英語國家(中英文對照)簡介

2024年1月12日發(fā)(作者：新年的手抄報)

Land and People 英國的國土與人民

I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英國的不同名稱及其各組成部分

phical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.

地理名稱：不列顛群島，大不列顛和英格蘭。

al name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

官方正式名稱：大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國。

British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.

不列顛群島由兩個大島—大不列顛島（較大的一個）和愛爾蘭島，及成千上萬個小島組成。

political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.

大不列顛島上有三個政治區(qū)：英格蘭、蘇格蘭和威爾士。

(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous ction.

英格蘭位于大不列顛島南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地區(qū)。

(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh

蘇格蘭位于大不列顛的北部。它有三大自然區(qū)：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。首府：愛丁堡。

(3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff

威爾士位于大不列顛的西部。首府：加的夫

(4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast.

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北愛爾蘭是英國第四個區(qū)域。首府：貝爾法斯特。

Commonwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991.

英聯(lián)邦是曾為英國殖民地的、但現(xiàn)已獨立國家所構(gòu)成的自由聯(lián)合體。它成立于1931年，至1990年止已有50個成員國。

II. Geographical Features 英國的地理特征

phical position of Britain:

英國的地理位置：

Britain is an island country surrounded by the a. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is parated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel

in the south and the North Sea in the east.

英國是一個島國。它位于大西洋北部，與歐洲大陸的北海岸隔海相望。南面的英吉利海峽和東面的北海將它與歐洲其它部分隔開。

north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; and the east and southeast are mostly lowlands.

英國的西部和北部主要是高地，東部和東南部主要是低地。

III. Rivers and Lakes 河流與湖泊

Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain (1,343m).

本尼維斯山為英國最高峰，海拔1,343米。

Severn River is the longest river in Britain (338km).

塞文河是英國最長的河流。全長338公里。

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Thames River is the cond longest and most important river in Britain. (336km).

泰晤士河是英國第二大河，也是英國最重要的河。全長336公里。

Lough Neagh is the largest lake in Britain which is located in Northern Ireland. (396 square kilometres).

訥湖（內(nèi)伊湖）是英國最大的湖，位于北愛爾蘭。面積為396平方公里。

River Clyde is the most important river in Scotland.

克萊德河是蘇格蘭最重要的河流。

Snowdonia is the highest mountain in Wales.（1,085m）

斯諾多尼亞是威爾士的最高點，海拔1,085米。

IV. Climate 氣候

1. Britain''s favorable climate 英國有利的氣候條件：

Britain has a maritime climate-winters are not too cold and summers are not too hot. It

has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The temperature varies within a small range.

英國屬于海洋性氣候：冬季不過于寒冷，夏季不過于炎熱。全年有穩(wěn)定可靠的降雨量，氣溫變化幅度小。

factors influence the climate in Britain:

影響英國氣候的因素：

1）The surrounding waters tend to balance the asonal differences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer;

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環(huán)繞四周的海水。冬天，海水可使島內(nèi)氣溫升高，夏天則使氣溫降低，從而起到平衡季節(jié)溫差的作用；

2）The prevailing south-west winds or the Wester lies blow over the country all the year round bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate;

一年四季盛行的西南風(fēng)和西風(fēng)在冬季從大西洋帶來溫暖、潮濕的空氣，使氣溫適宜；

3）The North Atlantic Drift pass the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.

北大西洋暖流經(jīng)不列顛群島西海岸，使氣候變暖。

ll 降雨量：

Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The average annual rainfall in Britain is over 1,000mm. There is a water surplus in the north and west, and a water

deficit in the south and east.

英國全年降雨量穩(wěn)定，平均降雨量超過1000毫米。 英國北部、西部雨量過多，但是南部、東部有所缺乏。

V. The People 人口

英國是個多元文化的國家，人口將近6000萬，其中英格蘭5000萬人，威爾士295萬人，蘇格蘭512萬人，北愛爾蘭170萬人。官方和通用語均為英語。威爾士北部還使用威爾士語，蘇格蘭西北高地及北愛爾蘭通用蓋爾語。居民多信奉基督教新教，主要分英格蘭教會（也稱英國國教圣公會，其成員約占英成人的60％）和蘇格蘭教會（也稱長老會，有成年教徒66萬）。另有天主教會和印度教、猶太教及伊斯蘭教等較大的宗教社團(tuán)

tion distribution 人口分布：

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Britain has a population of about 57 millions and it is very unevenly distributed. 90% of the population is urban and only 10% is rural. The population of Britain is made up mainly of the English (81.5%), the Scottish (9.6%), the Welsh (1.9%), the Irish (2.4%), the Northern Irish (1.8%) and other peoples (2.8%).

英國人口約570萬，分布極不均勻，90%是城市人口，只有10%是農(nóng)村人口。英國人口組成為：英格蘭人（81.5%），蘇格蘭人（9.6%），威爾士人（1.9%），愛爾蘭人、北愛爾蘭人和其他民族居民。

difference between the ancestors of the English and Scots, Welsh and Irish:

英倫三島民族的祖先：

The ancestors of the English are Anglo-Saxons, the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts.

英格蘭人祖先屬于盎格魯—薩克遜人，而蘇格蘭、威爾士和愛爾蘭人屬于凱爾特人。

difference in character個性差別：

The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people. They are music lovers and are proud of their past.

威爾士人感情豐富，情緒高漲，熱愛音樂，為過去感到自豪。

The Scots are said to be a rious, cautious and thrifty people, and they are also hospitable, generous and friendly.

蘇格蘭人通常被認(rèn)為嚴(yán)肅、謹(jǐn)慎而且節(jié)儉，但是他們同樣也熱情、大方且友好。

The Irish are people of charm and vivacity. 愛爾蘭人充滿魅力，生性活潑。

difference in speech between southern England and northern England:

英格蘭南方人和北方人語言上的差別：

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Southerners speak the type of English clo to BBC English; In northern England, regional speech is usually "broader" than that of southern England.

南方人講的英語接近BBC，北英格蘭人的發(fā)音通常要比南英格蘭人寬。

Welsh keep their language and culture in this way: 威爾士人以這樣的方式使他們的語言及文化保持活力。

Throughout the year they have festivals of song and dance and poetry called Eisteddfodau. The great event of the year is the National Eisteddfod. On the occasions competitions are held in Welsh poetry, music, singing and art.

一年中他們有稱之為“藝術(shù)年會”的唱歌、跳舞、詩歌節(jié)。一年中最重要的節(jié)日是全國詩歌音樂比賽會。在那里會舉行威爾士詩歌、音樂、唱歌和藝術(shù)比賽。

main problem in Northern Ireland: 北愛爾蘭存在的主要問題：

The fight between the Protestants who are the dominant group, and the Roman Catholics, who are eking more social, political and economic opportunities.

作為統(tǒng)治者的新教徒和要求更多社會、政治及經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)利的羅馬天主教徒之間的斗爭。

ants: 移民：

About three million have come to Britain to live and find work since World War II.

自從二戰(zhàn)以來約有三百萬人來英國生活、工作

Government and Administration 英國政府機(jī)構(gòu)

The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, the head of state is a king or a queen. The United Kingdom is governed, in the name of the Sovereign by His or Her Majesty’s

Government. The System of parliamentary government is not bad on a written constitution,

the British constitution is not t out in any single document. It is made up of statute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law and interprets statutes.

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聯(lián)合王國是君主立憲制國家,國家的首腦是國王或女王。聯(lián)合王國以君的名義,由國王或女王陛下政府治理。英國的議會制度并不是基于成文憲法,英國憲法不由單一文件構(gòu)成,而由成文法,習(xí)慣法和慣例組成。司法部門裁定習(xí)慣法或解釋成文法。

I．The Monarchy

君主制

eth II, her title in the United Kingdom is “Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Her Other Realms and Territories, Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.

伊莉莎白二世，她的全稱是“上帝神佑，大布列顛及北愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國以及她的其他領(lǐng)土和領(lǐng)地的女王，英聯(lián)邦元首，國教保護(hù)者伊莉莎白二世。”

Queen is the symbol of the whole nation. In law, She is head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces and the “supreme governor” of the Church of England. She gives Royal Asnt to

Bills pasd by parliament.

女王是國家的象征。從法律上講，她是行政首腦，立法機(jī)構(gòu)的組成部分，司法首腦，全國武裝部隊總司令，英獺爸糧呶奚稀鋇牧煨洹Ｋ蚊紫嗪橢匾惱僭薄６砸榛嵬ü姆ò父櫨肌?br>

monarch actually has no real power. The monarch’s power are limited by law and Parliament. Constitutional monarchy began after the Glorious Revolution in 1688.

君主政體實際已無實權(quán)。它的權(quán)力受限于法律和議會。君主立憲制是從1688年的光榮革命后開始。

III．Parliament

議會

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United Kingdom is a unitary, not a federal, state. Parliament consists of the Sovereign, the Hou of Lords and the Hou of Commons.

英國是中央集權(quán)國家，而不是聯(lián)邦制國家。議會由君主，上議院和下議院組成。

main functions of Parliament are: (1) to pass laws; (2) to provide, by voting for taxation, the means of carrying on the work of government; (3) to examine government Policy and administrations, including proposal for expenditure; and (4) to debate the major issues of the day.

議會的主要作用是：（1）通過立法；（2）投票批準(zhǔn)稅為政府工作提供資金；（3）檢查政府政策和行政管理，包括撥款提議；（4）當(dāng)天的議題辯論。

Hou of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. The

main function of the Hou of Lords is to bring the wide experience of its members into the process of lawmaking. In other words, the non-elected Hou is to act as a chamber of revision, complementing but not rivaling the elect Hou.

貴族院（上議院）由神職貴族和世俗貴族組成。它的主要作用是用議員的豐富經(jīng)驗幫助立法。換而言之，非選舉的上議院是修正議院，補(bǔ)充而非反對由選舉產(chǎn)生的下議院。

Hou of Common is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of 651 Members of Parliament (MPs). It is in the Hou of Commons that the ultimate authority.

下議院（平民院）由成人普選產(chǎn)生，由651名議員組成。下議院擁有最終立法權(quán)。

n has a number of parties, but there are only two major parties. The two parties are the Conrvative Party and the Labour Party. Since 1945, either the Conrvative Party

or the Labour Party has held power. The party which wins sufficient ats at a General Election to command a majority of Government. The leader of the majority party is appointed Prime Minister. The party which wins the cond largest number of ats becomes the Official

Opposition, with its own leader and “shadow cabinet ”. The rule of Opposition is to help the formulation of policy. Criticizes the Government and debate with the Government.

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英國有很多政黨，但有兩個主要的政黨—保守黨和工黨。從1945年以來，兩黨一直輪流執(zhí)政，在大選中獲多數(shù)議席因而在下議院擁有多數(shù)支持者的政黨組建政府，多數(shù)黨領(lǐng)袖由君主任命為首相。獲得第二多數(shù)議席的政黨則正式成為“反對黨”，有自己的領(lǐng)袖和影子內(nèi)閣。反對黨的目的是幫助制定政策，它可以經(jīng)常給政府提出批評性的建議和修正議案。

The Cabinet and Ministry

內(nèi)閣和內(nèi)閣部長

1. The Prime Minister presides over the Cabinet, is responsible for the allocation of functions among ministers and informs the Queen at regular meetings of general business of the

Government. Cabinet members hold meetings under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister for a few hours each week to decide Government policy on major issues.

首相主持內(nèi)閣，負(fù)責(zé)分配大臣們的職能，在定期會見女王時向女王報告政府事務(wù)。內(nèi)閣在 首相的主持下，每周開會幾小時，以決定在重大問題上政府的政策。

2. Ministers are responsible collectively to Parliament for all Cabinet decisions; individual Ministers are responsible to Parliament for the work of their department.

內(nèi)閣的所有決定由大臣集體向議會負(fù)責(zé)，各大臣又為各自部門的工作向議會負(fù)責(zé)。

政府各部和公務(wù)員部

1. The principal Government department main includes: the Treasury, the Hou of office, the Foreign and Commonwealth office, the Ministry of Defen…

主要的政府部門包括：財務(wù)部，內(nèi)務(wù)部，外交部，國防部等。

2. Members of the Civil Service are called Civil Services. They staff government departments. Civil Servants are recruited mainly by competitive examination. Civil rvants do not belong to any political party. Changes of Government do not involve changes in departmental

staff, There are about 541800 civil rvants in Britain now.

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文職人員部的成員被成為公務(wù)員。公務(wù)員主要是通過競爭考試錄用。公務(wù)員部門不屬于任何政黨，政府的變更并不影響部門職員的變更。英國現(xiàn)約有541800名公務(wù)員。

VI．Local Government

地方政府部門

1. There are two main tiers of local authority throughout England and Wales: counties and the smaller districts. Now, England and Wales are divided into 53 counties which are sub-divided into 369 districts.

英格蘭和威爾士實行兩級地方政府制—郡和比郡小的區(qū)。現(xiàn)在英格蘭和威爾士分為53個郡，郡下分為369個區(qū)。

2. Greater London is divided into 32 boroughs.

大倫敦被分為32個行政區(qū)。

Justice and the law 法律與司法機(jī)構(gòu)

There is no single legal system in the United Kingdom. A feature common to all systems of law in the United Kingdom is that there is no complete code. The sources of law include (1) statutes; (2) a large amount of “unwritten” or common law; (3) equity law; (4) European Community. Another common feature is the distinction made between criminal law and civil law.

聯(lián)合王國不實行完全統(tǒng)一的法律制度。聯(lián)合王國所有法律制度的一個共同特點是沒有以部完整的法典。法典來源包括：（1）成文法；（2）大量的“不成文法”或習(xí)慣法；（3）衡平法；（4）歐共體法。另一個共同的特點是刑法和民法之間的區(qū)別。

I．Criminal Proceedings

刑事訴訟程序

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1. In England and Wales, once the police have charged a person with a criminal offence, the crown Procution Service assumes control of the ca reviews the evidence to decide

whether to procute.

在英格蘭和威爾士，一旦警察指控某人犯有刑事罪，皇家檢察總署就要接管此案，并獨立地審核證據(jù)以決定是否起訴。

2. In Britain all criminal trial are held in open count becau the criminal law presumes the innocence of the accud until he has been proved guilty beyond reasonable doubt. The

procution and the defen get equal treatment. No accud person has to answer the question of the police before trial. He is not compelled to give evidence in count. Every accud person has the right to employ a legal advir to conduct his defen. If he can not afford to pay, he may be granted aid at public expen. In criminal trial by jury, the judge pass ntence, but the jury decided the issue of guilt or innocence. The jury compod of 12 or ordinary people. If the verdict of the jury can not be unanimous, it must be a majority.

在英國，所有的刑事審判都在法院公開進(jìn)行。因為刑法認(rèn)為，在消除合理懷疑證明被告有罪之前，他是無辜的。原告與被告同樣平等，審判時被告不必回答警察的問題，不許強(qiáng)迫被告提供證據(jù)。每位被告都有權(quán)雇傭律師為其辯護(hù)。如果他不能支付律師費(fèi)，可以用公用費(fèi)用提供幫助。在由陪審團(tuán)進(jìn)行的刑事審判中，法官判刑，但陪審團(tuán)決定是否有罪。陪審團(tuán)一般由12人組成。如果陪審團(tuán)不能做出一致判決，也必須是多數(shù)決定。

3.A verdict of “ not guilt” means acquittal for the accud, who can never again be charged with that specific crime.

“無罪”裁決意味著被告無罪，并且永遠(yuǎn)不得再以此罪名對其指控。

IV. The Judiciary

司法機(jī)構(gòu)

There is no ministry of justice in the United Kingdom. Central responsibility lies with the Lord Chancellor the Home Secretary and the Attorney General. In England and Wales, lay

magistrates are appointed on behalf of the Crown by the Lord Chancellor who is advid by

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committees in each county. The Lord Chancellor recommends the High Court and circuit judges. The highest judicial appointments and made by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister.

英國沒有司法機(jī)構(gòu)。中央政府的司法工作主要由娃哈哈官內(nèi)政大臣和檢察總長負(fù)責(zé)。在英格蘭和威爾士，娃哈哈官根據(jù)各部委員會的建議任命外行人員為治安官。娃哈哈官推薦高等法官和巡回法官。最高級別的司法官任命由女王根據(jù)首相的建議做出。

V. Police

警察

The police rvice for United Kingdom is organized and controlled on a local basis under the Home Secretary and the Scottish and Northern Ireland Secretaries. London’s Metropolitan Police Force is directly under the control of Home Secretary. Police officers are not allowed to join a trade union or go on strike. They do not normally carry firearms.

在內(nèi)政大臣和蘇格蘭及北愛爾蘭國務(wù)大臣的指導(dǎo)下，英國警察分地組建，并以地方管理為基礎(chǔ)。但倫敦警察署直接與內(nèi)政大臣管轄。警察不得加入工會或罷工。他們通常不佩帶手槍。

VI. Treatment of offenders

對違法者的處理

The chief aims of the penal system are to deter the potential lawbreaker and to reform the convicted offender.

刑罰制度的主要目的是阻止?jié)撛诘倪`法者，并改造已判的違法者。

Capital punishment ( a ntence of death ) for murder has been abolished in the U.K, through proposal for its reinstatement are regularly debated by Parliament, and it remains the

penalty for treason and piracy.

英國已廢除對謀殺罪的死刑，但議會仍經(jīng)常辯論要恢復(fù)死刑，叛國罪和海盜罪仍可判死刑。

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Social Affairs 英國社會

I. Health and Social Services

全國醫(yī)療保健計劃

1. Britain is regarded as a welfare state. This system is funded out of national insurance contributions and taxation. In Britain the term applies mainly to the National Health Service

(NHS), national insurance and social curity.

英國被認(rèn)為是福利制度的國家。此制度的所需資金來源于全國保險稅和賦稅。在英國，這主要是指國民保健制度，國民保險和社會保障制度。

2. The National Health Service provides for every resident, regardless of income, a full

range of medical rvices. The rvice was established in the U.K. in 1948. Over 82 per cent of the cost of the health rvice in Great Britain is funded out of general taxation. The rest is met from: (1) the NHS element of National Insurance contributions; (2) charges towards the cost of certain items such as drugs prescribed by family doctors, and general dental treatment; (3) other receipts, including land sales and the proceeds of income generation schemes.

不管個人收入如何，國民保健制度為每個居民提供全面醫(yī)療服務(wù)。英國于1948年確立此制度。英國國民保健制度82%以下的費(fèi)用來自普通稅收，其他部分來自（1）國民保險金中的國民保險金部分；（2）對家庭一生開的藥單和普通牙科治療所收的費(fèi)用；（3）其他收入，包括出售土地和增收計劃的收益。

II. social Security

社會保險

1. The social curity system is designed to cure a basic standard of living for people in financial need. Nearly a third of government expenditure is devoted to the social curity

programme which provides financial help for people who are elderly, sick, disabled, unemployed, widowed, bringing up children or on very low incomes.

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社會保險制度設(shè)立的目的是保障經(jīng)濟(jì)困難的人們的基本生活水平，政府開支的近三分之一用于社會保險計劃。此計劃給老人，病人，殘疾人，失業(yè)者，寡婦，撫育幼兒者或低收入者提供經(jīng)濟(jì)幫助。

III. Religion宗教

1. Everyone in Britain has the right to religious freedom with out interference from the

community or the State. He may change his religion at will may manifest his faith in teaching, worship and obrvance. Except that the Lord Chancellor may be a Roman Catholic, public offices are open without distinction to members of all churches or none.

在英國，人人都有信仰宗教的權(quán)利，社會和政府不得干涉。他可以隨意改變宗教信仰，可以在教職，禮拜或儀式中表明他的信仰。除了不可以是羅馬天主教徒外，公共職務(wù)對各種信仰或沒有信仰的人一律公開。

2. Established churches

國教

There are two established churches in Britain: in England the church of England ( theAnglican Church圣公會) and in Scotland the Church of Scotland.(the Presbyterian Church基督教長老會)

英國有兩大國教，在英格蘭是英格蘭國教，蘇格蘭是蘇格蘭教會（長老教）。

The Christian religion: Most people believe in God and the Bible, either Protestantism

(基督教)or Catholicism (天主教)

The Ten Commandments 圣經(jīng)中的十戒

1．I am the Lord your God.

2.. Thou shalt not wordship any other God but me.

3. Thou shalt not take the name of thy God in vain.

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4. Remember to keep holy the Sabbath day.

5. Love thy father and thy mother.

6. Do not commit murder.

7. Do not commit Adultery.

8. Do not steal.

9. Do not accu others fally.

10. Do not desire another man,s property or anything that he owns.

IV. Festival and Public Holidays

Christmas

Easter

The Queens official birthday

Bonfire Night

Mother’s Day

April Fool’s Day

節(jié)假日

The Christian festival of the year and Christmas, Easter, and Whit Sunday.

其主要的節(jié)日有圣誕節(jié)，復(fù)活節(jié)，圣靈降臨節(jié)

whit Sunday

圣靈降臨節(jié)：英文名 Whitsunday。復(fù)活節(jié)后第五十天，耶穌升天后第十天的主日，使徒們正聚集于耶路撒冷，圣靈突然從天而降，落在各人身上。于是眾使徒大得力量， 15

同別人廣傳福音，那天，約有二十人信了耶穌。（見使徒行傳第二章）。因此，圣靈降臨節(jié)就是初期基督教會誕生之日，十分重要。使徒們以后遂勇赴各地宣揚(yáng)耶穌救人福音，而教會最后遂得以擴(kuò)展至全世界。根據(jù)第四世紀(jì)末，西班牙修道女以塞利亞所寫的「朝圣記」，當(dāng)時在耶路撒冷的教會已經(jīng)慶祝圣靈降臨節(jié)了（Pilgrimage of Ethria. pp.150）。

圣靈降臨節(jié)后的第一主日，叫做「三位一體主日」（Trinity Sunday），紀(jì)念耶穌在世一生事跡，圣靈降臨，以及三位一體的真神。從三位一體主日開始，直至降臨期這段時期，稱為「三位一體期」（Trinity Season），一共包括有二十幾個主日，教會歷中稱為三位一體后第一主日、第二主日

Sports 體育運(yùn)動

1. Many international sports were introduced by the British who take their leisure time very riously. There is widespread participation in sport in Britain.

許多國際體育項目是由認(rèn)真對待休閑時間的英國人引進(jìn)的，在英國，人們廣泛參與體育。

2. Football ( or “soccer” as it is colloquially called ), the most popular sport in England as well as in Europe, has its traditional home in England where it was developed in the 19th century.

足球（口語叫”soccer”）,在英格蘭和歐洲是最受歡迎的運(yùn)動，其傳統(tǒng)老家在英格蘭，出現(xiàn)于19世紀(jì)。

3. The game “Rugby” was invented at Rugby School in Warwich shire in the early 19th century.

拉格比球比賽19世紀(jì)初創(chuàng)立于沃爾威克郡的拉格比學(xué)校，因此而得名。

4. Cricket, the most typically English of sports, has been in existence since the 16th century. On an international level, 5-day Cornhill Test Matches.

板球，是英國人最典型的體育運(yùn)動，自從16世紀(jì)以來已存在。國際比賽是5天的康希爾決賽。

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英語國家概況——美國部分

geography 地理位置

and Hawaii are the two newest states in northwestern Canada,and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific.

阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美國的兩個新州。阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位鄰中太平洋。（本細(xì)節(jié)還有考“一句話簡答”的可能）

2。The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia,Canada and China.

就面積而言，美國是世界第四大國，就人口而言，美國是世界是第三大國。

has 50 states now. Of all states of American,Alaska is the lagest in area and Rhode Island the on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country.

所有州中，阿拉斯加是面積最大的州，羅得島最小，在美國大陸，最大的州是得克薩斯州。

4。The Rockies,the backbone of the North American Continent,is also known as the Continental Divide.

落基山脈是北美大陸的脊梁，也被成為大陸分水嶺。

5．The Mississippi River is the largest river in American,over 6000 Mississippi has been called "father of waters"or "old man river"

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密西西比河是美國最長河流，有被稱作“眾水之父”或“老人河”。

6．the most important lakes in the United States are the Great Lakes. They are Lake Superior,which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan ,the only entirely in

the U.S.,Lake Huron,Lake Eire and Lake are located between Canada and the United States except Lake Michigan.

美國最重要的湖泊是五大湖：蘇必利爾湖，密歇根湖，休倫湖，伊利湖和安大略湖，其中，蘇必利爾湖為世界最大淡水湖，密歇根湖完全是美國境地內(nèi)。

7。Traditionally from the east to the west the United States can be divided into ven geographical regions.美國從東到西可分為七個地理區(qū)。

8。New English is made up of six states of the Northeast .Becaust of its stony soil it is not noted for its agriculture .Dairying is the most inportant farm activity,New English is also well-known for its position in education,Many famous universities and colleges such as Yale,Harvard,thd Massachutts Institute of Technology(MIT) are located here.

新英格蘭由美國東北部六個州組成，由于土壤多石，不利于農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)，乳制品業(yè)是最重要的農(nóng)業(yè)活動，許多重點大學(xué)如耶魯大學(xué)，哈佛大學(xué)和麻省理工學(xué)院都坐落于此。

New Englanders were originally knows as Yankees,which came to stand for alll American.新英格蘭人最初曾被稱作“美國佬：這一名稱，后來漸漸指所有的美國人。

and Ethnic groups

United States of the American is the third most populous county in the world after Chind and India.美國是世界人口第三大國，僅次于中國和印度。

The first immigrants in the American history cane from England and Netherlands.

美國歷史是第一批移民來自英國和荷蘭。

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The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the United States is the blacks who number about 12.1% of the population. The first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619.

美國人口最多的少數(shù)民族是黑人，大約占總?cè)丝诘?2。1%，第一批黑人作為奴隸于1619年運(yùn)抵北美。

Traditionally,the mainstream American were called WASPs,that is ,White Anglo-Saxon Protestants.傳統(tǒng)上讀，美國人的主流是祖先為英國新教徒的白人。

American History(1) 美國歷史（一）

"first American "were the first English colony in the Americas was founded at Jamestown ,Virginaia,in n 1607 and 1733 the British eastablished 13 colonies along the east coast of North American.“最早的美國人”是印地安人，英國于1607年在美國建立了第一塊殖民地，即在弗吉尼亞的詹姆斯，1607-1733年間，英國在北美洲的東海岸建立了十三個殖民地。

2。In 1620,201 of Pilgrimw sailed to the New World in a ship called arrived at Plymouth and built the Plymouth colony.1620年，有201名英國清教徒乘坐一名為”五月花號“的船到達(dá)了普利茅斯并建立了殖民地。

3．The Declaration of Independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson of Declaration is a clear explanation of the political theory behind the revolution and this theory came from the British philosopher John Locke.

《獨立宣言》是由托馬斯。杰文遜起草的，它明確闡述了支撐這場革命的政治理論，這一理論來源于英國著名哲學(xué)家約翰。洛克。

4．Tn the Civil war,Lincoln realized that he could win support for the Union at home and abroad by making the war a just war against he issued the famous Emancipation Proclamation.美國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)期間，林肯發(fā)表了《解放奴隸宣言》

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5．On November 19,1863,Abraham Lincoln made a short speech on the occasion of dedicating the national cemetery at ended his speech with the memorable words:"That government of the people ,by the people,for the people,shall not perish from the earth.

1863年11月9日，林肯在葛底斯堡陣亡將士公墓落成儀式上發(fā)表了簡短的演說，他以另人難忘的語言結(jié)束了演說“民有，民治，民享的政府永遠(yuǎn)不會從地球上消失。

the Economy 美國經(jīng)濟(jì)

The U.S is by far the biggest industrial country in the is first in such advanced field as computers, space, nuclear energy and electronics.到止前為止，美國是世界上最大的工業(yè)國，在計算機(jī)，宇航，核能和電子等先進(jìn)領(lǐng)域居世界首位。

Political institution（政治制度）

The American Constitution is the oldest written constitution in the world. It was draw up in 1787 and went into effect in 1789.美國憲法是世界上最早的成文憲法，它起草于1787年，生效于1789年。

The government is divided into three branched: the legislative ,the executive ,and the judicial. Each branch has part of the powers but not all the power.美國政府被分為3部分：立法機(jī)構(gòu)，行政機(jī)構(gòu)和司法機(jī)構(gòu)。

The President of the U.S is the head of the executive branch and the head of the state

elected by the whole nation. The Constitution requires the President to be a natural-born American citizen at least 35 years of age. The president election was held every 4 years .憲法規(guī)定總統(tǒng)必須是美國本土出生的美國公民，至少年滿35歲，總統(tǒng)選舉每四年舉行一次。

The presidential term of 4 years begin on Jan 20 following the November election, The

president publicly takes an oath of office, which is administered by the Chief Justice of the

U.S. A president can be elected to office only twice.美國總統(tǒng)任期為4年，每位總統(tǒng)任期最多只能兩屆，總統(tǒng)宣誓就職儀式是由美國首席法官主持的

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Article I of the Constitution grants all legislative power of the federal government to a

Congress compod of two chambers, a Senate and a Hou of Reprentatives. The Senate is compod of 2 members from each state, Membership in the Hou is bad on population

and its size is therefore not specified in the Constitution.國會由參議院和眾議院組成，參議院由各州派出兩名議員共同組成，眾議院成員數(shù)則按各州人口及大小而定，因此眾義員數(shù)憲法沒有具體規(guī)定。

The Constitution requires that U.S. Senators must be at least 30 years of age, citizens

of the U.S for at least 9 years, and residents of the states from which they are elected. The

natorial term is 6 years, and every 2 years one-third of the Senate stands for re-election.憲法規(guī)定美國參議員必須是年滿30歲有美國公民資格9年以上的公民，并且是選其為議員的州的居民，參議員任期為6年，且每月年改選1/3的議員。

Menber of the Hou of Reprentative must be at least 25, citizens for 7 years, and residents of the states which nd them to Congress. Today, the Hou is compod of 435 members. Since members of the Hou rve two-year terms, the life of a Congress is considered to be 2 years.憲法規(guī)定美國眾議員必須是年滿25歲有美國公民資格7年以上的公民，并且是選其為議員的州的居民，現(xiàn)在，眾議院由來35名議員組成，由于眾議員任期為2年，所以國會任期往往被認(rèn)為是2年。

According to the Constitution, the judicial power of the U.S shall be vested in one Supreme Court. The judicial system has evolved into the prent structure: the Supreme Court, 11 court of appeals, 91 district courts, and 3 courts of special jurisdiction. are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.根據(jù)憲法規(guī)定，美國的司法權(quán)屬于最高法院，司法體系結(jié)構(gòu)為：最高法院，11個上訴法院，91個地方法院，3個有特殊司法權(quán)的法院，美國的法官是由總統(tǒng)任命并由參議院批準(zhǔn)的。

In general, American has a two-party system. There are two major political parties in America: the Democrats and the Republicans. There have been four periods in the history of political parties in American.一般說來，美國實行的是兩黨制，兩大主要政黨為：民主黨和共和黨，美國政黨的歷史可分為四個時期。

Education 教育

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1． It is a general view that every American has the right and obligation to become educated. American believe that ,through education, an individual acquires the knowledge, skill ,attitudes and abilities which will enable him to fit into society and improve his social status. Education helps to shape the society and develop the national strength。在美國，人們普遍認(rèn)識是，每一個人都有受教育的權(quán)利和義務(wù)，通過受教育，人們可以更好的適應(yīng)社會，提高自身的社會地位，教育有助于塑造社會，增強(qiáng)國家實力。

2． Formal education in the U.S consists of elementary ,condary and higher education,

Elementary and condary education,which forms public education, is free and compulsory.美國正規(guī)的教育由初等，中等和高等教育組成，初等，中等教育屬公立教育，是免費(fèi)和義務(wù)的。

3．In American, there are the best rearch universities such as Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Columbia and MIT in the east, as well as Stanford and Berkeley on the west coast.美國最好的科研型大學(xué)有位于東部的哈佛，耶魯，普林斯頓，哥倫比亞，和麻省理工大學(xué)，位于西海岸的斯坦福大學(xué)和伯克利大學(xué)。

Holidays and Festivals 節(jié)日和假期

1． By long custom, American nationally obrved holidays include Christmas, Thanksgiving Day, Labor Day, Independence Day, New Year’s Day, Columbus Day, Washington’s birthday, Memorial Day and Veterans’ Day.在美國有以下節(jié)日是全國同慶的節(jié)日：圣誕節(jié)，感恩節(jié)，勞動節(jié)，獨立紀(jì)念日，新年，哥倫布紀(jì)念日，華盛頓誕辰紀(jì)念日，陣亡將士紀(jì)念日和退伍節(jié)。

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