英國

2024年1月12日發(fā)(作者：學習書法的好處)

英美概況（英國篇1：英國的國土與人民

I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts

英國的不同名稱及其各組成部分

phical names: the British Isles, Great Britain andEngland.

地理名稱：不列顛群島，大不列顛和英格蘭。

al name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland.

官方正式名稱：大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國。

British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, andhundreds of small ones.

不列顛群島由兩個大島-大不列顛島（較大的一個）和愛爾蘭島，及成千上萬個小島組成。

political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.

大不列顛島上有三個政治區(qū)：英格蘭、蘇格蘭和威爾士。

(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous ction.

英格蘭位于大不列顛島南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地區(qū)。

(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north;the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh

蘇格蘭位于大不列顛的北部。它有三大自然區(qū)：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。首府：愛丁堡。

(3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff

威爾士位于大不列顛的西部。首府：加的夫

(4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast.

北愛爾蘭是英國第四個區(qū)域。首府：貝爾法斯特。

Commonwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries that were oncecolonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991.

英聯(lián)邦是曾為英國殖民地的、但現(xiàn)已獨立國家所構(gòu)成的自由聯(lián)合體。它成立于1931年，至1990年止已有50個成員國。

II. Geographical Features 英國的地理特征

phical position of Britain:

英國的地理位置：

Britain is an island country surrounded by the a. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the northcoast of Europe. It is parated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south andthe North Sea in the east.

英國是一個島國。它位于大西洋北部，與歐洲大陸的北海岸隔海相望。南面的英吉利海峽和東面的北海將它與歐洲其它部分隔開。

north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; and the east and southeast are mostlylowlands.

英國的西部和北部主要是高地，東部和東南部主要是低地。

III. Rivers and Lakes 河流與湖泊

Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain (1,343m).

本尼維斯山為英國最高峰，海拔1,343米。

Severn River is the longest river in Britain (338km).

塞文河是英國最長的河流。全長338公里。

Thames River is the cond longest and most important river in Britain. (336km).

泰晤士河是英國第二大河，也是英國最重要的河。全長336公里。

Lough Neagh is the largest lake in Britain which is located in Northern Ireland. (396 square

kilometres).

訥湖（內(nèi)伊湖）是英國最大的湖，位于北愛爾蘭。面積為396平方公里。

River Clyde is the most important river in Scotland.

克萊德河是蘇格蘭最重要的河流。

Snowdonia is the highest mountain in Wales.（1,085m）

斯諾多尼亞是威爾士的最高點，海拔1,085米。

IV. Climate 氣候

1. Britain's favorable climate 英國有利的氣候條件：

Britain has a maritime climate-winters are not too cold and summers are not too hot. It has

a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The temperature varies within a small

range.

英國屬于海洋性氣候：冬季不過于寒冷，夏季不過于炎熱。全年有穩(wěn)定可靠的降雨量，氣溫變化幅度小。

factors influence the climate in Britain:

影響英國氣候的因素：

1）The surrounding waters tend to balance the asonal differences by heating up the land

in winter and cooling it off in summer;

環(huán)繞四周的海水。冬天，海水可使島內(nèi)氣溫升高，夏天則使氣溫降低，從而起到平衡季節(jié)溫差的作用；

2)The prevailing south-west winds or the Westerlies blow over the country all the year

round bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate;

一年四季盛行的西南風和西風在冬季從大西洋帶來溫暖、潮濕的空氣，使氣溫適宜；

3）The North Atlantic Drift pass the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.

北大西洋暖流經(jīng)不列顛群島西海岸，使氣候變暖。

ll 降雨量：

Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The average annual rainfall

in Britain is over 1,000mm. There is a water surplus in the north and west, and a water

deficit in the south and east.

英國全年降雨量穩(wěn)定，平均降雨量超過1000毫米。 英國北部、西部雨量過多，但是南部、東部有所缺乏。

V. The People 人口

tion distribution 人口分布：

Britain has a population of about 57 millions and it is very unevenly distributed. 90% of the

population is urban and only 10% is rural. The population of Britain is made up mainly of

the English (81.5%), the Scottish (9.6%), the Welsh (1.9%), the Irish (2.4%), the

Northern Irish (1.8%) and other peoples (2.8%).

英國人口約570萬，分布極不均勻，90%是城市人口，只有10%是農(nóng)村人口。英國人口組成為：英格蘭人（81.5%），蘇格蘭人（9.6%），威爾士人（1.9%），愛爾蘭人、北愛爾蘭人和其他民族居民。

difference between the ancestors of the English and Scots, Welsh and Irish:

英倫三島民族的祖先：

The ancestors of the English are Anglo-Saxons, the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts.

英格蘭人祖先屬于盎格魯-薩克遜人，而蘇格蘭、威爾士和愛爾蘭人屬于凱爾特人。

difference in character個性差別：

The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people. They are music lovers and are proud of their

past.

威爾士人感情豐富，情緒高漲，熱愛音樂，為過去感到自豪。

The Scots are said to be a rious, cautious and thrifty people, and they are also hospitable,

generous and friendly.

蘇格蘭人通常被認為嚴肅、謹慎而且節(jié)儉，但是他們同樣也熱情、大方且友好。

The Irish are charm and vivacity. 愛爾蘭人充滿魅力，生性活潑。

difference in speech between southern England and northern England:

英格蘭南方人和北方人語言上的差別：

Southerners speak the type of English clo to BBC English; In northern England, regional

speech is usually "broader" than that of southern England.

南方人講的英語接近BBC，北英格蘭人的發(fā)音通常要比南英格蘭人寬。

Welsh keep their language and culture in this way: 威爾士人以這樣的方式使他們的語言及文化保持活力。

Throughout the year they have festivals of song and dance and poetry called Eisteddfodau.

The great event of the year is the National Eisteddfod. On the occasions competitions

are held in Welsh poetry, music, singing and art.

一年中他們有稱之為"藝術(shù)年會"的唱歌、跳舞、詩歌節(jié)。一年中最重要的節(jié)日是全國詩歌音樂比賽會。在那里會舉行威爾士詩歌、音樂、唱歌和藝術(shù)比賽。

main problem in Northern Ireland: 北愛爾蘭存在的主要問題：

The fight between the Protestants who are the dominant group, and the Roman

Catholics, who are eking more social, political and economic

opportunities.

作為統(tǒng)治者的新教徒和要求更多社會、政治及經(jīng)濟權(quán)利的羅馬天主教徒之間的斗爭。

ants: 移民：

About three million have come to Britain to live and find work since World

War II.

自從二戰(zhàn)以來約有三百萬人來英國生活、工作。

英美概況（英國篇3：英國的形成（公元1066-1381） )

I. Norman Rule (1066-1381)

諾曼統(tǒng)治（公元1066-1381）

1. William's Rule （1066-1087）

威廉一世的統(tǒng)治（公元1066-1087）

England's feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror

在威廉統(tǒng)治下的英國封建制度

①Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established. ②According to thissystem, the King owned all the land personally. ③William gave his barons large estates in Englandin return for a promi of military rvice and a proportion of the land's produce. ④The estateswere scattered far and wide over the country, so that tho who held them could not easilycombine to rebel the king. ⑤The barons, who had become William's tenants-in-chief, parceled outland to the lesr nobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and rvices. ⑥At thebottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or rfs. ⑦One peculiar feature of the feudal system ofEngland was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance，not only to their immediate lord,but also to the king.

①在威廉統(tǒng)治下，英國的封建制度得到完全確立。②根據(jù)此制度，國王擁有全國所有土地。③威廉把英國的大片土地分給貴族，條件是換取對方服役和收租。④這些地產(chǎn)分散于各處，這樣土地擁有者就不易聯(lián)合起來反叛國王。⑤已成為國王土地承租人的貴族又把土地分配給小貴族、騎士和自由民，同樣換取貨物和服役。⑥在封建等級底層的是農(nóng)奴。⑦英國封建制

獨有的特色就是，無論是土地承租人還是二佃戶，都必須要宣誓效忠于直接領(lǐng)主，而且要效忠于國王。

2. King Henry II and his reforms

亨利二世國王和他的改革

The ways King Henry II consolidate the monarchy.

亨利二世鞏固君主制的途徑。

Henry II took some measures to consolidate the monarchy. He forced the Flemish mercenaries toleave England; recalled grants of Royal lands made by his previous king Stephen; demolishedmany castles built in Stephen's time; strengthened and widened the powers

of his sheriffs andrelied for armed support upon a militia compod of English freemen.

亨利二世采取了一些措施鞏固君主制。他迫使弗蘭德斯雇傭軍離開英國，收回史蒂芬森贈出皇室土地；拆除幾十座史蒂芬森時造德城堡，加強并擴大了他的行政長官們的權(quán)力，依靠由英國自由民組成的民兵獲取軍事支持。

The ways Henry II reform the courts and the law.

亨利二世對法院及法律進行改革的方式。

King Henry II greatly strengthened the Court and extended its judicial work. He divided the

whole country into six circuits and appointed justices to each. Cas were therefore heard

before the intermittent justices who applied the law impartially. During his reign, a

common law was gradually established in place of the previous laws of the local barons. He

also introduced a new jury system to replace the old ordeal-bad trial system. Besides, he

shifted the trial of clergymen charged with criminal offens from the Bishop's court to the

King's court.

亨利二世大大加強了王家法院，擴展了其司法工作的職權(quán)范圍。他將全國分為六個審制區(qū)。案件更多地由巡回法官審理，并不偏不倚地使用法律。在他統(tǒng)治時期，逐漸建立起超越地方領(lǐng)主法律的普遍法。另外，他用陪審員制度代替了舊的殘酷的審判制度。他堅持被控犯有刑事罪的神職人員應由國王法庭審判，而不由主教法庭審判。

II．Contents and the significance of the Great Charter

《大憲章》的內(nèi)容及意義

Great Charter was signed by King John in 1215 under the press of the barons. It consists of

sixty-three claus. Its important provisions are as follows: (1) no tax should be made

without the approval of the Grand Council; (2) no freemen should be arrested, imprisoned

or deprived of their property; (3) the Church should posss all its rights, together with

freedom of elections; (4) London and other towns should retain their traditional rights and

privileges, and (5) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the

country. Although The Great Charter has long been popularly regarded as the foundation

of English liberties, it was a statement of the feudal and legal relationships between the

Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the

powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the

king, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.

《大憲章》是約翰國王1215年在封建貴族壓力下簽定的。《大憲章》總共63條，其中最重要的內(nèi)容是：(1) 未經(jīng)大議會同意，不得征稅；(2) 只有根據(jù)國家有關(guān)法律才能逮捕、監(jiān)禁自由人以及剝奪他們的財產(chǎn)；(3)教會應享受其所有權(quán)利且有選舉自由；（4） 倫敦和其它城鎮(zhèn)應保留其古時的權(quán)力和特權(quán)；(5) 全國要使用統(tǒng)一的重量和長度度量衡。盡管人們普遍認為《大憲章》為英國的自由奠定了基礎(chǔ)，但該憲章只是規(guī)定國王和貴族之間封建關(guān)系和法律關(guān)系的文件，保證了教會的自由，限制了國王權(quán)利。《大憲章》的精神是限制國王權(quán)力，使其在英國封建法律允許的范圍內(nèi)活動。

origins of the English Parliament

英國議會的起源

The Great Council is known to be the prototype of the current British Parliament. In 1265,

Simon de Montfort summoned the Great Council, together with two knights from each

county and two citizens from each town. It later developed into the Hou of Lords and the

Hou of Commons. Its main role was to offer advice. There were no elections or parties.

And the most important part of Parliament was the Hou of Lords.

大議會是當今英國議會的原型。1265年，西門德孟福爾召開大議會，各縣有兩名騎士，各鎮(zhèn)有兩名市民參加。大議會發(fā)展到后來演變成議會，分為上議院和下議院。其作用是咨詢而非決定；也沒有選舉和政黨。議會的最重要的部分是上議院。

IV．The Hundred Years' War and its conquences.

百年戰(zhàn)爭及其結(jié)果

The Hundred Years' War refers to the war between England and France that lasted

intermittently from 1337 to 1453. The caus of the war were partly territorial and partly

economic. The territorial caus were related with the posssion by the English kings of

the large duchy in France, while the French kings coveted this large slice. The economic

caus were connected with cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders, which were the

importer of English wool, but they were loyal to the French king politically. Besides,

England's desire to stop France from giving aid to Scots and a growing n of

nationalism were the other caus.

The English's being driven out of France is regarded as a blessing for both countries. If the

English had remained in France, the superior size and wealth of France would have

hindered the development of a parate English national identity, while France was

hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory.

百年戰(zhàn)爭指1337年到1453年英法之間一場斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的戰(zhàn)爭，戰(zhàn)爭的起因既有領(lǐng)土因素又有經(jīng)濟因素。領(lǐng)土起因尤其是與英國國王擁有法國的阿基坦大片公爵領(lǐng)地有密切關(guān)系，隨著法國國王勢力日增，他們渴望占領(lǐng)這片在他們領(lǐng)土內(nèi)的土地。經(jīng)濟原因則與弗蘭德斯有關(guān)。弗蘭德斯地區(qū)生產(chǎn)棉布的城鎮(zhèn)是英國羊毛的主要進口商，但這些城鎮(zhèn)在政治上卻效忠法國國

王。其他原因還有英國試圖阻止法國幫助蘇格蘭人，以及不斷覺醒的民族意識。

戰(zhàn)爭的結(jié)果：把英國人趕出法國對兩個國家都是幸事：若國車人繼續(xù)留在法國，那么法國人在領(lǐng)土和財富上所占的優(yōu)勢必然會阻礙分離的英國民族的發(fā)展；而法國民族被外國勢力占領(lǐng)了眾多的領(lǐng)土，發(fā)展更是長期受阻。

V. The Black Death

黑死病

The Black Death is the modern name given to the deadly epidemic dia spread by rat

fleas across Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England in the summer of 1348.

It reduced England's population from four million to two million by the end of the 14th

century.

The economic conquences of the Black Death were far-reaching. As a result of the

plague, much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labour. The

surviving peasants had better bargaining power and were in a position to change their

rfdom into paid labour. Some landlords, unable or unwilling to pay higher wages, tried to

force peasants back into rfdom. In 1351 the government issued a Statute of Labourers

which made it a crime for peasants to ask for more wages or for their employers to pay

more than the rates laid down by the Justices of the Peace.

黑死病是指由鼠疫蚤傳播的致命的淋巴腺鼠疫，是一種流行疾病，在14世紀傳播了到歐洲。1348年夏天橫掃全英國。英國的人口在14世紀末從400萬銳減至200萬。

黑死病對經(jīng)濟造成的后果更為深遠。鼠疫導致了大片土地無人照管和勞動力極度匱乏。地主想把耕地變?yōu)槿肆π枨筝^少的牧場。存活的農(nóng)民處于有利的計價還價地位，從農(nóng)奴變?yōu)楣蛡騽趧恿ΑＳ谑且恍┲Ц恫黄鸹虿辉敢庵Ц遁^高工資的地主想方設(shè)法迫使農(nóng)民重返農(nóng)奴地位。1351年政府頒布"勞工法令"，規(guī)定農(nóng)民們漲工資的要求，或者是雇主支付比地方官制訂的工資水平要高的工資都是犯罪。

VI. The Peasant Uprising of 1381 and its significance

1381年農(nóng)民起義及其意義

Armed villagers and townsmen of Kent and Esx, led by Wat Tyler and Jack Straw, moved

on London in June, 1381. The king was forced to accept their demands. Most of the rebels

disperd and went home, while Tyler and other leaders stayed on for more rights. Tyler

was killed at a meeting with the king.

The uprising was brutally suppresd, but it had far-reaching significance in English history.

First, it directed against the rich clergy, lawyers and the landowners. Second, it dealt a

telling blow to villeinage, and third, a new class of yeomen farmers emerged, paving the

way to the development of capitalism.

1381年6月，在瓦特 泰勒和杰克 斯特勞領(lǐng)導下，凱特郡和埃塞克斯郡的農(nóng)民和市民武裝起來發(fā)動起義，并向倫敦進發(fā)。國王被迫接受了他們的要求。大多數(shù)起義農(nóng)民解散回家，但泰勒和其他堅決的農(nóng)民留下來要求得到更多的法律、宗教和政治權(quán)利。泰勒在又一次與國王的會見中被殺死。

盡管起義被血腥鎮(zhèn)壓，但在英國歷史上留下了深遠的影響。這次起義具有真實的社會性，把

矛頭直接對準了富有的教職人員、律師和地主。這次起義沉重打擊了封建農(nóng)奴制度，產(chǎn)生了全新的自耕農(nóng)階級，為資本主義發(fā)展鋪設(shè)了道路。

英美概況（英國篇7:英國政府機構(gòu) )

The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, the head ofstate is a king or a queen.

The United Kingdom is governed, inthe name of the Sovereign by His or Her Majesty's System of parliamentary government is not bad on awritten constitution, the British constitution is not t out in anysingle document. It is made up of statute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciarydetermines common law and interprets statutes.

聯(lián)合王國是君主立憲制國家,國家的首腦是國王或女王。聯(lián)合王國以君的名義,由國王或女王陛下政府治理。英國的議會制度并不是基于成文憲法,英國憲法不由單一文件構(gòu)成,而由成文法,習慣法和慣例組成。司法部門裁定習慣法或解釋成文法。

I．The Monarchy

君主制

eth II, her title in the United Kingdom is "Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Her Other Realms and Territories, Queen,Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.

伊莉莎白二世，她的全稱是"上帝神佑，大布列顛及北愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國以及她的其他領(lǐng)土和領(lǐng)地的女王，英聯(lián)邦元首，國教保護者伊莉莎白二世。"

Queen is the symbol of the whole nation. In law, She is head of the executive, an integralpart of the legislature, head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces andthe "supreme governor" of the Church of England. She gives Royal Asnt to Bills pasd byparliament.

女王是國家的象征。從法律上講，她是行政首腦，立法機構(gòu)的組成部分，司法首腦，全國武裝部隊總司令，英國國教"至高無上"的領(lǐng)袖。她任命首相和重要的政府官員。對議會通過的法案給予御準。

monarch actually has no real power. The monarch's power are limited by law and

tutional monarchy began after the Glorious Revolution in 1688.

君主政體實際已無實權(quán)。它的權(quán)力受限于法律和議會。君主立憲制是從1688年的光榮革命后開始。

ment

議會

United Kingdom is a unitary, not a federal, state. Parliament consists of the

Sovereign, the Hou of Lords and the Hou of Commons.

英國是中央集權(quán)國家，而不是聯(lián)邦制國家。議會由君主，上議院和下議院組成。

main functions of Parliament are: (1) to pass laws; (2) to provide, by voting for

taxation, the means of carrying on the work of government; (3) to examine government

Policy and administrations, including proposal for expenditure; and (4) to debate the major

issues of the day.

議會的主要作用是：（1）通過立法；（2）投票批準稅為政府工作提供資金；（3）檢查政府政策和行政管理，包括撥款提議；（4）當天的議題辯論。

Hou of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. The main

function of the Hou of Lords is to bring the wide experience of its members into the

process of lawmaking. In other words, the non-elected Hou is to act as a chamber of

revision, complementing but not rivaling the elect Hou.

貴族院（上議院）由神職貴族和世俗貴族組成。它的主要作用是用議員的豐富經(jīng)驗幫助立法。換而言之，非選舉的上議院是修正議院，補充而非反對由選舉產(chǎn)生的下議院。

Hou of Common is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of 651

Members of Parliament (MPs). It is in the Hou of Commons that the ultimate authority.

下議院（平民院）由成人普選產(chǎn)生，由651名議員組成。下議院擁有最終立法權(quán)。

n is divided 651 constituencies. Each of the constituencies returns one member to

the Hou of Commons. A general Election must be held every five years and is often held

at more frequent intervals.

英國被劃分為651個選區(qū)，每個選區(qū)選一名下議院議員。大選必須五年舉行一次，但經(jīng)常不到五年就進行一次選舉。

n has a number of parties, but there are only two major parties. The two parties

are the Conrvative Party and the Labour Party. Since 1945, either the Conrvative Party

or the Labour Party has held power. The party which wins sufficient ats at a General

Election to command a majority of Government. The leader of the majority party is

appointed Prime Minister. The party which wins the cond largest number of ats

becomes the Official Opposition, with its own leader and "shadow cabinet ". The rule of

Opposition is to help the formulation of policy. Criticizes the Government and debate with

the Government.

英國有很多政黨，但有兩個主要的政黨-保守黨和工黨。從1945年以來，兩黨一直輪流執(zhí)政，在大選中獲多數(shù)議席因而在下議院擁有多數(shù)支持者的政黨組建政府，多數(shù)黨領(lǐng)袖由君主任命為首相。獲得第二多數(shù)議席的政黨則正式成為"反對黨"，有自己的領(lǐng)袖和影子內(nèi)閣。反對黨的目的是幫助制定政策，它可以經(jīng)常給政府提出批評性的建議和修正議案。

Cabinet and Ministry

內(nèi)閣和內(nèi)閣部長

1. The Prime Minister presides over the Cabinet, is responsible for the allocation of

functions among ministers and informs the Queen at regular meetings of general business

of the Government. Cabinet members hold meetings under the chairmanship of the Prime

Minister for a few hours each week to decide Government policy on major issues.

首相主持內(nèi)閣，負責分配大臣們的職能，在定期會見女王時向女王報告政府事務。內(nèi)閣在 首相的主持下，每周開會幾小時，以決定在重大問題上政府的政策。

2. Ministers are responsible collectively to Parliament for all Cabinet decisions; individual

Ministers are responsible to Parliament for the work of their department.

內(nèi)閣的所有決定由大臣集體向議會負責，各大臣又為各自部門的工作向議會負責。

IV．The Privy Council

樞密院

1. The Privy Council was formerly the chief source of executive power in the state and give

private advice to the King. So the Privy Council was also called the King's Council in history.

Today its role is largely formal, advising the sovereign to approve certain government

decrees.

樞密院原來是政府行政權(quán)力的源泉，給君主提供"私人"建議。它在歷史上也稱為國王議會。今天它的主要作用是禮節(jié)性的，如建議君主批準政府的法令。

2. Its membership is about 400, and includes all Cabinet ministers, the speaker of the

Hou of Common and nior British and Commonwealth statement.

它的主要成員有400人左右，包括內(nèi)閣閣員，下議院院長及英國，英聯(lián)邦的高級政治家等。

V．Government Department and the Civil Service

政府各部和公務員部

1. The principal Government department main includes: the Treasury, the Hou of office,

the Foreign and Commonwealth office, the Ministry of Defen…

主要的政府部門包括：財務部，內(nèi)務部，外交部，國防部等。

2. Members of the Civil Service are called Civil Services. They staff government

departments. Civil Servants are recruited mainly by competitive examination. Civil rvants

do not belong to any political party. Changes of Government do not involve changes in

departmental staff, There are about 541800 civil rvants in Britain now.

文職人員部的成員被成為公務員。公務員主要是通過競爭考試錄用。公務員部門不屬于任何政黨，政府的變更并不影響部門職員的變更。英國現(xiàn)約有541800名公務員。

VI．Local Government

地方政府部門

1. There are two main tiers of local authority throughout England and Wales: counties and

the smaller districts. Now, England and Wales are divided into 53 counties which are

sub-divided into 369 districts.

英格蘭和威爾士實行兩級地方政府制-郡和比郡小的區(qū)。現(xiàn)在英格蘭和威爾士分為53個郡，

郡下分為369個區(qū)。

2. Greater London is divided into 32 boroughs.