事人又無法提供合適證人的情況下,減少合同欺詐。

n.不動產Property consisting of land or buildings。

n。訂立，形成The action of forming or process of forming of

a contract

Real property

formation

Third—party beneficiary

contracts

n。第三人受益合同A contract in which the person who get

the benefit or compensation is another person rather than

either part

Assignment of rights

n.權力的轉讓A clau which regulates the change of the

owner of a particular right

Delegation of duties

n.責任的委托To give certain duty or obligation to someone

el other than two parties of the contract.

delegate

n.代表A person nt or authorized to reprent others。Vt。委任，托付

n.代理人，受托人A person to whom a right or liability is

legally transferred or a person appointed to act for another.

assignee

Illegality of the subject

matter

n。標的物的違法性When either the subject matter（e.g. the

sale of illegal drugs) or the consideration of a contract is

illegal

n。性的欺詐When one party is intentionally misled

Fraud in the inducement

about the terms， quality or other aspect of the

contractual relationship that leads the party to enter into

the transaction。

n.威脅，逼迫When one party induces another into entering

duress into a contact by u or threat of force, violence，

economic pressure or other similar means.

法定能力的缺乏When one party does not have the ability n。Lack of legal capacity to enter into a legal contract, i.e. is not of legal age， is

insane or is a convict or enemy alien。

Reading:Introduction to

contract formation

enforceable

party

offeror

可實施的 something can be enforced

1、當事人one who takes part in a transaction 2、政黨，黨派one by or against whom a lawsuit is brought

要約人one who makes an offer

accept

offeree

接受，承接agree to take something offered to you

受約人one to whom an offer is made

1、考量something motivates a person to do something 2、consideration

支持be adequate to support the bargained—for exchange

between the parties

gift

1、贈與物the voluntary transfer or property to another

without compensation 2、多次轉讓物a thing so transferred

捐贈物a gift to charity 2、捐贈行為a method of acquiring 1、benefice by deed of gift alone

反要約put forward disagreement to the offer

1、（合同中）拒絕簽約a refusal to accept a contrctual offer

donation

counter offer

rejection 2、拒收a refusal to accept tendered goods as contractal

performance

u be equal to fundamental term

合同必esntial term

備條款a contractual provision that must be included for a

contract to exit and to avoid fraud

price

subject matter

indefinite

Speaking：Negotiating

expressions

價格,價錢the cost at which something is bought or sold

標的物the thing in a contract,which the duty or right has

been asrted

模糊的，不明確的not exact or clear

1.談判;洽談；協商;議定 talk about a prlblem or a situation

negotiate

such as a business arrangement in order to solve the

prlblem or complete the arrangement 2。通過談判(或協商）達成 3。轉讓；兌現;議付

1。要約;出價

指買方向賣方提出的價格，尤其是拍賣或招標中投bid

標人報出的價格。賣方的要約為“offer”；買方的要約為“bid”。An

offer to pay a particular amount of money for something

that is being sold。2。投標

指人們就按特定價格履行工程合同、

勞動合同或提供原材料及貨物合同所發出的要約。公共合同[public contract］一般就從所提出的、相互競爭的多個報價中選擇中標者。

bidding pha

招標階段

委托人

聘請或雇傭律師、會計師、建筑師等專業人士，以獲取專client

業建議和幫助的個人或團體 a client of a professional person

or organization is a person or company that receives a

rvice from them in return for payment

Writing：An informative

memo

協議；協定

指兩人或多人就其與過去或將來實施行為相關的權利和義務等內容而形成的雙方合意[mutual asnt]。該詞既可用于指無對價的非正式協議，如君子協議等，也可用于指有對價支持的agreement

合法的正式協議，而合同［contract］一詞則僅用于指后者，故凡合同均為協議,但并非每一份協議均為合同 a formal decision

about future action that is made by two or more countries,

groups， or people

1。公民的選舉權the right to vote in an election 2。特許;特許權

政府授予個人或團體的做某事的特權，而非公民普遍享有的franchi

權利 3.特許使用權;特許經營權 an authority that is given by

an organization to someone， allowing them to ll its

goods or rvices or to take part in an activity which the

organization controls 4.特許協議 5。特許經營人所經營的業務

1。蓋印合同；蓋印契約 2.合同;協議a formal written

covenant

agreement between two or more people or groups of

people which is recognized in law 3.違反蓋因合同請求賠償損失之訴 4.盟約；公約；條約；專約

合同；契約a legal agreement， usually between tow

contract companies or between an employer and employee， which

involves doing work for a stated sum of money

同意；贊同；答應；允許；合意

指一個智力正常的人對他人的建connt

議自愿作出理智的選擇，即同意的意思表示，并不存在脅迫、欺詐或錯誤理解等情況 give someone permission to do it, agree

to do it or to allow it to be done

禁制令

法院簽發的要求當事人做某事或某行為或者禁止其做某事injunction

或某行為的命令 a court order, usually one telling someone

not to do something

授權；許可；批準 if someone who has authority over you

permission gives you permission to do something， they say that they

will allow you to do it

1.撤走 2.從……取走 3。從銀行中提款take money out of a

withdraw bank account 4.從競爭或申請中退出 stop taking part in an

activity or organization

breach

breach of contract

unwarranted

破壞;違犯;違反;不履行；侵害 if you breach an agreement, a

law， or a promi, you break it

合同一方當事人未能履行合同條款、允諾或條件

未擔保的;無擔保的

1。修改；修訂；修正；改正if you amend something that has

amend

been written such as a law, or something that is said， you

change it in order to improve it or make it more accurate

2。改進；改善；改良

enter into 1.加入；（與他人）聯合 2.達成(協議）；結成（關系)

撤銷；解除；廢除 if a government or a group of people in

rescind power rescind a law or agreement， they offically

withdraw it and state that it is no longer valid

terminate

結束,終止 end completely

更新;續展；展期；延長(執照、合同的）有效期 when you renew

renew something such as a licence or a contract, you extend the

period of time for which ti ts valid

把……譯成密碼;加密 if a document or piece of information

encrypt is encrypted, it is written in a special code, so that only

certain people can read it

Translation Skill

法令；規章;成文法 a rule or law which has been made by a

state government or other organization and formally written

down

1。法定的 if an action or procedure is mandatory, people

have to do it, becau it is a rule or a law 2.（刑罰）強制性的 if a crime carries a mandatory punishment, that

punishment is fixed by law for all cas, in contrast to

crimes for which the judge or magistrate has to decide the

punishment for each particular ca

負有責任的 if you are accountable to someone for

mandatory

accountable something that you do， you are responsible for it and

must be prepared to justify your actions to that person

受托人 someone with legal control of money or property

trustee that is kept or invested for another person, company， or

organization

1。掩飾物 you can refer to something that haids or partly

veil hides a situation or activity as a veil 2。面紗 a piece of thin

soft cloth

（法律）1.求助于 if you invoke a law， you state that you are

taking a particular action becau that law allows or tells

invoke you to 2.援引 if you invoke something such as a principle,

a saying， or a famous person, you refer to them in order

to support your argument

強制性的 if something is compulsory， you must do it or

compulsory accept it， becau it is the law or becau someone in a

position of authority says you must

unlawful

Book2 Unit 1

Model Penal Code（MPC）

不合法的if something is un lawful, the law does not allow

you to do it

模范刑法典（美國法律協會制定的一部示范性法律文件）

a statutory text which was developed by the American Law

Institute (ALI） in 1962. The Chief Reporter on the project

was Herbert Wechsler

incarceration 監禁 the act or process of confining someone

重罪 a rious crime usu。 Punishable by

imprisonment for more than one year

輕罪 a crime that is less rious than a felony

misdemeanor

and is usu. punishable by fine，penalty,forfeiture

or confinement in a place other than prison(such

as a county jail）

優勢證據 The greater weight of the evidence, not

necessarilyestablished by the greater number of

preponderance of the evidence

witness testifying to a fact but by evidence

that has the most convincing force。

嚴格責任的犯罪 a crime that does not require a

strict-liability crime

mens rea element，such as traffic offens and

illegal sales of intoxicating liquor

犯罪行為 【Law Latin "guilty act”】the wrongful

actus reus

deed that compris the physical components of a

crime and that generally must be coupled with mens rea to

establish criminal ability

犯意 【Law Latin”guilty mind"】the state of mind

mens rea

that the procution，to cure a conviction, must prove that

a defendant had when committing a crime

疏忽，遺漏 the neglect to perform what the law

requires

走路不遵守交通規則 walking across a street outside

jaywalking

of marked cross—walks and not at a corner and/or

against a signal light

小偷小摸 a theft of a small quantity of cash or of

low—value goods or rvices

felony

omission

petty theft

警察圈套（誘捕） a law—enforcement officer's or

government agent’s inducement of a person to

entrapment

commit a crime, by means of fraud or undue persuasion，in an

attempt to later bring a criminal procution against that

person

對抗制 a legal system where two advocates reprent their

adversarial system

parties' positions before an impartial person or group of

people， usually a jury or judge， who attempt to determine

the truth of the ca

inquisitorial system

Listening1 ，speaking and

writing

糾問制

rebuttal

rebut /r??b?t/ v

to prove that a statement or a charge made against you

is fal

= refute

>rebuttal n ［U and C］ 辯駁，反駁

n.假釋,假釋期，假釋證

vt。假釋

adj。獲得假釋(者）的,假釋的permission for

someone to leave prison, on the condition that they promi

to behave well

on parole 假釋 un＆v

1.a situation in which there is a lot of angry disagreement

between two people or groups

She had stayed in her room to avoid another confrontation。

confrontation with/between

an ideological confrontation between conrvatives and

liberals

2.a fight or battle

military/violent/armed confrontation

Japan emed unlikely to risk military confrontation with

Russia. 此處取第一個意思，對質

parole

confrontation

med?te?t?d US pr?-/ adj 預謀的

/pri??premeditated

a premeditated crime or attack is planned in advance and done

deliberately

premeditated murder

permission for someone to leave prison, on the condition that

parole they promi to behave well

on parole 假釋 un＆v

1.a situation in which there is a lot of angry disagreement

between two people or groups

She had stayed in her room to avoid another confrontation.

confrontation with/between

confrontation

an ideological confrontation between conrvatives and

liberals

2.a fight or battle

military/violent/armed confrontation

Japan emed unlikely to risk military confrontation with

Russia。 此處取第一個意思，對質

【SHOOT】 [T］ formal 此處作shoot之義

discharge to fire a gun or shoot an arrow etc

A soldier accidentally discharged his weapon。

/pri??med?te?t?d US pr?—/ adj 預謀的

premeditated

a premeditated crime or attack is planned in advance and done

deliberately

premeditated murder

Reading2：parties to a crime

有罪；應受懲處（性）Blameworthiness；應受譴責（性);有責（性）除法定的嚴格責任的刑事案件外，行為人應受刑事處罰還必須具備法律可能要求的蓄意、明知、放任或過失等主觀上的犯罪構成要素

the quality of being in cas of absolute

liability, criminal culpability requires a showing that the

person acted purpoly， knowingly, recklessly, or

negligently with respect to each material element of the

Culpability

offen。

a。1主要的，首要的，最重要的Chief; primary; most important；（地位、級別等)最高的2資本的；本金的；可生息的財產的

n.1首長；負責人;首領；長官；主管人2(中小學）校長；（英)大學校長3本金;資本;可生息的資本（或財產）；(股票、債券等的）票面價值4（代理關系中的）本人；委托人；被代理人One who

authorizes another to act on his or her behalf as an agent。5主債務人（=principal debtor）One who has primary

Principal responsibility on an obligation， as oppod to a surety or

indorr6主犯 指實施犯罪行為或在現場幫助或者唆使他人實施犯罪行為的罪犯,與從犯（accessory)相對。One who commits or

participates in a crime7(在具結保釋中的）被保釋人 8 The

corpus of an estate or trust。 [Cas: Trusts 1. C.J.S。 Trover

and Conversion §§ 1–9， 14–18.］ 9 The amount of a debt，

investment， or other fund， not including interest，

earnings， or profits。

n1、附屬物；從物 Something of condary or subordinate

importance.

。2、附件;零件 3從犯 幫助實施犯罪行為者.Criminal law。 A

person who aids or contributes in the commission or

concealment of a crime。 ?An accessory is usu。 liable only

if the crime is a felony.從犯又分為事前從犯和事后從犯【accessory before the fact】和事后從犯【accessory after the

fact】在美國，大多數州一般只對重罪的從犯追究刑事責任.在英格蘭,以前只對重罪的從犯追究刑事責任。在英格蘭，以前只在重罪上對主犯和從犯有所區分，但在叛逆罪中,所有的參與者都是主犯.在輕罪中,在重罪中會是事前從犯的被視為主犯；在重罪中會是事后從犯的則不視為犯罪，除非有事實證明構成了實質上的犯罪。1967年《刑法》【criminal law act】頒布后,共同犯罪人一般只劃分為主犯和同謀犯。在蘇格蘭，主犯和從犯的區別，只在于主要參與與輔助參加之分，在刑事責任上沒有去別.

Accessory

a。 附屬的，從屬的,附加的；同謀的

Accessory after the fact：事后從犯 即明知犯罪已經實施，幫助犯罪人逃脫逮捕或懲罰者.在美國，根據的大多數州刑事法律的規定，對于事后從犯作單獨處理，有4條要求:①他人已經實施了重罪，而且必須在從犯實施之前已經完成②從犯不能與主犯同罪③從犯必須親自幫助主犯以避免重罪處罰④從犯的幫助必須具有明知故意《模范刑法典》【Model Penal Code】認為事后從犯其實不Accessory after the fact

是共同犯罪人，按“妨礙審判罪”另行處理。有時縮寫為“accessory

after”

Execution

Conspiracy

Acquit

n。處死刑，處決，死刑，執行,行刑

n。共謀,串通

v。無罪釋放

n。罪犯

Convict

Listening2:

izure

curtail

formulate

vt.宣告??有罪

n。扣押，搶奪

vt.剝奪??特權等，縮減

vt。制定

n.懷疑,嫌疑

suspicion

detention

vt.懷疑

n。拘押,羈押，扣押

exclude

intervene

vt。排除

vt.干涉,介入,調停

n。根據，證據，委任狀，正當理由

vt。保證，擔保，批準

warrant

disarm

custody

proposition

criminal trespass

vt.消除??的懷疑

n。保管，監護,拘留，撫養權

n.主張

非法侵入他人土地房屋罪

1.傳聞證據 Testimony that is given by a witness who relates

hearsay

to what others have said。 2.非直接證據 In federal law， a

statement offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter

asrted；condhand evidence.

1。保持,維持，使持續不斷： To support or maintain, esp. over

a long period 。2。給…以力量（或勇氣、信心等），鼓勵，使振作 To nourish and encourage； lend strength to 。3. 蒙受，sustain

遭受（損失等）：To undergo； suffer 。4.確認,認可；（法院）確認…正當（或正確)；準許： （Of a court） to uphold or rule

in favor of 。5。 證實To substantiate or corroborate 。6。支援；救濟 To persist in making (an effort） over a long

period 。

1。駁回，批駁;拒絕 To rule against； to reject .2. 宣布…overrule

無效(Of a court） to overturn or t aside (a precedent) by

expressly deciding that it should no longer be controlling

law .

n。盤詰；反復詢問The questioning of a witness at a trial or

cross-examine hearing by the party oppodto the party who called the

witness to testify。Also termed cross-interrogation

1、受托人，one having legal title to property holds it in trust

trustee

for the benefit of another and owes a duty to that beneficiary

2、破產管理人，a person to administer the bankruptcy estate

during a bankruptcy ca

Language Focus

n殺人The killing of one person by another 指一人導致或促使他人死亡的一般用語。該詞是中性詞，只描述客觀行為，而對其道德或法律性質并沒有做出判斷。殺人并不必然構成犯罪，在依法執行死刑、自衛以及作為追捕逃犯的唯一可能手段時，殺人則是合法的。但如果一人蓄意、明知、輕率或疏忽致使他人死亡的，該人Homicide 則犯有殺人罪.英美普通法和制定法都把殺人分為謀殺【murder】和非預謀殺人【manslaughter】.在蘇格蘭,殺人分為有罪殺人【cuplable homicide】、正當殺人【justifiabe homicide】以及意外、疏忽或可寬恕殺人【accidental，negligent，or excusable

homicide】

殺人者，a person who kills another

一級 An incremental measure of guilt or negligence; a level

First-degree

bad on the riousness of an offen.

預謀殺人 Done with willful deliberation and planning；

consciously

Premeditated murder

considered beforehand

重罪謀殺 Murder that occurs during the commission of a

dangerous felony （often

limited to rape， kidnapping， robbery， burglary， and

Felony-murder

arson）。

<美〉:二級謀殺罪 Murder that is not aggravated by any of the

circumstances of first-degree murder 大多數州把謀殺罪分為兩級,個別州不分等級或分為三級。凡對謀殺罪劃分為兩個等級的刑法,二級謀殺罪的范圍就是“除一級謀殺罪以外的其他謀殺罪。具體包括:①無預謀目的的謀殺②全部故意重傷謀殺,不論故意重傷是否有預謀③全部極端輕率謀殺④一級謀殺罪列舉的重罪以外的重罪-謀殺。對二級謀殺罪通常處以終身監禁(=murder in the

Second-degree murder

cond degree)

非預謀故意殺人 激情殺人是非預謀故意殺人的典型形式,即被告Voluntary manslaughter

人因受到強烈的刺激，致使其在盛怒心理下實施的故意殺人行為.

過失殺人罪 Homicide in which there is no intention to kill

or do grievous

involuntary manslaughter bodily harm, but that is committed with criminal negligence

or during the commission of a crime

not included within the felony-murder rule。

非預謀殺人罪The unlawful killing of a human being without

manslaughter malice aforethought。 - Also

termed （in some jurisdictions） culpable homicide

賄賂罪n. The corrupt payment， receipt, or solicitation of

bribery a private favor for official action。 ?

Bribery is a felony in most jurisdictions.

歐擊罪 ；（侵權法)非法侵犯al law。 The u of force

battery against another， resulting in harmful or offensive

contact。

xual assault 性侵犯1。ASSAULT。 .

1、搶劫、搶掠 The illegal taking of property from the person

robbery

of another， or in the person'sprence， by violence or

intimidation；2、加重的盜竊罪 aggravated larceny。Also termed

(in Latin） crimen roberiae.

干涉司法程序 Obstructing rvice of process， to interfere

with the rvice of a court-authorized document， civil or

criminal, such as a summons or a subpoena。

1. 威脅；威逼（做某事）：the act of intimidating a weaker person

to make them do something 2。威脅 the feeling of

discouragement in the face of someone’s superior fame or

intimidation wealth or status etc。3。 恐嚇the feeling of being

intimidated； being made to feel afraid or timid 4。威脅；威逼(不做某事） a communication that makes you afraid to try

something

1。傷害罪clo fighting during the culmination of a military

attack。2。侵犯人身，(尤指未遂的)毆打;(用言語等的)威脅,脅assault

迫 a threatened or attempted physical attack by someone who

appears to be able to cau bodily harm if not stopped.3。性侵犯 the crime of forcing a woman to submit to xual

intercour against her will

盜竊；入室搶劫犯 Knowingly entering or remaining in a

burglary building or dwelling, without authority and with intent to

commit any felony or theft therein。

1、非法侵占罪，an unlawful act against the property of

anoother 2、非法侵入罪，an unlawful act against the person

偷竊罪，any act or instance of stealing， including larceny，burglary, embezzlement，and fal pretens

罪,1、將人劫持并運至他國（早期）abducting a person and

kidnapping nding the person to another country 2、以暴力或欺騙的手段劫持他人，izing and taking away a person by force or fraud

1、惡意焚燒他人的住宅或宅第內附屬建筑，the malicious burning

arson

of someone el’s dwelling hou or outhou（common law）

2、惡意焚燒自己或他人的財產，the intentional and wrongful

interference in the judical

process

criminal trespass

theft

burning of someone el’s property or one’s own property（modern statutes）

1、許可，特許。a permission 2、許可證,the certificate or

document evidencing such permission

1、特許，許可，the governmental grant of a right 2、特許狀，patent 許可證the official document so granting 3、專利權，the right

to exclude others from doing something

1、雇傭，to hire 2、使用，利用，to make u of 3、使用，職employ 業,to u as an agent in transacting business 4、使從事于,to

entrust witn the performance of certain acts

1、出售，出賣，to transfer to another for money or other thing

vend 2、販賣，叫賣,to make an object of trade by hawking 3、公開陳述,公開出版，to utter publicly or publish broadly

1、租賃合同,a contranct 2、租賃權 a conveyance plus all

lea covenants attached to it 3、租賃物，the real property 4、租賃，租借， behavior

1、同意，允許，an agreement2、讓與,the formal transfer of real

grant

property3、財產轉讓證書，the document by which a transfer is

effected 4、轉讓的財產或財產權利，the property of property

right so transferred

1、信托，a property interest held by one person at the request

trust of another for the benefit of a third party 2、信托關系，a

relationship 3、信托財產，the property

1、轉換，轉移，any mode of parting with an ast in an ast

transfer

2、流通，negotiation of an instrument according to the forms

of law 3、轉讓，a conveyance of property or title from one

person to another

1、合同，an agreement between two or more parties 2、合同書，the writing that ts forth such an agreement

n。 1、宣判The judgment that a court formally pronounces after

ntence

finding a criminal defendant guilty；2、判決 the punishment

impod on a criminal wrongdoer 。 — Also termed judgment

licen

contract

of conviction。

1、違法行為、犯罪An act that the law makes punishable；2、crime

刑事訴訟標的 the breach of a legal duty treated as the

subject matter of a criminal proceeding。 — Also termed

criminal wrong。

n。1、恐嚇 The act or process of discouraging certain

deterrence

behavior， particularly by fear； 2、（刑法）威懾力 esp as

a goal of criminal law, the prevention of criminal behavior

by fear of punishment.

n。1、立法者 One who makes laws within a given jurisdiction;

legislators 2、有立法權的主體a member of a legislative body。— Also

termed lawmaker。

刑罰n. A sanction — such as a fine, penalty, confinement,

punishment or loss of property， right,or privilege — assd against

a person who has violated the law.

Book2 Unit 3 Civil Procedural

Law

liability "1。責任:the state of being legally obliged and responsible

2.債務 an obligation to pay money to another party

3.不利因素 the quality of being something that holds you back

”

insolvent 1.破產者;無力償還者:someone who has insufficient asts to cover their debts 2。破產的；無力償還的 unable to meet or discharge financial obligations

creditor "1.債權人，貸方:a person to whom money is owed by a debtor； someone to whom an

obligation exists

”

shareholder 1。股東 a person who owns shares in a company

pierce the corporate veil 1.揭開公司面紗：a legal decision to treat the rights or duties of a

corporation as the rights or liabilities of its shareholders

promissory estoppel

promi。

detriment

"

promie 1.受約人，承諾人 a person to whom a promi is made

pardon ”1. 原諒 the act of excusing a mistake or offen 2。赦免

be officially allowed to go free and are not punished”

commute 1.通勤 a regular journey of some distance to and from your place of work 2。減刑

change a penalty for a less vere one 3.代償 exchange or replace with another， usually of the

same kind or category

repeal 1. 廢除 an official or legal cancellation

”1。 損害，傷害 a damage or loss

1.允諾后不得否認的原則 a doctrine that prevents one party from

withdrawing a promi made to a cond party if the latter has reasonably relied on that

Statute of Frauds 1。反欺詐法an act for prevention of frauds and perjuries

abolition 1 廢除,廢止。the act of abolishing a system or practice or institution

involuntary manslaughter 1.過失殺人罪 the unlawful killing of a human being without

malice aforethought, either express or implied

intoxicated 1.喝醉的 stupefied or excited by a chemical substance (especially alcohol)

cular ”1.世俗的，非宗教的 have no connection with religion 2。（對宗教家而言的） 俗人 someone who is not a clergyman or a professional person

”

legal reprentative 1。法定代表人a personal reprentative with legal standing

auditor ”1。審計員a qualified accountant who inspects the accounting records and practices of

a business or other organization

2.旁聽生a student who attends a cour but does not take it for credit 3。聽者someone who

listens attentively

"

The Bill of Rights 1.a document， frequently but not esntially， of high standing in

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, which ts out protections for the citizen， usually from the state itlf。

2。In the UK， an Act of the English parliament in 1689 on the assumption of the throne by

William and Mary。 3。In the UK， an Act of the English parliament in 1689 on the assumption of

the throne by William and Mary。