英國的地理特征

2024年1月12日發(作者：圣誕故事)

Ⅱ.英國的地理特征II. Geographical Features

英國是個島國，四周是海。它位于歐洲北海岸附近的北大西洋中。南面的英吉利海峽和東面的北海把英國與歐洲的其他部分隔開。英法之間的英吉利海峽很狹窄，最狹窄的地方叫多佛爾海峽，只有33 公里寬。1985 年，英法兩國政府決定在多佛爾海峽底修建一個隧道，把兩個國家連接起來。經過八年的奮斗,這條名為"查諾爾"的海底隧道于1994 年5 月通車。英國的面積為244，100 平方公里。南北長1000 公里，東西最寬闊的地方約為500 公里。因此英國的任何地方離海邊都不遠，海岸資源豐富。英國海岸線很長且擁有優良的深水港。 海上通道延伸到內陸，提供了低廉的運輸。

Britain is an island country. It is surrounded by the a. It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the

north coast of Europe. It is parated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south

and the North Sea in the east. The English Channel between England and France is quite narrow

and the narrowest part is called the Straits of Dover, which is only 33 km across. In 1985 the

British government and the French government decided to build a channel tunnel under the Straits

of Dover so that England and France could be joined together by road. After eight years of hard

work this channel tunnel which is called ''Chunnel'' was open to traffic in May 1994. Britain

covers an area of 244, 100 square krn. It runs 1, 000 km from north to south and extends, at the

widest part, about 500 kilometers. So no part of Britain is very far from the coast and it provides a

valuable resource. The British coast is long and has good, provides a valuable resource. The

British coast is long and has good, providing cheap transportation.

幾個世紀以來，英國一直在緩慢地傾斜。西北部緩慢上升，東南部緩慢下沉。英國的北部與西部主要是山地。這種上升在蘇格蘭西部形成了突起的海灘――山的平地。這種海灘提供了主要的農田、定居點、工業區及通道。東部及東南部主要是低地，是"歐洲大平原"的一部分，有著平坦的土地及肥沃的土壤。尤其是南部及英格蘭東海岸有許多良田。

Britain has, for centuries, been slowly tilting with the North-West slowly rising and the South-East

slowly sinking. The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands. In western parts of Scotland

this ri in the land has resulted in the formation of raid beaches - flat areas of land in an herwi

mountainous area, which provide the main farming, ttlements, and industrial areas as well as

routeways. The east and south-east are mostly lowlands. They are part of the Great European Plain,

with its level land and fertile soil. There is much good farmland especially in the south and along

the east coast of England.

在冰川時代，英國覆蓋著大冰塊，導致英國壯觀的山景，尤其是斯諾多尼亞、湖泊區及蘇格蘭山地，因此英國擁有平頂的山脈、瀑布流經的山谷、帶狀湖、平坦的谷底、陡峭的谷倒、冰礫土及沃土。During the Ice Age great ice covered Great Britain. Ice has been responsible for

most of Britain's spectacular mountain scenery especially in Snowdonia, the Lake District ,and the

Scottish Highlands. It left Great Britain with mountains with flat tops ,hanging valleys with

waterfalls, ribbon lakes, flat valley floors ,steep valley sides ,boulder clay and fertile soil.

1.英格蘭1. England

英格蘭占了大不列顛島南部的絕大部分面積。英格蘭西面是威爾士，北面是蘇格蘭。面積為130，000平方公里，占整個島的60%。除了塞汶河谷及柴郡――蘭開郡平原(中心為利物浦)外，其西南部和西部主要是高原，也有起伏的平原、丘陵地及少數沼澤地，但主要是高原。從北中部延伸至蘇格蘭邊境的奔寧山脈是主要山脈。但英格蘭的最高峰斯加非爾峰(978 米)卻位于西北部的湖泊區。英格蘭東部主要是開闊的可耕種平原，此平原的海岸沼澤地和奔寧山脈之間變成一條狹窄的走廊(約克谷)，在諾桑伯蘭郡則變成很窄的海岸帶。

England occupies the largest, southern part of Great Britain with Wales to its west and Scotland to

its north. It has an area of more than 130,000 square kilometers which takes up nearly 60% of the

whole island, the north-west and west except for the Severn valley and the Cheshire-Lancashire

plain (round Liverpool) are largely a plateau, with rolling plains, downs and occasional moors.

The Pennines, a range of hills running from North Midlands to the Scottish border, are the

principal mountain chain. But the highest peak of England, Scafell (978m), is in the Lake District

in north-west England. The east of England is mainly an open cultivated plain, narrowing in North

Yorkshire to a passage (Vale of York) between coastal moors and the Pennines, and in

Northumberland to a coastal strip.

2.蘇格蘭 2. Scotland

蘇格蘭面積為78，760 平方公里。位于大不列顛島北部，擁有眾多的山脈、湖泊及島嶼。它有三大自

然區:北部山地、中部低地及南部高地。北部山地 (300――1，200 多米)是一片荒蕪而多石的高原，有彎曲

的海岸線，西面尤其如此。本奈維斯山海拔1，343 米，英國的最高峰就在此地。山地西部及赫布里底群

島 風景迷人。狹長的海灣與荒山交錯，一些內海上的農場只有坐小船才能到達。中部低地，主要由福斯

和克萊德谷、煤礦和鐵礦區及奶牛牧場組成。中部是蘇格蘭主要的工業區，人口最為稠密，是蘇格蘭最重

要的地區。南部高地是起伏的沼澤地(多在240-600 米之間)，被眾多小而肥沃的河谷所分割。蘇格蘭有800

座島嶼，包括奧克尼群島，設德蘭群島及赫布里底群島，此外還有幾百個湖泊。愛丁堡是蘇格蘭的首府。

Scotland has an area of 78,760 square kilometers. It is in the north of Great Britain with many

mountains, lakes

and islands. There are three natural zones: the Highlands in the north, the central Lowlands, and

the southern

Uplands. The Highlands (300—over 1,200m) are a wild, rocky, mountainous plateau with a

coastline deeply

indented, especially in the west. Ben Nevis, the highest mountain in Britain (1,343m) is located

here. The western

part of Highlands and the islands of Hebrides are a very beautiful region. Great a-lochs, or fiords,

alternate with

wild and empty hills, and on some of the lochs there are farms which can only be reached by boat.

The Lowlands

in the center compri mostly the Forth and Clyde valleys, coal and iron fields and dairy pasture.

This is the most

important area in Scotland which contains most of the industry and population. The southern

Uplands, a rolling

moorland (mainly 240—600m), are cut by small fertile river valleys. Scotland has about 800

islands including the

Orkneys. Shetlands and Hebrides and hundreds of lakes. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland.

3.威爾士 3. Wales

威爾士位于大不列顛島的西部，面積為20，761 平方公里，占整個島的近 9%。威爾士大部

分地區是

山。山脈沿海陡峭聳起，而山頂卻相當平坦。威爾士6%為森林覆蓋，大部分鄉村是草原牧場――養牛養

羊，只有12%的可耕地。威爾士形成一個山區，但周邊是狹窄的低地，最寬之處是沿英格蘭邊境和南海岸。

山地高度在180 米到600 米之間，北面多巖石，南面有煤。西北部的斯諾多尼亞山(1085 米)是威爾士的最

高點。威爾士首府是加的夫。Wales is in the west of Great Britain. It has an area of 20,761 square

kilometers

which takes up less than 9% of the whole island. Most of Wales is mountainous: the hills ri

steeply from the a

and are rather flat on top. 6% of Wales is covered with forest and much of the country is

pasture—land for sheep

and cattle. Only 12% of the land is arable. Wales forms a massif with a lowland fringe widest

along the English

border and south coast. The massif is largely between 180 and 600m, rocky in the north and coal

bearing in the

south. Snowdonia (1,085m) in the northwest is the highest mountain in Wales. The capital of

Wales is Cardiff.

4. 北愛爾蘭4. Northern Ireland

北愛爾蘭是聯合王國的第四個所屬區域。它占據愛爾蘭北部五分之一的面積――14，147 平方公里。

北愛爾蘭北部海岸線荒蕪多石，并有幾處深陷的回地。東北部地區的安特里爾郡多高地，而向東南部逐漸

變成了洛尼格盆地所在的中央低地。貝爾法斯特是北愛爾蘭的首都。Northern Ireland is a

fourth region of the

United Kingdom. It takes up the northern fifth of Ireland and has an area of 14,147 square

kilometers. It has a

rocky and wild northern coastline, with veral deep indentations. In the north-east gradually give

way to the

central lowlands of the Lough Neagh basin. Belfast is the capital of Northern Ireland.

Ⅲ.河流和湖泊 III. Rivers and Lakes

英國的河流冬天不結冰。河流在國民經濟中起著重要作用。倫敦、利物浦和格拉斯哥這些大港口全都

通過河流與海洋連接在一起。此外，東海岸的Tweed 河、Tyne 河、蒂斯河、泰晤士河都面對著歐洲大陸上

的北海各港口，距離富饒的漁區也很近。而西海岸的克萊德河、默西河和塞汶河把原材料運到繁忙的內陸

工業城市。英國的河流并不很長，最長的塞汶河也只有338 公里長。它發源于威爾士中部，河道呈半圓形

流經英格蘭中西部，注入布里斯托爾海峽。第二大河，也是英國最重要的河是泰晤士河，全長336 公里。

發源于英格蘭西南部的科茨沃耳德山，流經英格蘭中部到達倫敦，注入北海。泰晤士河流速相當慢，這對

水路運輸極為有利。海輪可以沿著此河遠至倫敦，而小船則可再上溯138 公里。牛津也在泰晤士河上。克

萊德河是蘇格蘭最重要的河流。它發源于鄧弗里斯山，全長171 公里，流經格拉斯哥，注入克萊德河灣，

是重要的商業水路航道。Rivers in Britain do not freeze in winter. They play a very important

role in the

country’s economy. The great ports of London, Liverpool and Glasgow are all connected to the

a by rivers.

4

Besides, the Tweed, the Tyne, the Tees, and the Thames rivers on the east coast all face North Sea

ports on the

European continent. They are also clo to rich fishing grounds. On the west coast the Clyde, the

Mery, and the

Severn rivers carry raw materials to busy manufacturing cities inland. The rivers in Britain are not

very large. The

longest river is the Severn River which is only 338 kilometers long. It ris in central Wales and

flows in a

micircle through West Central England to the Bristol Channel. The cond largest and most

important river in

Britain is the Thames River. It is 336 kilometers long. It ris in the Cotswolds in southwest

England and flows

through the Midlands of England to London and out into the North Sea. The Thames flows rather

slowly, which is

very favorable for water transportation. Ocean-going ships can sail up it as far as London and

small ships can sail

up it for a further 138 kilometers. Oxford is also on the Thames. River Clyde is the most important

river in

Scotland. It ris in Dumfries and runs 171 kilometers, passing through Glasgow, and enters the

Firth of Clyde. It

is an important commercial waterway.

英國有許多湖泊，尤其是蘇格蘭北部、英格蘭西北部的湖泊區及威爾士北部更是如此。但是，英國最

大的湖是北愛爾蘭的洛尼格湖，面積為396 平方公里。湖泊區是英國最吸引人的旅游名勝之一，它以荒野

和美麗的景色及15 個湖而名揚天下。其中較大的湖有汶德密湖、鄂思水湖、德文水湖和柯尼斯頓水湖。

湖區也是湖畔詩人的家。例如19 世紀的威廉.華茲華斯，塞繆爾.泰勒.柯勒律治和羅伯特.騷塞。There are

many lakes in Britain especially in northern Scotland, the Lake District in north-west England and

North Wales.

However, the largest lake in Britain is the Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland which covers an area

of 396 square

kilometers. The Lake district is one of the popular tourist attractions in Britain. It is well known

for its wild and

beautiful scenery and 15 lakes. The largest ones are Windermere, Ullswater, Derwentwater and

Coniston Water. It

was also the home of the Lake poets William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert

Southey of 19th

century Britain.

Ⅳ.氣候 IV. Climate

1.海洋性氣候 A maritime type of climate

當我們說到氣候時，我們指的是某個地方數年時間里的平均天氣狀況，而非指某個地方每天的天氣狀況。盡管英國人似乎總在抱怨天氣下雨、變化無常、不可預測，但實際上英國的氣候相當宜人，是海洋性氣候――冬季溫和不冷、夏季涼爽不熱，全年有穩定的降雨量。氣溫變化小，北方冬季平均氣溫是攝氏4－6 度，南方夏季為12-17 度。因此即使在冬天，在開闊的鄉村、公園和房屋周圍，也能看見大片的綠草。

When we say climate we mean the average weather conditions at a certain place over a period of

years. We don’t mean the day-to-day weather conditions at a certain place. Though it ems that

people are always complaining about the weather in Britain becau it is rainy and so changeable

and unpredictable, the climate in Britain is in fact a favorable one. It has a favorable maritime

climate. Winters are mild, not too cold and summers are cool, not too hot, and it has a steady

reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. It has a small range of temperature. The average

temperature in winter in the north is 4—6 degrees C. and in summer in the south is 12—17

degrees C. So even in winter one can still e stretches of green grass in the open country, in the

parks and round the hous.

2.影響英國氣候的因素2. Factors which influence the climate in Britain

英國是個位于北緯50-60 度之間的島國，甚至比中國的黑龍江的最北端還要靠北。與同一緯度的其他國家相比，英國的氣候最溫和，主要受以下三個因素的影響。

Britain is an island country which lies between latitude 50 to 60 degrees north. It lies farther north

than even the northernmost part of Heilongjiang Province of China. Compared with other

countries of the same latitudes it has a more moderate climate, which is influenced mainly by

three factors:

(1)四周的海水使季節差異有所平衡、冬暖夏涼。因為海洋的加熱和降溫作用是相對緩慢的，因此在冬

季帶來暖氣，夏季帶來涼氣。

(1) The surrounding waters tend to balance the asonal differences by heating up

the land in winter and cooling it off in summer. As the a heats up and cools off relatively slowly

it brings warm air in winter and cool air in summer.

(2)溫暖濕潤的西南風吹遍全國，一年四季如此，使氣溫溫和。

(2) The prevailing south-west winds or the Westerlies blow over the country all the year round

bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate.

(3)北大西洋暖流流經大不列顛群島西海岸并使其溫和。

(3) The North Atlantic Drift, which is a warm current, pass the western coast of the British Isles

and warms them.

因為英國具有典型的海洋性氣候，因此氣候特點為氣候涼爽，多云，多陣雨。氣候每天都在變，很難預測。有時甚至同一個人在同一天可以經歷四季。 早上是天氣晴朗的春天，一兩個小時后，烏云不知從哪里跑出來，大雨傾盆而下。到了中午，氣溫下降約8 度，像寒冷的冬天。傍晚時分，天空晴朗，陽光普照，天黑前的一兩個小時里又是夏天。據說天氣的不確

定對英國人的性格有很大影響，例如使他們謹慎行事。當你看到一個英國人在陽光燦爛的早上穿著雨衣拿著雨傘出門時，你可能會笑話他。但是更經常的是一會兒就下起了毛毛細雨，當然你未必需要雨傘。

Since Britain’s climate is of the maritime type, it is characterized by cool temperature, frequent

cloudy days and rainstorms. It changes from day to day, and this makes it difficult to forecast. It is

so changeable that sometimes one can experience four asons in the cour of a single day. Day

may break as a fine spring morning; an hour or so later black clouds may have appeared from

nowhere and rain may be pouring down. At midday conditions may really be wintery with the

temperatures down to about 8 degrees C. Then in the later afternoon the sky will be clear, the sun

will begin to shine again, and for an hour or two before darkness falls, it will be summer. It has

been said that the uncertainty about the weather has had a definite effect upon the Englishman’s

character. It tends to make him cautious, for example. You may laugh when you e an

Englishman going out on a brilliantly sunny morning wearing a raincoat and carrying an

umbrella. However, most frequently it comes in drizzles and you don’t necessarily need an

umbrella.

3.降雨量 ll

英國全年有穩定的降雨量。平均年降雨量為1000 多毫米。在東部和南部海岸，平均降雨量為750－1250毫米，只有東南部的少數地區降雨量不足750 毫米。在西部，降雨量可達1250-2000 毫米，西北部一些地區則超過2000 毫米。從大西洋吹來的暖流給整個英國一年四季帶來暖濕空氣。在西部，暖流遇到高地就上升變冷，導致了大量的降雨。而東部降雨不多是因為西來的空氣爬過高地后，就變暖變干，雨水就不多了。

Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The average annual rainfall in

Britain is over 1,000 mm. It has 750 mm—1250 mm of rainfall along the coast in the east and

south except a small area in the south-eastern corner of the country which receives less than 750

mm. In the west there is as much as 1,250 mm to 2,000 mm of rainfall and some areas in the

north-west it is over 2,000 mm. The Westerlies blow over Britain all the year round bringing

warm and wet air from the Atlantic Ocean. It ris, climbs the highlands and the mountains in the

west, becomes colder and then caus heavy rainfall. There is not so much rainfall in the east

becau after climbing over the highlands and mountains the air gets warmer and drier when it

descends and does not give so much rain.

英國降雨量的分布使得北部和西部雨量過多，而南部和東部有所缺乏。因此，在像威爾士中部湖區、蘇格蘭高地這樣的山區就需修建水庫儲水，然后送到人口更多的低地工業區。

As a result of the rainfall distribution in Britain there is a water surplus in the north and west, and

a water deficit in the south and east. Rervoirs have therefore to be built in such highland areas as

Central Wales, the Lake District and the Scottish Highlands, so that water can be stored here and

then transferred to the more populated and industrial areas of lowland Britain.

4.自然災難 4. Natural calamities

通常說來，英國的氣候宜人而穩定不變，酷熱嚴寒、干旱及漫長的雨季都很少見。據估計英國人均日降雨量為3-6 立方米，遠遠超過實際需要，但還是有些問題。有時連續幾個月干旱，有時降雨太多引起水災。霧、煙霧、霜凍及大風時常給農作物及人們的生活造成較大損害。在1952 年持續四天的倫敦煙霧(由煙、臟物和霧混合而成的不健康的空氣)中所含的二氧化硫，使4000 人死亡或生命垂危。從那時起，英國大多數城市實行了"清潔空氣區"，根據此規定，工廠和家庭只許燃燒無煙燃料。

Generally speaking the climate in Britain is favorable and equable. Extremes of heat or cold or of

drought or prolonged rainfall are rarely experienced. It is estimated that on average about 3—6

cubic metres of rain per person per day fall over Britain. This is far more than is needed, but

problems, still remain. Sometimes there are veral months of drought, and at

6

other times too much rain caus flooding. Fog, smog, frost and vere gales are not uncommon

and often cau great damage to crops and to people’s life. In 1952 the sulphur dioxide in the

four-day London smog, an unhealthy atmosphere formed by mixing smoke and dirt with fog, left

4,000 people dead or dying. Since then most cities in Britain have introduced “clean air zones”

whereby factories and houholds are only allowed to burn smokeless fuel.

盡管英國沒有颶風――像臺風、龍卷風之類速度極快的強風，許多地區也易遭受強風的襲擊，冬天尤其如此。大風會導致洪水、船舶失事及人員傷亡。

Although

Britain does not experience hurricanes, that is, storms with a strong fast wind such as

typhoons or cyclones, many areas are subjected to vere gales, especially in winter. Gales can

cau flooding, shipwrecks and loss of life.__