unit 5 答案及翻譯

Unit

5 A place in society

Active reading (1)

Dealing with unfamiliar words

4 Match the words in the box with their definitions.

1 money or goods that you give to an organization, especially one that helps people (donation)

2 involving or done with a lot of energy, effort, attention etc (inten)

3 knowing and understanding a lot about a complicated subject (sophisticated)

4 supporting social and political change that aims to make a system fairer (progressive)

5 capable of doing something in a satisfactory or effective way (competent)

6 a new member of a company or an organization, especially someone who has recently joined (recruit)

7 to deliberately make someone feel frightened, especially so that they will do what you want (intimidate)

8 to experience or deal with something, especially a problem (encounter)

5 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 4.

There are two big political parties in the United States: the Republican party, which is traditionally

the more conrvative of the two, and the Democratic party, which is said to be more (1) progressive.

One of the most interesting and (2) inten moments in American political life is the election campaign

which comes before the presidential elections. Both parties need a lot of money to pay for the campaign,

for which they rely on (3) donations made by individuals and organizations. They also need a lot of new

(4) recruits to work on the campaign. The people are usually young, intelligent and hard-working,

(5) competent in their jobs and not easily (6) intimidated, since they are likely to (7) encounter a lot of

problems which have to be resolved quickly. But they also need to be highly (8) sophisticated, to be

5 Is a athlete someone who will be (a) quickly forgotten, or (b) remembered for a long time?

hall-of-fame

6 If the market is people, is there (a) a crowd of people there, or (b) not many people there?

heaving with

7 If you someone, do you want them to (a) come to e you immediately, or (b) go away?

summon

8 If you doing something, do you (a) do it, or (b) not do it?

refrain from

9 If there is a of activity, do a lot of things happen (a) all at once, or (b) over a long period of time?

flurry

Active reading (2)

Dealing with unfamiliar words

5 Match the words in the box with their definitions.

1 support that you always give to someone or something becau of your feelings of duty and love towards them

(loyalty)

2 to give someone the ability or opportunity to do something (enable)

3 a company that lls the same goods or rvices as another company (competitor)

4 a written legal agreement between two people or business that says what each must do for the other or give to the

other (contract)

5 the control and operation of a business or organization (management)

6 money ud in a way that may earn you more money (investment)

6 Complete the conversation with the correct form of the words in Activity 5.

A Does your company do a lot of business abroad?

B Yes, it does. We’ve recently signed a number of (1) contracts in the Middle East.

A So you’re making a major (2) investment in that area?

B Yes, we are. We also have a lot of (3) competitors in our line of business, so it won’t be easy.

A Have you ever thought of working for one of them?

B Not really, I’ve got a certain amount of (4) loyalty to my own company. I think that I’ve been treated

rather well by the (5) management. And if things go well, the new project I’m working on should

(6) enable me to get promotion quite quickly.

7 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words and expressions in the box. You may

need to make other changes.

1 The 2,000 words form the most basic part of the English language. (core)

2 Some British people think belonging to the European Union is vital to the UK’s national interests.

(membership)

Some British people think membership of the European Union is vital to the UK’s national interests.

3 The process of nding the books may take up to two weeks. (delivery)

The delivery of the books may take up to two weeks.

4 They said they would cancel the contract if they weren’t paid by next Thursday. (threatened)

They threatened to cancel the contract if they weren’t paid by next Thursday.

5 Can’t you e the positive side? You always spend time talking about the bad things. (dwell on)

You always dwell on the bad things.

6 Your inner strength will enable you to overcome life’s obstacles. (prevail over)

8 Answer the questions about the words and expressions.

1 Does an intermediary try to get two people or groups to (a) agree, or (b) disagree with each other?

2 Is your successor in a job the person who comes (a) after, or (b) before you?

3 If you have been nominated for a job, have you been (a) formally, or (b) only informally appointed?

4 Is a go-between someone who (a) takes messages between two people, or (b) prevents them from

communicating?

5 Is an individualist someone who (a) is, or (b) isn’t dependent on other people?

6 If you can stand on your own feet, can you (a) look after yourlf, or (b) e further than most people?

7 Does parental advice come from (a) the government, or (b) your mother and / or father?

Language in u

word formation: pro- and anti-

1 Look at the ntence from the passage Dinner at Joanne’s and answer the questions.

She was pro-abortion, anti-corruption, pro-low carbon emissions and anti-capital punishment, as fine a

progressive liberal as you could find this side of the Atlantic.

1 If she was pro-abortion, was she in favour of or against the possibility of having an abortion?

She was in favour of the possibility of having an abortion.

2 If she was anti-capital punishment, was she in favour of or against the death penalty?

She was against the death penalty.

3 How are the words formed?

The words are formed using the prefixes pro- and anti-.

4 What information do they give about people’s characters?

They indicate a person’s political ideas.

Now form new words to describe someone who is:

(a) against racism

An anti-racist: a person who is against racism, ie against the belief that people of their own race are better

than others, and against the unfair and violent treatment to people from other races.

(b) in favour of devolution

A pro-devolutionist: a person who is in favour of devolution of power, finance, decision-making on education,

health etc to regional or local administrative bodies, rather than keeping such power and control centrally with

the government.

(c) against intervention

An anti-interventionist: a person who is against intervention by the central government in business, education,

health etc, especially for regional or local matters.

(d) against protecting the environment

An anti-environmentalist: a person who is against environmentalism, ie who is against tho who think we

need special action to protect the environment.

(e) in favour of a market economy

A pro-market economist: a person who is in favour of letting market forces have their own process with

not just to … but to …

2 Rewrite the ntences using not just to … but to …

1 I needed to e him for two reasons. I wanted to tell him about the new contract, and I also wanted to check

whether he was still interested in working with us.

I needed to e him not just to tell him about the new contract, but to check whether he was still interested in

working with us.

2 People went to Joanne’s for two reasons. They went becau they were curious to e who their fellow

diners were, but also to be en themlves.

People went to Joanne’s not just to e who their fellow diners were, but to be en themlves.

3 Matthew decided to climb Mount Kilimanjaro for two reasons. Firstly, it was a personal challenge, and

condly, he wanted to rai money for a children’s charity.

Matthew decided to climb Mount Kilimanjaro not just to face this personal challenge, but to rai money for a

children’s charity.

4 I agreed to go to Egypt for two reasons. I wanted to e an old friend, and I also needed a break from the

northern winter.

I agreed to go to Egypt not just to e an old friend, but to take a needed break from the northern winter.

5 Florence left home for two reasons. She couldn’t find a job in the area where she lived, and she was beginning to find

family life oppressive.

Florence left home not just to find a job in this area, but to escape from her family life which she found oppressive.

prep. which / whom

+

3 Complete the ntences with an appropriate prep. + which / whom.

1 It’s not always easy to identify the group to which someone belongs.

2 The global community, of which we are all part, is changing very rapidly.

3 The friends with whom I grew up all left home years ago.

4 The standards by which we are judged today em to have little to do with traditional values.

5 The society in which I grew up was rather different in tho days.

6 My parents, to whom I owe so much, came from a very poor background.

unpacking complex ntences

4 Look at the ntences from the passage Dinner at Joanne’s and answer the questions.

1 Did Joanne’s have a reputation for good food?

No, in fact, the food was often maligned.

2 How did Josh know it?

He knew it by reputation, ie he had heard or read good comments about it.

3 What was special for its orchestra?

The orchestra had a guest slot for a well-known movie director who played trumpet.

4 Who were the sort of guests it had a reputation for?

They were famous celebrities, eg politicians, diplomats, movie actors, athletes, journalists, writers, rock stars, Nobel

prize winners etc.

5 Who does refer to?

anyone who was anyone

It refers to anyone who is famous or who has star-quality.

Collocations

5 Read the explanations of the words. Answer the questions.

1 inten When a feeling or action is inten, it is usually very strong or extreme, or it exists in large

amounts?

(a) If the pain is inten, what do you feel like doing?

You feel like screaming or crying with pain.

(b) What sort of work requires inten concentration?

Difficult or hard work on which you need to focus all your attention.

(c) What kind of weather is inten heat?

Very hot and dry weather.

2 delivery This word usually means carrying goods somewhere and giving them to someone who is waiting

to receive them.

(a) How many of the online bookstores offer free delivery?

A few offer free delivery.

(b) What do you do if you are asked for cash on delivery?

You pay when what you have ordered is delivered.

(c) If a mother has had an easy delivery, what has she just brought into the world?

A baby; she has just given birth in a comfortable manner.

3 core This word usually means the centre of something, or the most important and necessary part of

something.

(a) What do you do with the apple core when you’ve finished eating?

You throw it away becau it is not the part to eat, but it has the most important part for the apple tree –the

pips or apple eds.

(b) How many words do you think should be included in a core vocabulary of English?

A limited number of basic and frequent words.

(c) How devoted are a hard core of fans who stay up all night to greet their heroes?

They are very devoted and loyal.

6 Translate the paragraphs into Chine.

1 Josh shivered as he checked the address on the slip of paper in his hand. He’d never been to Joanne’s, but

knew it by reputation, not becau of its food, which had often been maligned, or its jazz orchestra, which had

a guest slot for a well-known movie director who played trumpet, but becau of the stellar quality of its

sophisticated guests: politicians, diplomats, movie actors, hall-of-fame athletes, journalists, writers, rock stars

and Nobel Prize winners – in short, anyone who was anyone in this city of powerbrokers.

喬希打了個冷戰，他打開手里的紙條核對了一下地址。之前他沒來過喬安妮餐廳，但對于它的鼎鼎大

名卻早有耳聞，倒不是因為這里的飯菜有多美味，其實這里的菜品屢遭惡評，也不是因為這里的爵士

管弦樂隊有一位知名電影導演客串吹小號，而是因為這里匯集了有頭有臉的賓客，可以說是星光璀璨，

他們中有政客、外交家、電影明星、載入名人堂的體育明星、記者、作家、搖滾明星、諾貝爾獎得主

等等——總之，這里的每一位客人都是這座權力之城里的一個人物。

2 The Swedes and the Saudis in this true story have different concepts of the role of personal relationships in

business. For the Swedes, business is done with a company; for the Saudis, with a person whom one has

learned to know and trust. As long as one does not know another person well enough it is convenient to have

prent an intermediary or go-between, someone who knows and is trusted by both parties. At the root of the

difference between the cultures is a fundamental issue in human societies: the role of the individual versus

the role of the group.

在這個真實的故事里，瑞典人和沙特人對人際關系在商業中的作用有著不同的理解。對瑞典人來說，

他們是在和一個公司做生意；但對沙特人來說，他們是在跟一個他們了解并且信任的人做生意。只要

是他們對某個人還了解得不夠，讓一位雙方都認識并信任的中間人或介紹人在場，這樣做會比較方便。

這兩種文化的差異源于人類社會的一個根本問題：即個人角色與集體角色的問題。

Translation of the passages

Active reading (1)

喬安妮餐廳的晚餐

雪下得很大，雖然每個真正的紐約人都盼著過一個白色的圣誕，可還在第五大道購物的人們卻行色匆匆，他們

不但要在最后一刻前挑選到心儀的圣誕禮物，還要避開嚴寒，回家和還親人們共度圣誕夜。

喬希·萊斯特拐進了第四十六街。他還沒來得及享受圣誕的氣氛，因為他仍在工作著，雖說是要在喬安妮餐廳

吃一頓工作餐。喬希是位黑人，三十出頭，長得平易近人，穿著時髦得體，卻不華貴。他來自弗吉尼亞州北部，父

母都是辛勤工作的人，或許只有回到父母家里才最讓他感到幸福。單從他行為舉止，別人看不出他擁有一個哈佛法

學院的學位，一段在華盛頓特區跟從國會議員實習的經歷，還有紐約一家律師事務所初級合伙人的身份。他才華橫

溢，思維敏捷，聰明過人。

這次會面意味著喬希要過了圣誕夜才能回家了。他并沒有因此而不高興。因為他要見的人是康涅狄格州的資深

參議員喬·羅杰斯，此人是全美曝光率最高的名人之一。參議員羅杰斯是民主黨人，現在是她的第三個任期，對于

喬希過去也有過被人懷疑的經歷，但他沒有被嚇到。

“我肯定她很快就到。能煩請你帶我去她的座位去嗎？”喬希說。

“那這邊走，先生。”領班把喬希領到餐廳靠里處，指了指一張桌子。

“謝謝，請給我來一杯馬丁尼，”喬希說。可那位領班還沒等他說完就迫不及待地要回到紐約上層社會那令人

陶醉的紛亂中去，至少在他看來，那里的每一個人都在叫喚著他，希望得到他的注意。

這張桌子離衛生間很近，還緊挨著一扇半開的窗戶，好象從五大湖刮來的刺骨寒風正好沿著哈德遜峽谷吹進來，

在這兒結束了它的旅程。

突然間，餐廳安靜了片刻，緊接著又響起了一陣熱烈的竊竊語聲。

“羅杰斯參議員！”領班喊道，“能在喬安妮再次見到您真是太榮幸了！”

“晚上好，阿爾貝托。我要和一位年青人吃飯，他叫萊斯特。”

領班慌得急眨眼，還咽了咽口水。

“好的，參議員，您這邊走。” 當羅杰斯參議員穿過擁擠的餐廳時，不斷有人回過頭來，他們認出了她，并默

默地跟她打招呼。在一個不分階級的社會里，羅杰斯可以說是離美國的統治階級最近的人了。阿爾貝托在周圍轉了

一陣子，然后走過去和一位同事說了幾句話。

“很高興又見到你，喬希”羅杰斯說。“我們先吃點東西，然后我要跟你談談一份商業提案的事。”

阿爾貝托回到餐桌旁，深深地彎下腰，那謙卑的樣子簡直有點可笑。

“參議員，這張桌子太冷了，坐著不舒服，不知道……”

羅杰斯參議員等著他把話說完，她輕聲地說道，“請接著說。”

“不知道您愿不愿意換張好點的桌子，到餐廳中間去，這樣您就能看到餐廳里的每一個人了。”這樣餐廳里的

每一個人都可以看見您啦，他本是想這么說的。“那樣您會覺得舒服得多，而且……”

阿爾貝托停了來。羅杰斯參議員看了看四周。

“我同意，這兒不是屋子里最好的座位，但既然你把我的朋友帶了這兒，我想我們就呆在這里好了，上我平時

亞，哥倆都是莎士比亞迷。

正當約翰尼森的上司開始懷疑公司花大筆旅費派人去洽談是否明智時，利雅得那邊來了電報，邀請約翰尼森迅

速趕赴利雅得，因為一份價值幾百萬美元的合同已準備好，等著他來簽。一夜之間，沙特人的態度也發生了變化：

那位中間商再也不用出場了，約翰尼森還第一次看見沙特人笑了，他們甚至還相互開起了玩笑。

到現在為止，一切都進行得不錯；但故事還沒有結束。由于得到了這份大訂單，約翰尼森被提拔為另一個部門

的經理，他也因此不用再管沙特那單生意了。另一位國際交流經驗豐富的工程師被提名接替他的工作，約翰尼森還

親自把他介紹給了那兩位沙特兄弟。幾星期后，從利雅得發來一份電報，兩位沙特兄弟威脅說要取消合同，僅僅是

因為一個有關交貨條件的細節問題。他們要請約翰尼森去協助解決。約翰尼森到利雅得后才發現，雙方的矛盾源于

一個很容易解決的無關緊要的小問題，但沙特人覺得一定要約翰尼森代表公司出面才能搞定。因此，瑞典公司不得

不打破慣例，允許約翰尼森處理沙特那邊的生意，雖然他現在的職責是管理另外一個完全不同的領域。

在這個真實發生的故事里，瑞典人和沙特人對人際關系在商業中的作用有不同的理解。對瑞典人來說，他們是

在和一個公司做生意；但對沙特人來說，他們是在和一個他們了解并且信任的人做生意。只要是他們對某個人了解

得還不夠，讓一位雙方都認識并信任的中間人或介紹人在場會比較方便。這兩種文化的差異源于人類社會的一個根

本性問題：即個人角色與集體角色的問題。

世界上大多數人都生活在團體利益大于個人利益的社會里, 我把這類社會稱作集體主義社會，集體主義這個詞在

某些讀者看來具有政治意義，但我在使用這個詞時不帶任何政治色彩。它并不是指國家權力對個人的壓制，而是特

指團體的力量。我們生命中的第一個團體向來都是我們出生的那個家庭。但不同社會有著不同的家庭結構。在大多

數集體主義社會里，小孩子成長的“家庭”有許人生活在一起；有父母，有別的孩子，還有比如爺爺、奶奶、叔伯、

姑姑、傭人及其他的家庭成員。這種家庭在文化人類學上被稱為擴展型家庭。小孩在成長的過程中就學著把自己看

作是“我們”團體中的一員，這種關系并不是出于個人的選擇，而是與生俱來的。“我們”團體不同于社會上眾多

隸屬“他們”團體里的他者。“我們”團體（或內部團體）是個人認同感的主要來源，是個人應對生活艱辛所能依

賴的唯一的安全保障。所以每個人一生都忠于自己的內部團體，而背叛這個團體是個人所能犯下的最嚴重的錯誤。

個人和內部團體之間會逐漸建立起一種相互依存的關系，這種關系既有實用價值，又能給人心理上的依靠。

新的生活。事實上，如果沒有移民，歐洲的經濟就會停滯不前。移民從事的工作都是歐洲日益老齡化的人口不愿意

干的。有些移民很快就融入了當地文化，學會了當地的語言，積極投身社會活動，并最終獲得了公民權。

意大利是發展中國家新的移民目的地；那里四百萬的移民大概占了全國總人口的7%。而在整個歐洲，這個

數字接近12%；一些北歐國家，例如德國、法國和英國，接納大規模移民已經有50 年之久。雖然各國一屆接一屆的

政府相信能就一定能

都試圖控制移民的流入，但收效甚微。簡而言之，移民是無法改變的現實，“舊大陸”（歐洲人有時候這樣稱呼它）

不僅歷來都是多元文化的社會，如今也是個多種族、多民族的社區。