英語學習范文 +單詞以及句子賞析

2023年12月4日發(作者：扣子七)

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Is true friendship dying away?

Mark Vernon

1

To anyone paying attention the days,it's clear that social media—whether

Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn or any of the countless other modern-day water

coolers—are changing the way we live.

2

Indeed, we might feel as if we are suddenly awash in friends. Yet right before

our eyes, we're also changing the way we conduct relationships. Face-to-face

chatting is giving way to texting and messaging; people even prefer the

electronic exchanges to, for instance, simply talking on a phone. Smaller

circles of friends are being partially eclipd by Facebook acquaintances

routinely numbered in the hundreds. Amid the smaller trends, growing

rearch suggests we could be entering a period of crisis for the entire concept

of friendship. Where is all this leading modern-day society? Perhaps to a dark

place, one where electronic stimuli slowly replace the joys of human contact.

3

Awareness of a possible problem took off just as the online world was

emerging. Sociologist Robert Putnam published the book Bowling Alone, a

survey of the depleting levels of "social capital" in communities, from churches

to bowling alleys. The pattern has been replicated elwhere in the Western

world. In the United Kingdom, the Mental Health Foundation just published The

Lonely Society, which notes that about half of Brits believe they're living in, well,

a lonelier society. One in three would like to live clor to their families, though

social trends are forcing them to live farther apart.

4

Typically, the pressures of urban life are blamed: In London, another poll had

two-fifths of respondents reporting that they face a prevailing drift away from

their clost friends. Witness crowded bars and restaurants after work: We

have plenty of acquaintances, though perhaps few individuals we can turn to

and share deep intimacies. American sociologists have tracked related trends on a broader scale, well beyond the urban jungle. According to work published

in the American Sociological Review, the average American has only two clo

friends and a quarter don't have any.

Shallow friendships

5It should be noted that other social scientists contest the conclusions. Hua

Wang and Barry Wellman, of the universities of Southern California and

Toronto respectively, refer to "some panic in the United States about a

possible decline in social connectivity." But notice their language: "social

connectivity." That is not the same as intimate friendship. While social

networking sites and the like have grown exponentially, the element that is

crucial, and harder to investigate, is the quality of the connections they nurture.

6

Yet we know that less is more when it comes to deeper relationships. It is

lonely in the crowd. A connection may only be a click away, but cultivating a

good friendship takes ems common n to conclude that

"friending" online nurtures shallow relationships—as the neologism "friending"

itlf implies.

7It is striking that loneliness should be regarded as a mental health issue, and

that ems right. At least since the ancient Greeks, it has been recognized in

our political philosophies that we are social animals. Aristotle was just one

thinker to remark that an individual could have everything that life can

offer—career, family and money—but if a person didn't have a good friend, his

or her life would be fundamentally lacking. A society that thwarts opportunities

for deeper sociality, therefore, stymies well-being.

8

No single person is at fault, of cour. The pressures on friendship today are

broad. They ari from the demands of work, say, or a general busyness that

means we have less quality time for others. How many individuals would say that friendship is the most important thing in their lives, only to move thousands

of miles across the continent to take up a better-paid job?

It starts with childhood

9

Of cour, we learn how to make friends—or not—in our most formative

years, as children. Recent studies on childhood, and how the contemporary life

of the child affects friendships, are illuminating. Again, the general mood is

one of concern, and a central conclusion often reached relates to a lack of

what is called "unstructured time."

10

Structured time results from the way an average day is parceled up for our

kids—time for school, time for homework, time for music practice, even time

for play. Yet too often today, no period is left unstructured. After all, who the

days lets his child just wander off down the street? But that is precily the kind

of fallow time so vital for deeper friendships. It's then that we simply "hang out,"

with no tasks, no deadlines and no pressures. It is in tho moments that

children and adults alike can get to know others for who they are in

themlves.

11If there is a cret to clo friendship, that's it. Put down the device; engage

the person.

12

Aristotle had an attractive expression to capture the thought: Clo friends,

he obrved, "share salt together." It's not just that they sit together, passing

the salt across the meal table. It's that they sit with one another across the

cour of their lives, sharing its savor—its moments, bitter and sweet. "The

desire for friendship comes quickly; friendship does not," Aristotle also

remarked. It's a key insight for an age of instant social connectivity, though one

in which we paradoxically have an apparently growing need to be more

deeply connected.

真正的友誼正在消亡嗎？

馬克?弗農

近來，不管是推特網、臉譜網、領英網還是現代辦公室里的無數閑聊，社交媒體正在改變著我們的生活方式，對于有心人而言，這一點顯而易見。

確實如此，我們似乎感到突然之間好友數量井噴。 不過，我們眼下也正在改變為人處世的方式。 面對面的聊天正在被短信取代；相比打個電話，人們甚至更愿意使用這些電子交流方式。 臉譜網上的熟人圈兒動輒數百人，相比之下，現實生活中規模較小的朋友圈則顯得黯淡少光。 在這些較細微的趨勢中，越來越多的研究表明友誼的整個概念正在遭受危機，而我們也許正在邁向這個危機時代。 所有這一切要把現代社會引向何方？ 也許現代社會就此陷入黑暗深淵，在這個深淵里，人與人之間交往的樂趣慢慢地被電子誘惑所取代。

在網絡世界出現之初，有人就意識到了可能出現的問題。 社會學家羅伯特?普特南曾經出版名為《獨自打保齡球》一書。該書調查了從教堂到保齡球館諸多社群中的社會資本正在逐步耗竭的現象。 在美國以外的西方世界，一模一樣的模式也已出現。 在英國，精神健康基金會剛剛發表一篇名為《孤獨的社會》的報告。報告指出將近一半的英國人認為他們活得比以前更孤獨。 三分之一的人愿意靠近家人居住，但是社會發展趨勢正在迫使他們不斷遠離家人。

都市生活的壓力一向難辭其咎。在倫敦，根據另外一次民調，五分之二的受訪者表明他們被社會潮流裹挾而日益遠離自己最親密的朋友。 看看下班后的酒吧和飯店，到處人頭攢動：我們有很多熟人，不過能夠推心置腹的人可能少之又少。 幾位美國社會學家追蹤調查了遠離都市的更廣范圍內的相關現象。 根據《美國社會學評論》期刊上發表的文章，普通的美國人只有兩個私交甚篤的朋友，而四分之一的美國人竟然連一個朋友都沒有。

淺薄的友誼

值得一提的是，這些結論遭到其他社會學家的質疑。 來自南加州大學的王華和來自多倫多大學的巴里?韋爾曼兩位社會學家就提到“一些美國民眾對社會關聯性可能降低而感到恐慌”。

請讀者注意這兩位社會學家的用詞——“社會關聯性”，這與“私交甚篤”不同。 盡管社交媒體網站或類似的社交媒體增長迅猛，這些媒體所滋生的人際關系的質量如何則是關鍵性的因素，同時也是更難展開調查的因素。

不過我們知道，對于深厚友誼而言，少既是多。 身處人群中卻會感到寂寞。 雖說鼠標一點就能建立聯系，但是彼此要成為好朋友則需更多。 網絡交友，情薄如紙，與新詞“加為好友”寓意契合，這一結論看似常識。

令人吃驚的是，孤獨竟然被認為是一種精神疾病，而這好像頗為正確。 至少從古希臘以來，政治哲學中一向認為我們是社會性動物。 包括亞里士多德在內的一些思想家認為一個人可以擁有人生所能賦予的一切東西，包括事業、家庭和金錢，但是，一個人如果沒有一位好朋友，那么他/她的生命從根本上說將是不完整的。 一個阻礙人們深入交往的社會，則勢必阻礙人們的健康成長。 當然，這并不是某個人的錯。 如今，交友壓力來自方方面面。 比如來自工作壓力，或是整天瞎忙，無法和他人享有高質量的溝通時間。 有人嘴上說友誼是生命中最重要的東西，卻為了一份收入頗豐的工作遠赴千里之外。這樣的人還少嗎？

問題始于童年

當然，我們在性格成型的最重要的孩提時期學會如何結交朋友或是如何斷交。 最近，關于兒童期和兒時生活對交友的影響的研究很有啟發性。 這些研究再一次關注了風氣這個問題，其主要結論都與孩子缺少“計劃外時間”有關。

“計劃內時間”源自每一天的時間安排方式，何時上學，何時做家庭作業，何時進行音樂訓練，甚至何時玩耍，一股腦兒地塞給孩子。 然而，如今再尋常不過的是，沒有任何一個時段是沒有安排的。 畢竟，現在誰還會讓自己的孩子在街上閑逛呢？ 但是，恰恰就是這種“無所事事”的時間對于深厚的友誼至關重要。 在這個時間段，我們只是閑逛，沒有任務，沒有最后期限，沒有壓力。 就在那些時候，孩子也罷，成人也罷，才能真正了解同行之人。

如果結交密友確有秘笈可言，那么不過如此。 無需設備，和別人多加交往。

亞里士多德曾經這樣表達此意，妙不可言。他說，親密的朋友，是“一起吃鹽的朋友”。 他并不是說朋友們坐在一起，在飯桌上把鹽傳來傳去。 他的意思是朋友們共享人生經歷，分享各種滋味，苦的，甜的。 亞里士多德還說過：“交友的想法常常匆匆而至，但是真正的友情往往姍姍來遲。” 這對于當今這個時代來說是一種重要的真知灼見。因為，在這個時代里，雖然人們能迅速建立關系，不過我們反倒越發覺得需要更深一步結識他人

1. Indeed, we might feel as if we are suddenly awash in friends. (para. 2, ntence 1)

awash: a. containing too many things or people of a particular kind 充斥的；泛濫的，其后常接介詞with。

< This campaign has been the best example of how politics is awash with money.

政治充斥著金錢，競選運動就是最好的例子。

a- 是一個前綴，用來構成一般用作表語的形容詞或是副詞，表示“處于……情況”或是“呈現……狀態”。類似的詞還有afire, asleep 等。

2. Smaller circles of friends are being partially eclipd by Facebook acquaintances

routinely numbered in the hundreds. (para. 2, ntence 4)

eclip: become more important, powerful, famous, etc. than someone or

something el, so that they are no longer noticed 使失色；蓋過

< It ems that digital media will eclip print in a matter of decades. 數字媒體取代印刷品可能是幾十年的事。

This ntence can be paraphrad like this: Your Facebook acquaintances usually add

up to hundreds. In contrast, the number of your face-to-face friends is much smaller.

3. Awareness of a possible problem took off just as the online world was emerging.

(para. 3, ntence 1)

1) take off: to start or to start spreading 開始；開始流行

< The design first took off in American colleges. 這款設計最初在美國大學里開始流行。

2) emerge: vi. to begin to be known or noticed 開始為人所知；興起

< Several important facts emerged after a lengthy investigation. 長時間調查后，幾項重要的事實浮出了水面。

This ntence can be paraphrad like this: People realize as early as the appearance of the online world that some problems might occur.

4. In London, another poll had two-fifths of respondents reporting that they face a

prevailing drift away from their clost friends. (para. 4, ntence 1)

prevailing: a. (only before noun) existing or accepted in a particular place or at a

particular time 流行的；盛行的

< Green energy growth is now the prevailing economic model of our time. 如今，發展綠色能源是我們時代盛行的經濟模式。

This ntence can be paraphrad like this: According to another poll conducted in

London, 40% participants feel that they have to follow the social trend and as a result,

gradually moved farther and farther away from their clost friends.

5. American sociologists have tracked related trends on a broader scale, well beyond

the urban jungle. (para. 4, ntence 3)

1) on a large (small, grand, etc.) scale: to a relatively large (small, grand, etc.) degree

or extent 大（小、宏大等）規模

< Many scientists are understandably nervous about improving the atmosphere

and the oceans on a grand scale. 許多科學家對大規模地改善大氣層和海洋充滿憂慮，這是可以理解的。

2) urban jungle: city life, especially the unpleasant parts of it 都市叢林

< How can people survive in the urban jungle which is awash with traffic jam, haze

and high concrete buildings? 人們怎么能受得了在交通堵塞、滿是霧霾和布滿高層混凝土建筑的都市里生存呢？

This ntence can be paraphrad like this: American sociologists have recorded the

progress of related social trends in different areas far away from cities.

6. While social networking sites and the like have grown exponentially, the element

that is crucial, and harder to investigate, is the quality of the connections they

nurture. (para. 5, ntence 5)

1) exponentially: ad. increasing or growing very fast 增長迅猛地；呈幾何級數增長地

< Civilian casualties in tho war-stricken areas are increasing exponentially. 戰亂地區的平民傷亡人數在迅猛增長。

2) crucial: a. something that is crucial is extremely important, becau everything

el depends on it 至關重要的；關鍵性的

< It is crucial that the investigation is continued until more facts emerge. 在更多事實出現之前繼續進行調查是極其重要的。

3) investigate: vt. to try to find out the truth about something, such as a crime,

accident or scientific problem 查明，調查，偵查（犯罪、事故或科學問題等的真相）

< It took us veral months to investigate the real cau of the air crash. 我們花了幾個月來調查此次空難的真正起因。

4) nurture: vt. (fml.) to help a plan, idea, feeling, etc. to develop 發展（計劃、想法等）；培養（感情等）

< It is easy to nurture instant connections but much harder to cultivate real

friendship in the virtual world. 在虛擬世界里，進行即時交流容易，但要結交真正的朋友就困難多了。

This ntence can be paraphrad like this: Despite the fact that the number of social

media websites and other similar rvice providers has been skyrocketing, it is the

quality of the online relationship that matters greatly and demands more effort to

evaluate.

7. Yet we know that less is more when it comes to deeper relationships. (para. 6,

ntence 1)

when it comes to (doing) sth.: when the subject being discusd is a particular thing

談到（做）某事時

< When it comes to the issue of “nature vs. nurture,” it is still hard to decide which

one is more crucial. 當談到“先天和后天”這個問題時，依舊很難抉擇哪一個更關鍵。

This ntence can be paraphrad like this: It may not matter much how many

friends you have. But it does matter a lot how deeply you are connected with them. In other words, the fewer friends you have, the more deeply you know each of them

and the more their friendship means to you.

8. A society that thwarts opportunities for deeper sociality, therefore, stymies

well-being. (para. 7, ntence 4)

1) thwart: vt. (fml. ) to prevent someone from doing what they are trying to do 阻撓；阻礙

< The curity guards thwarted the would-be bomb attack. 警衛人員挫敗了炸彈襲擊陰謀。

2) stymie: vt. (infml. ) to prevent someone from doing what they have planned or

want to do 阻礙；妨礙；使不能實施

< Our holiday plan has been stymied by the volcano eruption. 我們的度假計劃因火山爆發而受阻。

9. How many individuals would say that friendship is the most important thing in

their lives, only to move thousands of miles across the continent to take up a

better-paid job? (para. 8, ntence 4)

… only to do: ud to show that something is surprising or unexpected ……卻……

< He made it to the train station, only to find that the train left five minutes ago.

他趕到火車站，結果發現火車五分鐘之前開走了。

This ntence can be paraphrad like this: Few people would give up a better-paid

job for the sake of friendship though they may claim that friends count most.

10. Structured time results from the way an average day is parceled up for our

kids—time for school, time for homework, time for music practice, even time for play.

Yet too often today, no period is left unstructured. (para.10, ntences 1 – 2)

1) parcelsth. up: to divide something into small parts, especially so that it is easier to

deal with 把……分成小份（以方便處理）

< University education is often parceled up into specialist teaching units. 大學教育往往分成專業教學單位。

2) “No period is left unstructured” is an example of double negation. Both “no” and

prefix “un-” mean negative and cancel out each other in the ntence, making the ntence mean positive.

11. It’s a key insight for an age of instant social connectivity, though one in which we

paradoxically have an apparently growing need to be more deeply connected. (para

12, ntence 5)

1) insight: n. [U] the ability to understand and realize what people or situations are

really like 洞察力；眼光

< This movie is full of fascinating insight into human nature. 這部電影盡顯對人性的有趣見解。

2) 文中的one 指代an age, 而in which 是定語從句，修飾限定one。

This ntence can be paraphrad like this: What Aristotle said about friendship is

truly insightful for people living in the age of social media. In this age, people em to

be acquainted with each other the moment they meet online while at the same time,

they believe that it is necessary for them to know more about their acquaintances so

as to further their relationship.

NEW WORDS

water cooler

n.

[C] 辦公室里同事說閑話的地方（情況）

awash

a.

充斥的；泛濫的

eclip

vt.

使失色；蓋過

routinely

ad.

慣常地；例行地

amid

prep.

在……之中；被……所環繞

stimulus

n.[C](pl. stimuli)

（使人或物產生反應的）typically

刺激，刺激物 ad.

一般；通常

emerge

vi. poll

開始為人所知；興起 n.

[C] 民意調查；民意測驗

sociologist

n. respondent

[C] 社會學家 n.

[C]（問卷調查的）答卷deplete

人；（民意調查的）調vt.

查對象

減少；損耗

prevailing

bowling alley

a.

n.

流行的；盛行的

[C] 保齡球館

scale

replicate

n.[singular, U]

vt.(fml.)

規模；范圍；程度

重做；復制 sociological

a.

社會學的

shallow

a.

膚淺的；淺薄的

respectively

ad.

各自地；依次地

intimate

a.

親密的；密切的

exponentially

ad.

增長迅猛地；呈幾何級數增長地

crucial

a.

至關重要的；關鍵性的investigate

vt.

查明，調查，偵查（犯罪、事故或科學問題等的真相）

nurture

vt.(fml.)

方便處理）

發展（計劃、想法等）；培養（感情等）

cultivate

vt.

(為了利益）與……交往，結交（朋友）

neologism

n.[C] (fml.)

新詞；新表達方式；舊詞新義

imply

vt.

暗示；暗指

striking

a.

驚人的；顯著的

thwart

vt.(fml.)

阻撓；阻礙

sociality

n.[C]

社交性；群居性

stymie

vt.(infml.)

阻礙；妨礙；使不能實施

formative

a.

強烈影響性格和信仰形成的

illuminating

a.

富于啟發性的；令人茅塞頓開的

fallow

a.

空閑的；不運轉的

device

n.

[C] 設備；儀器；裝置

engage

vi.

參加，參與（活動）

PHRASES AND

EXPRESSIONS

give way to sth. 被取代turn to sb. 求助于

at fault 有過錯

parcelsth. up 把……分成小份（以

1

People have always needed friendship. Humans are very sociable creatures,

so they need to interact with other people. Even if people have not changed

much over the years, the way to make and enjoy friends has changed. The

days, we can become friends with people we have never met by using the

Internet. In fact, online friends have veral advantages over face-to-face

friends. You can communicate with online friends in new and different ways,

you can share your feelings more deeply and honestly, and you can meet

compatible friends that you would never have had the chance to know in the

past.

2

The Internet offers special methods of communication. Traditionally, people

talked with just one person face to face or on the phone, or to groups of people

at parties or at school. On the other hand, only the Internet makes it possible to

communicate with a large variety of different people sitting in different rooms

all over the world. One example of this is the growing popularity of massive

multiplayer online role-playing games, commonly called MMORPGs. In the

online games, each player choos a character and interacts with other

players' characters. There can be 10 other players, or 50 or 100 or 1,000.

Players can join and leave the game whenever they want to, and the next time

they join the game, it will have changed depending on what other players have

done in that time. With traditional face-to-face friends, this would never be

possible. You couldn't have players in China, Australia, Germany, Canada,

and other countries all playing the same game at the same time and talking to

each other.

3

The feelings you have communicating online are special, too. When I am

talking in person with a friend, I am more hesitant and shy. I keep some of my

ideas hidden. In contrast, when I am writing emails or IMing (instant

messaging), I am more honest and open. Online communication feels safer and more confidential to me, and I don't fear people judging and criticizing me.

I express my opinions more directly, and I share thoughts that I would never

say out loud. I can't explain why this happens, but my friends tell me they feel

the same way. I know when I receive emails and IMs, even from people I have

never en, they share more personal information than my face-to-face friends

do. This kind of open honest expression is a relief to me.

4

The most important advantage of online friends is the possibility of finding

friends without any geographical restriction. No matter what country someone

lives in, he or she can become a clo friend. Becau you are communicating

more honestly and openly, you can make friends more quickly and more easily,

too. You can then decide to meet in person if you want to. In fact, I met my

girlfriend online using MSN Mesnger. I talked to her for many hours, and we

shared some photos, so I got to know her very well. Then we met in person,

and we have been dating ever since. If you can only meet friends in person,

you can only meet people who live near you or go to school or work with you.

Maybe you will like some of tho people, but maybe you won't. If you don't

like the people you e every day, you will have no friends. With the Internet,

on the other hand, you can easily find friends who share your interests and

opinions.

5

Both your face-to-face and your online friends are important. Unlike online

friends, face-to-face friends can participate in sports with you or spend time

with you even when you are not talking or communicating. Therefore, I am not

suggesting that people should not have any face-to-face friends. However, if

you want to try communicating in an exciting new way, if you want to share

your feelings completely and honestly, or if you are looking to a compatible

friend or partner, try looking online. When you turn on the computer, you are

just a click away from meeting a whole new crowd of friends from all around

the world.

人總是需要友誼的。人類是非常喜好交際的生物，因此，他們需要與他人交往互動。即使多年來人類自身并沒有多少改變，但是交友方式和樂享友誼的方式卻已改變。近來，我們可以通過互聯網與從未謀面的人結為朋友。實際上，相比身邊的朋友，網友具有幾大優勢。你可以以新型的、不同的方式與網友溝通。你可以更加深入坦誠地與網友分享感受。你可以交到情投意合的網友，而在過去，你是完全沒有機會認識這些朋友的。

互聯網提供了特殊的交流方式。以往，人們一對一地面聊、打電話，或是在晚會、學校這樣的場合和許多人談話。而只有互聯網才使我們能夠和全世界坐在不同房間里的各色各樣的人群聊天。這種交流方式的一個例子就是越發流行的大型多人在線角色扮演游戲，俗稱MMORPGs。在這些網絡游戲里，每位玩家選擇一個角色，然后和其他玩家扮演的角色互動。對手玩家可能有10人、50人、100人或是1,000人。玩家們可以隨時加入和退出游戲，當他們下次再加入游戲時，游戲內容就根據其他玩家們當時玩的情況有所改變。如果是和傳統意義上的身邊的朋友一起，這種玩法簡直就是天方夜譚。你的玩家朋友不可能同時遍布中國、澳大利亞、德國、加拿大和其他國家，他們也不可能同時都在玩同一款游戲，而且邊玩邊聊天。

當你在網上交流時，感受也是特殊的。當我和朋友面對面交談時，我比較躊躇不定，靦腆害羞。我不會把自己的想法全盤托出。相比而言，當我發電子郵件或是即時通訊時，我會更加真誠、坦蕩。網絡交流對我而言更加安全，更加隱秘，我不用擔心被人指指點點、說三道四。我更加直接地表達自己的觀點，敢說出自己從不敢說的話。我無法解釋這是為什么，但是，我的朋友們也說有此感覺。當我收到電子郵件和即時通訊時，哪怕這些郵件和即時通訊來自我從未謀面的人，我覺得他們也比我現實生活中的朋友給予的個人信息要多。這種坦誠相見的表達方式讓我頗感欣慰。

網上交友的最大優勢就是交朋友不再受任何地理條件的限制。不管對方居住在哪個國家，你們都能成為親密的朋友。同時，因為你在網上交流時更加真誠、坦蕩，交朋友也就更快更容易。然后，如果你愿意，你就可以決定和對方見面。實際上，我就是在MSN上遇到我的女朋友的。我們聊了很久，還分享了一些各自的照片，所以我對她有了很多了解。然后我們見了面，此后我們就開始約會，直到現在。如果你只能和朋友面見，那么你只能和住在附近的人、或是同所學校的人、或是同一單位的人見面。也許你會喜歡上他們中的某個人，也許不會。如果你不喜歡每天都遇見的人，那么你就不會有朋友。而在互聯網上，你可以輕而易舉地找到志同道合的朋友。

現實世界中的朋友和網絡世界中的朋友都重要。和網絡世界中的朋友不同的是，現實世界中的朋友可以和你一起參加運動，或是在你們不進行交談時和你待在一起。因此，我并不是說人們不需要任何現實世界中的朋友。但是，如果你想嘗試一種令人興奮的新型的交友方式，如果你想毫無保留地和別人分享感受，如果你想找一個談得來的知己或伴侶，不妨試試網絡交友。當你打開電腦，你離分布在世界各地的新朋友們僅僅―一鍵之遙‖。

1. Online communication feels safer and more confidential to me, and I don’t

fear people judging and criticizing me. (para. 3, ntence 5)

1) confidential: a. spoken or written in cret and intended to be kept cret 秘密的；機密的

< Confidential information must not be submitted via online system. 機密信息一定不能通過線上系統提交。

2) criticize: v. to express your disapproval of someone or something, or to talk

about their faults 批評；指責

< The local government is widely criticized for being inactive in the accident.

當地政府因在事故中不采取行動而廣遭批評。

2. The most important advantage of online friends is the possibility of finding

friends without any geographical restriction. (para. 4, ntence 1)

1) geographical: a. relating to the place in an area, country, etc. where

something or someone is 地理的；地理位置的

< Many American families are split by large geographical distances. 美國許多家庭成員相互之間離得很遠。

2) restriction: n. [C] a rule, action or situation that limits or controls someone or

something 限制；約束；限定

< The local government has impod speed restrictions in this area for fear

of more car accidents of this kind. 當地政府在該地區實施限速，唯恐出現更多此類交通事故。 This ntence can be paraphrad like this: The biggest advantage of

friending online is that you could make friends with any person you want no

matter where they live.

NEW WORDS

sociable

a.

好交際的；喜歡與人交往的

interact

vi.

交流；交往；互相來往

compatible

a.

1 （因為觀點或興趣相同而）關系好的，相處的

2 相容的；兼容的

popularity

n.

流行；普及；受歡迎

massive

a.

巨大的；強大的；極具破壞力的

multiplayer

a.

多玩家的；多人的

hesitant

a.

猶豫的；遲疑的；有疑慮的

confidential

a.

秘密的；機密的

criticize

v.

批評；指責

directly

ad.

率直地；坦率地

geographical

a.

地理的；地理位置的

restriction

n.

[C] 限制；約束；限定openly

ad.

坦白地；公開地

PHRASES AND

EXPRESSIONS

have an advantage

over 有優勢

in person 親自；當面

Can emotional intelligence be learned?

Daniel Goleman

1

For ages, people have debated if leaders are born or made. So too goes the

debate about emotional intelligence. Are people born with certain levels of

empathy, for example, or do they acquire empathy as a result of life's

experiences? The answer is both. Scientific inquiry strongly suggests that

there is a genetic component to emotional intelligence. Psychological and

developmental rearch indicates that nurture plays a role as well. How much

of each perhaps will never be known, but rearch and practice clearly

demonstrate that emotional intelligence can be learned.

2

One thing is certain: Emotional intelligence increas with age. There is an

old-fashioned word for the phenomenon: maturity. Yet even with maturity,

some people still need training to enhance their emotional intelligence.

Unfortunately, far too many training programs that intend to build leadership

skills—including emotional intelligence—are a waste of time and money. The

problem is simple: They focus on the wrong part of the brain.

3

Emotional intelligence is born largely in the neurotransmitters of the brain's

limbic system, which governs feelings, impuls and drives. Rearch

indicates that the limbic system learns best through motivation, extended

practice and feedback. Compare this with the kind of learning that goes on in

the neocortex, which governs analytical and technical ability. The neocortex

grasps concepts and logic. It is the part of the brain that figures out how to u

a computer or make a sales call by reading a book. Not surprisingly—but

mistakenly—it is also the part of the brain targeted by most training programs

aimed at enhancing emotional intelligence. When such programs take, in

effect, a neocortical approach, my rearch with the Consortium for Rearch on Emotional Intelligence in Organizations has shown they can even have a

negative impact on people's job performance.

4

To enhance emotional intelligence, organizations must refocus their training

to include the limbic system. They must help people break old behavioral

habits and establish new ones. That not only takes much more time than

conventional training programs, but also requires an individualized approach.

5

Imagine an executive who is thought to be low on empathy by her colleagues.

Part of that deficit shows itlf as an inability to listen; she interrupts people

and doesn't play clo attention to what they are saying. To fix the problem,

the executive needs to be motivated to change, and then she needs practice

and feedback from others in the company. A colleague or coach could be

tapped to let the executive know when she has been obrved failing to listen.

She would then have to replay the incident and give a better respon; that is,

demonstrate her ability to absorb what others are saying. And the executive

could be directed to obrve certain executives who listen well and to mimic

their behavior.

6

With persistence and practice, such a process can lead to lasting results. I

know one Wall Street executive who sought to improve his

empathy—specifically his ability to read people's reactions and e their

perspectives. Before beginning his quest, the executive's subordinates were

terrified of working with him. People even went so far as to hide bad news from

him. Naturally, he was shocked when finally confronted with the facts. He

went home and told his family—but they only confirmed what he had heard at

work. When their opinions on any given subject did not mesh with his, they, too,

were frightened of him.

7

Enlisting the help of a coach, the executive went to work to heighten his

empathy through practice and feedback. His first step was to take a vacation to a foreign country where he did not speak the language. While there, he

monitored his reactions to the unfamiliar and his openness to people who were

different from him. When he returned home, humbled by his week abroad, the

executive asked his coach to shadow him for parts of the day, veral times a

week, in order to critique how he treated people with new or different

perspectives. At the same time, he consciously ud on-the-job interactions as

opportunities to practice "hearing" ideas that differed from his. Finally, the

executive had himlf videotaped in meetings and asked tho who worked for

and with him to critique his ability to acknowledge and understand the feelings

of others. It took veral months, but the executive's emotional intelligence did

ultimately ri, and the improvement was reflected in his overall performance

on the job.

8

It's important to emphasize that building one's emotional intelligence

cannot—will not—happen without sincere desire and concerted effort. A brief

minar won't help; nor can one buy a how-to manual. It is much harder to

learn to empathize—to internalize empathy as a natural respon to

people—than it is to become adept at regression analysis. But it can be done.

"Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm," wrote Ralph Waldo

Emerson. If your goal is to become a real leader, the words can rve as a

guidepost in your efforts to develop high emotional intelligence.

情商可以后天提高嗎？

領袖是天生的還是后天造就的？對此，人們爭論已久。被人們爭論已久的還有情商這個話題。例如，人生來就具有一定程度的同理心，還是在經歷了生活之后逐漸獲得了同理心？兩種回答都正確。科學研究充分證明，情商的確具有先天成分。心理發展研究表明，后天培養對情商的提高也起作用。雖然我們無法得知先天與后天因素對情商的影響程度，但是研究與實踐都清楚地表明，情商是可以后天培養的。

有一點可以肯定：情商隨著年齡的增長而提高。有一個老套的詞可以描述這一現象：成熟。但是，有些人即便已經成熟，依然需要通過訓練來提高自己的情商。不幸的是，太多以培養領導才能（包括情商）為目的的培訓方案都只是浪費時間和金錢。問題很簡單：他們所關注的腦區是錯誤的。

情商主要源于大腦邊緣系統的神經遞質，這種神經遞質主管感覺、沖動和欲望。研究表明，通過動機、長期實踐及反饋，大腦邊緣系統的學習效果最佳。對比一下大腦邊緣系統和主管分析能力與專業技能的新大腦皮質的學習。新大腦皮質掌握概念和邏輯。就是這個腦區讓人們通過閱讀學會如何使用電腦或者撥打銷售電話。我們會毫不驚訝地發現，這也是大多數培訓方案瞄準的用以提高情商的腦區，但這是錯誤的。我在組織情商研究聯合會的研究已經表明，事實上，刺激新大腦皮質的培訓方案甚至會對受訓者的工作表現產生負面影響。

要提高情商，培訓機構必須把大腦邊緣系統重新定位為訓練區域。他們必須幫助人們拋棄舊的行為習慣，培養新的習慣。這樣做不僅比傳統的訓練方案耗時更長，還要求個性化的方法。

試想有這樣一位主管，同事們認為她沒有同理心。這一弱點部分表現為缺乏傾聽能力。她總是打斷對方，不能認真聽別人在說什么。要克服這一弱點，這位主管首先需要受到激發，從而產生改變自己的愿望。然后，她還需要實踐，需要得到公司其他人的反饋意見。還可以找一位同事或者教練，在觀察到她沒有傾聽別人講話時提醒她。而主管則必須將剛才的場景重來一遍，并對對方所說的話有較好的反應，即展示一下自己有能力傾聽對方講話。此外，這位主管還可以在指導下觀察在這方面表現出色的某些領導，并模仿他們的行為。

只要堅持并不斷實踐，這樣的過程能夠帶來持久的結果。我認識一位華爾街的主管，他想方設法提高自己的同理心，具體一點就是讀懂對方的反應，了解對方的視角。在開始努力尋求改變之前，這位主管的下屬懼怕與其一起工作，他們甚至對他隱瞞壞消息。最終面對這些情況時，他自己自然大吃一驚。回家后，他告訴家人，但家人更肯定了他在單位聽到的一切。無論什么話題，如果家人的觀點未能與其觀點吻合，他們也害怕他。

這位主管向培訓師尋求幫助，他回到工作崗位，通過實踐和別人的反饋來提高自己的同理心。首先，他到一個語言不通的國家去度假。在異國他鄉，他審視自己面對不熟悉事物的反應以及對異族人群的開放性。回國時，一周的國外生活使他變得謙卑了一些。這位主管讓培訓師一周跟隨自己幾天，每天跟隨自己幾個時段，目的是讓他評價自己對持新觀點或不同觀點的人的態度。同時，他還有意識地利用工作場合與人交往的機會來實踐―傾聽‖異己觀點。最后，這位主管還讓人拍攝他開會時的表現，讓下屬以及合作伙伴評價自己承認并理解他人感情的能力。這個過程持續數月，但最終，這位主管的情商確實提高了，并體現在他的整體工作表現上。

需要強調的是，沒有真誠的愿望和竭盡全力的付出，培養情商是不可能的，也不會有結果。一場簡短的研討會起不了作用，買一本實用操作手冊也無濟于事。要使同理心內化為對別人的一種自然反應，這才算獲得了同理心。這比善于回歸分析要難得多。但獲得同理心也是能做到的。拉爾夫·沃爾多·愛默生寫道：―沒有熱情，就不可能取得任何偉大的業績。‖ 如果你的目標是成為一位真正的領袖，這句話可以激勵你不斷努力，提高情商。

1. Scientific inquiry strongly suggests that there is a genetic component to

emotional intelligence. (para. 1, ntence 5)

inquiry: n . [U] the act or process of asking questions in order to get information

查閱；探究

< Truth is the goal of all scientific and all philosophical inquiry. 真理是所有科學及哲學研究的目標。

This ntence can be paraphrad like this: Scientific study has strong

evidence that one’s genes play a role in one’s emotional intelligence, which

means that EQ can be at least partly inborn.

2. Yet even with maturity, some people still need training to enhance their

emotional intelligence. (para. 2, ntence 3) enhance: v. to improve something 提高；改進；增強

< I have realized that it is of great importance to enhance our interpersonal

skills nowadays. 我認識到：如今，提高人際交往技能非常重要。

3. Emotional intelligence is born largely in the neurotransmitters of the brain’s

limbic system, which governs feelings, impuls and drives. (para. 3, ntence

1)

1) largely: ad. mostly or mainly 大半地；主要地

< Our church’s congregation is largely made up of young families with

children. 我們教堂的會眾主要由有孩子的年輕家庭組成。

2) impul: n. [C, U] a sudden strong desire to do something without thinking

about whether it is a nsible thing to do 沖動；突然的欲望

< People often buy on impul while they are queueing to pay. 人們在排隊付款的時候常沖動地買東西。

4. Rearch indicates that the limbic system learns best through motivation,

extended practice and feedback. (para. 3, ntence 2)

1) motivation: n. [U] eagerness and willingness to do something without

needing to be told or forced to do it 動力；積極性

< Teachers need to make efforts to improve students’ learning motivation.

教師需要努力提高學生的學習積極性。

2) extended: a. long or longer than expected or planned 較長時間的

< Do you have an extended warranty? 你們提供保修期延長服務嗎？

3) feedback: n. [U] advice, criticism, etc. about how successful or uful

something is 反饋意見

< Do you have the feedback from our clients? 你們收到顧客的反饋意見了嗎？

This ntence can be paraphrad like this: Rearch shows that the limbic

system can help enhance your emotional intelligence most effectively if you

have a strong desire, practice more and get feedback.

5. When such programs take, in effect, a neocortical approach, my rearch

with the Consortium for Rearch on Emotional Intelligence in Organizations

has shown they can even have a negative impact on people’s job performance.

(para. 3, ntence 7)

1) in effect: ud for giving a summary of what you think the situation really is

實際上；事實上

< In effect, we will be earning less than we were last year. 實際上，我們掙錢會比去年少。

2) impact: n. [C] the effect or influence that an event, situation, etc. has on

someone or something 作用；影響 e.g. Her speech made a profound impact on everyone. 她的講話對每個人都有深遠的影響。

This ntence can be paraphrad like this: When such training programs

focus on the workings of neocortex, that is, on concept and logic, they do not

enhance the trainees’ emotional intelligence; they do the opposite and affect

the trainees’ job performance. This is what my rearch with Consortium for

Rearch on Emotional Intelligence in Organizations has discovered.

6. Part of that deficit shows itlf as an inability to listen; she interrupts people

and doesn’t pay clo attention to what they’re saying. (para. 5, ntence 2)

1) deficit: n. [C] a lack of a quality, skill or ability that you should have（素質、技能或能力的）缺乏，不足

< He is unpopular among his classmates becau of his deficit of empathy.

他在同學們中間不受歡迎，因為他缺乏同理心。

2) inability: n. [U] the fact of being unable to do something 無法；沒能力

< His inability to understand her bothered him. 他不能理解她，這使他大傷腦筋。

7. A colleague or coach could be tapped to let the executive know when she

has been obrved failing to listen. (para. 5, ntence 4)

tap: vt. to choo someone to do something, especially to have an important

job 選擇（某人做某事，尤指擔任重要工作）

< He was tapped for police commissioner. 他被指定為警察局長。

This ntence can be paraphrad like this: It is necessary to find a colleague

or coach to obrve her performance and remind her when she fails to listen to

others.

8. And the executive could be directed to obrve certain executives who listen

well and to mimic their behavior. (para. 5, ntence 6)

mimic: vt. to behave or operate in exactly the same way as something or

someone el 學……的樣子；模仿

< A parrot can mimic a person’s voice. 鸚鵡能學人的聲音。

This ntence can be paraphrad like this: And the executive should obrve

model executives under the guidance of a coach and imitate their behavior.

9 I know one Wall Street executive who sought to improve his empathy

specifically his ability to read people’s reactions and e their perspectives.

(para. 6, ntence 2) 1) specifically: ad. ud for describing something in a more exact way 確切地說

< We have been married for over 40 years, specifically since 1973. 我們現在結婚已經40多年了，確切說是1973年結婚的。

2) ek to do sth.: to try to do something 試圖做某事

< The law must ek to protect the democratic rights of citizens. 法律必須設法保護公民的民主權利。

3) perspective: n. [C] a way of thinking about something, especially one which

is influenced by the type of person you are or by your experiences（思考問題的）角度，觀點，想法

< The problem needs to be looked at from a historical perspective. 這個問題應該從歷史的角度來看待。

The story is told from the perspective of an ordinary soldier. 這個故事是從一個普通士兵的視角講述的。

This ntence can be paraphrad like this: I know one executive who worked

in the Wall Street. He failed to notice or understand, to be specific, people’s

intentions or implications from their facial expressions, words or behavior, and

failed to put himlf into their place. So he tried to improve in the aspects.

10. Before beginning his quest, the executive’s subordinates were terrified of

working with him. People even went so far as to hide bad news from him. (para.

6, ntences 3–4)

1) quest: n. [C] a long arch for something that is difficult to find（長期的）尋求，探索，追求

< Their quest for a cure for the dia continues. 他們繼續探索這種疾病的治療方法。

2) go so far as to do sth.: to behave in a way that ems surprising or extreme

甚至做出某事

< They did not go so far as to learn the language of the peoples they studied,

but they did spell out for later writers the ground rules of such rearch. 他們尚未達到去學習所研究人群的語言的程度，但他們的確為后來的作者提供了此項研究的基本規則。

The ntences can be paraphrad like this: Before the executive decided

to try his best to make a change, his subordinates were so frightened of

working with him that they daren’t tell him any bad news.

11. Naturally, he was shocked when finally confronted with the facts. (para.

6, ntence 5)

1) naturally: ad . as most people would expect or understand 當然；自然地

< My thoughts naturally centered on the difficult task at hand. 我的思緒很自然地集中到手頭的艱巨任務上。 2) confront: a problem, difficulty, etc. confronts you, it appears and needs

to be dealt with 使遇到，使面對（問題、困難等）

< The problems confronting them were enormous. 他們面臨的難題是巨大的。

be confronted with sth.: 面臨（困難、危險等）

< The explorers were confronted with gorges almost impassable. 探險者遇到了幾乎不可逾越的峽谷。

12. When their opinions on any given subject did not mesh with his, they, too,

were frightened of him. (para. 6, ntence 7)

mesh: v. if two ideas or things mesh, they fit together very well（兩個想法或事物）相合，相配，相互協調，通常和介詞with 連用。

< Our future plans must mesh with existing practices. 我們未來的計劃必須與當前的實踐相合。

This ntence can be paraphrad like this: Whenever their thoughts were

different from his on any particular subject, they would also be too frightened to

speak out.

13. Enlisting the help of a coach, the executive went to work to heighten his

empathy through practice and feedback. (para. 7, ntence 1)

1) enlist: vt. to persuade someone to help you to do something 謀求（某人的幫助）

enlist the help of: 尋求……的幫助

< Can I enlist your help in collecting money for the people made homeless

by the flood? 你能協助我募集錢款，救濟因水災而無家可歸的人嗎？

2) heighten: v. if something heightens a feeling, effect, etc. or if a feeling, etc.

heightens, it becomes stronger or increas（使）加強；（使）增加

< The latest murder has heightened fears of further attacks. 最近這起謀殺案讓人們更加擔心會出現更多的襲擊。

This ntence can be paraphrad like this: The executive turned to a coach

for help. With the help of the coach, he now went back to work to enhance his

ability to control his emotions and understand others through practice and

feedback.

14. When he returned home, humbled by his week abroad, the executive

asked his coach to shadow him for parts of the day, veral times a week, in

order to critique how he treated people with new or different perspectives.

(para. 7, ntence 4)

1) humble: v. if you are humbled, you realize that you are not as important,

good, kind, etc. as you thought you

were 感到謙卑；感到自慚 e.g. You can’t help but be humbled upon entering this grand and sacred

building. 進入這座莊嚴肅穆的建筑，你會禁不住感到自己很渺小。

2) shadow: vt. to follow someone cloly in order to watch what they are doing

跟隨；尾隨；盯……的梢

< The criminal was shadowed for a week by a policeman in plain clothes. 罪犯被一個便衣警察跟蹤了一個星期。

This ntence can be paraphrad like this: When he returned home, he

realized that he was not as smart as he ud to think of himlf. Then he

asked his coach to follow him and obrve him for a certain period of time a

day, veral times a week. The coach’s responsibility is to evaluate his

performance or comment on whether he showed respect and understanding to

people who looked at things from new or different angles.

15. Finally, the executive had himlf videotaped in meetings and asked tho

who worked for and with him to critique his ability to acknowledge and

understand the feelings of others. (para. 7, ntence 6)

videotape: record a television program, film, event, etc. on a video 把……錄在錄像（錄影）帶上

< I often videotape the programs I like so that I can replay them later. 我經常把我喜歡的節目錄下來，為了日后重放。

This ntence can be paraphrad like this: Finally, the executive asked others

to record his performance in meetings so that he could know how he

performed. Moreover, he asked his subordinates and colleagues to comment

on his ability to listen to others and understand others’ feelings.

16. A brief minar won’t help; nor can one buy a how-to manual. (para. 8,

ntence 2)

how-to manual: 操作手冊

This ntence can be paraphrad like this: You won’t enhance emotional

intelligence simply by attending a brief minar, or by reading a book about

how to improve your emotional intelligence.

17. It is much harder to learn to emphasize to internalize empathy as a natural

respon to people than it is to become adept at regression analysis. (para. 8,

ntence 3)

1) internalize: you internalize a particular belief, attitude, behavior, etc., it

becomes part of your character

使（信仰、態度、行為等）內在化（成為性格的一部分）

< Over time she internalized her parents’ attitudes. 隨著時間的流逝，她認同了父母的看法并將之融為自我意識的一部分。 2) adept: a. good at doing something that needs care and skill 內行的；熟練的，后面通常和介詞in或at連用。

< The author is adept in depicting grand scenes. 作者擅長描寫宏大的場面。

The nur is adept at dealing with young children. 這個護士非常擅長處理孩子的問題。

This ntence can be paraphrad like this: It is very important to realize that

empathy is reflected in your unconscious behavior, that is, you understand

others becau you really comprehend their feelings and situation, not

becau you must maintain your personal image or plea others by showing

your respect for them. This is much more difficult than doing some technical

things well, such as regression analysis.

NEW WORDS

acquire

vt.

習得（技能）；學到（知識）

inquiry

n.

[U] 查問；探究

genetic

a.

基因的；遺傳學的

psychological

a.

心理的；精神的

developmental

a.

發育的；成長的；發展的

nurture

n.

[U] 養育；培育；培養；教育

demonstrate

vt.

說明；證明；論證；證實

maturity

n.

[U] 成熟

enhance

vt.

提高；改進；增強

leadership

n.

[U] 領導才能；領導素質

neurotransmitter

n.

[C] 神經遞質；神經傳遞素

limbic

a.

邊緣葉的；邊緣系統的

impul

n.

[C, U] 沖動；突然的欲望

motivation

n.

1 [U] 動力；積極性

2 [C] 動機；原因

extended

a.

較長時間的

feedback

n.

[U] 反饋意見

neocortex

n.

[C] 新（大腦）皮層

analytical

a.

（科學）分析的

logic

n.

[U] 邏輯；（做某事的）道理，合理的想法

neocortical

a.

新（大腦）皮層的

consortium

n.[C] (pl. consortia or

consortiums)

財團；聯合企業

negative

a.

1 有害的；不良的

2 消極的；負面的

impact

n.

[C] 作用；影響

individualized

a.

個性化的；切合個人（個體）需要的 executive

n.

[C] （機構或公司的）主管，經理

a.

（公司或機構）行政的，管理的

deficit

n.

[C]（素質、技能或能力的）缺乏，不足

inability

n.

[U] 無法；沒能力

motivate

vt.

激發；激勵；促動

tap

vt.

利用，采用（思想、經驗、知識等）

mimic

vt.

學……的樣子；模仿

persistence

n.

[U] 堅持；執著；執意

specifically

ad.

確切地說

perspective

n.

[C]（思考問題的）角度，觀點，想法

quest

n.

[C]（長期的）尋求, 探索, 追求

subordinate

n.

[C] 部下；下級；部屬

a.

下級的；從屬的

naturally

ad.

當然；自然地

confront

vt.

（問題、困難等）使遇到，使面對

mesh

v.

（兩個想法或事物）相合，相配，相互協調

enlist

vt.

謀求（某人的幫助）

v.

參軍；入伍

heighten

v.

（使）加強；（使）增加

monitor

vt.

監測；監控；監督

openness

n. [U]

1 公開；坦率

2 開明；思想開通

humble

v.

感到謙卑；感到自慚

a.

謙虛的；謙卑的

shadow

vt.

跟蹤；尾隨；盯……的梢

critique

vt. (fml.)

評論（文藝作品等）

consciously

ad.

有意地；故意地

interaction

n.

[C,U] 交流；互動

videotape

vt.

把……錄在錄像（錄影）帶上

ultimately

ad.

最后；最終

overall

a.

總的；整體的

emphasize

vt.

強調；著重

concerted

a.

竭力的；盡力的

manual

n.

[C]（尤指機器的）說明書，使用手冊

a.

手工的；體力的

internalize

vt.

使（信仰，態度，行為等）內在化（成為性格的一部分） adept

a.

內行的；熟練的

regression analysis

n.

[U] 回歸分析

enthusiasm

n.

[U] 熱情；熱忱

guidepost

n. [C]

1 指導方針；指導原則

2 路標；路牌

PHRASES AND

EXPRESSIONS

in effect 實際上；事實上

go so far as to do sth.

甚至做出某事

Charisma—The mysterious personality of charm

Robert Greene

1

Charisma is duction on a mass level. Charismatics make crowds of people

Charismatics have certain fall in love with them, then lead them along.

qualities that are powerfully attractive and that make them stand out. This

could be their lf-belief, their boldness, their renity. They keep the source of

the qualities mysterious. They do not explain where their confidence or

contentment comes from, but it can be felt; it radiates outward, without the

appearance of conscious effort. The face of the Charismatic is usually

animated, full of energy, desire, alertness—the look of a lover, one that is

instantly appealing. Charismatics express a vision. We may not realize it,

but in their prence we have a kind of religious experience: We believe in

them, without having any rational evidence for doing so.

2

Charisma must em mystical, but that does not mean you cannot learn

certain tricks that will enhance charisma you already posss, or will give you

the outward appearance of it. The following are the basic qualities that will help

create the illusion of charisma:

3

Purpo. If people believe you have a plan, that you know where you are

going, they will follow you instinctively. They will imagine that your confidence

comes from something real. 4

Purpofulness is doubly charismatic in times of trouble. While most

people hesitate, single-minded lf-assurance will make you the focus of

attention. When Franklin Roovelt came to power amidst the Depression,

much of the public had little faith he could turn things around. But in his first

few months in office he displayed such decisiveness and clarity in dealing with

the country's many problems, that the public began to e him as their savior,

someone with inten charisma.

5

Mystery. Mystery lives at charisma's heart, but it is a particular kind

expresd by contradiction. The Charismatic may be both cruel and kind

(Peter the Great), both excitable and icily detached (Charles de Gaulle), both

intimate and distant (Sigmund Freud). The contradictions make you hard

to fathom, and add richness to your character. It is often better to reveal your

contradictions slowly and subtly.

keep them from figuring you out.

6

You must keep people at arm's length, to

Another aspect of mystery is a hint of the uncanny. The appearance of

prophetic or psychic gifts will add to your aura. Predict things authoritatively

and people will often imagine what you have said has come true.

7

Eloquence. A Charismatic relies on the power of words. The reason is simple:

They can Words are the quickest way to create emotional disturbance.

uplift, elevate and stir anger, without referring to anything real. Roovelt, a

calm, patrician type, was able to make himlf a dynamic speaker, both

through his style of delivery and through his brilliant u of imagery, alliteration

and biblical rhetoric. The crowds at his rallies were often moved to tears.

The slow, authoritative style is often more effective than passion in the long run,

for it is more subtly spellbinding, and less tiring. 8

Fervency. You need to believe in something, strongly enough for it to

animate all your gestures and make your eyes light up. This cannot be faked.

Politicians inevitably lie to the public; what distinguishes Charismatics is that

they believe their own lies, which makes them much more believable.

9

Vulnerability. Charismatics display a need for love and affection. They are

open to their audience, and in fact feed off its energy; the audience in turn is

electrified by the Charismatics, the current increasing as it pass back and

forth. This vulnerable side to charisma softens the lf-confident side,

which can em fanatical and frightening.

10

Since charisma involves feelings akin to love, you in turn must reveal your

love for your followers. This was a key component to the charisma that Marilyn

Monroe radiated on camera. "I knew I belonged to the Public," she wrote in her

diary, "and to the world, not becau I was talented or even beautiful but

becau I had never belonged to anything or anyone el. The Public was the

only family, the only Prince Charming and the only home I had ever dreamed

of." In front of a camera, Monroe suddenly came to life, flirting with and exciting

her unen public. If the audience does not n this quality in you they

will turn away from you. Imagine your public as a single person whom you are

trying to duce—nothing is more ductive to people than the feeling that

they are desired.

11

Magnetism. If any physical attribute, is crucial in duction, it is the eyes.

They reveal excitement, tension, detachment, without a word being spoken.

Indirect communication is critical in duction, and also in charisma.

demeanor of Charismatics may be poid and calm, but their eyes are

magnetic; they have a piercing gaze that disturbs their targets' emotions,

exerting force without words or action. Fidel Castro's aggressive gaze can

The reduce his opponents to silence. Roovelt could dilate his pupils at will,

making his stare both hypnotizing and intimidating. The eyes of the

Charismatics never show fear or nerves.

12

All of the skills are acquirable. Napoleon spent hours in front of a mirror,

modeling his gaze on that of the great contemporary actor Talma. The key is

lf-control. Remember: Your eyes can emanate charisma, but they can also

give you away as a faker. Do not leave such an important attribute to

chance. Practice the effect you desire.

1. Charismatics have certain qualities that are powerfully attractive and that make

them stand out. (para. 1, ntence 3)

stand out: to be much impressive or important than others 杰出；出色

2. They do not explain where their confidence or contentment comes from, but it can

be felt; it radiates outward, without the appearance of conscious effort.

1) contentment: n. [U] the state of being happy and satisfied 滿意；滿足

< The baby finished his milk with a smile of contentment. 嬰兒喝完牛奶，心滿意足地笑了。

2) radiate: v. if someone radiates a feeling, or if it radiates from them, it is very easy to

e that this is how they feel 散發；流露；煥發

< Her voice hadn’t changed but I felt the joy that radiated from her. 盡管她聲音沒變，但我還是感受到了她所流露出的快樂。

3. We may not realize it, but in their prence we have a kind of religious experience:

We believe in them, without having any rational evidence for doing so. (para. 1,

ntence 8)

1) prence: n. [U] when someone or something is prent in a particular place 出席；到場；存在

< I was surprid by the prence of so many people at the meeting. 這么多人出席會議讓我感到吃驚。

in the prence of sb. / in sb.’s prence: in the same place as someone 有某人在場；有某人出席

< The document is not valid unless it is signed in the prence of a witness. 只有在有證人在場的情況下簽署，這份文件才有效。

This ntence can be paraphrad like this: We may not realize it, but when they are

prent we naturally e them as a god we worship. We have such absolute and

profound belief in them without a good reason.

4. Charisma must em mystical, but that does not mean you cannot learn certain

tricks that will enhance the charisma you already posss, or will give you the outward

appearance of it. (para. 2, ntence 1) mystical: a. involving religious, spiritual or magical powers that people cannot

understand 神秘的；神奇的，不可思議的

< The Cabala is an ancient Hebrew mystical system of thought. 喀巴拉是古代希伯來人的神秘哲學。

This ntence can be paraphrad like this: Charisma must em sort of hard to

understand, which makes people think that imitation is almost impossible. In fact,

there are some learnable methods that can help you improve the charisma you

already have, or at least will help you exhibit your charming personality in a proper

way

5. If people believe you have a plan, that you know where you are going, they will

follow you instinctively. (para. 3, ntence 2)

1) 條件狀語從句中的謂語動詞believe引導了兩個并列的賓語從句：you have a plan和that you know where you are going。動詞引導并列的賓語從句，第一個從句前的that可以省略，第二個及以后的賓語從句前都不能省略that。

2) instinctive: a. bad on instinct and not involving thought 本能的；天性的；直覺的

instinctively: ad. in an instinctive manner 本能地；天性地；直覺地

< Instinctively I knew he was the person who lied. 憑直覺，我知道他是撒謊的那個人。

6. While most people hesitate, single-minded lf-assurance will make you the focus

of attention. (para. 4, ntence 2)

single-minded: a. someone who is single-minded has one clear aim and works very

hard to achieve it 一心一意的；專心致志的

< To succeed in your mission, you must have single-minded devotion to your goal.

要想成功完成任務，你必須專心致志地投入其中。

This ntence can be paraphrad like this: When most people don’t know what to do

when in trouble, yet you know clearly where you are heading and you are confident in

your achieving that goal. This will make everybody follow you.

7. When Franklin Roovelt came to power amidst the Depression, much of the public

had little faith he could turn things around. (para. 4, ntence 3)

1) amidst: prep. amid 在……中間；在……當中

< Amidst the thoughts, poor Jones pasd a long sleepless night. 可憐的瓊斯就這樣百感交集，輾轉難眠。

2) turnsth. around: to manage an unsuccessful business so well that it becomes

successful again 使（企業）好轉

< Three presidents have failed. Do you think the new president is able to turn things

around? 三位總統都失敗了。你覺得新總統有能力扭轉局面嗎

8. Mystery lives at charisma’s heart, but it is a particular kind expresd by

contradiction. (para. 5 ntence 2)

heart: n. (singular) the most important or basic part of something 中心；核心；根本

go / get to the heart of sth.: 抓住某事物的核心

< Don’t beat about the bush. Let’s go straight to the heart of the problems. 不要繞彎子了，我們直接討論這些問題的核心吧。

be at the heart of sth.: 是……的核心

< The struggle of good against evil is at the heart of the story. 善惡交戰才是故事的核心。

This ntence can be paraphrad like this: Core to the power of charisma is the

quality of mystery, something ordinary people cannot e clearly, but it is a very

special kind which is a mixture of opposite characters.

9. The contradictions make you hard to fathom, and add richness to your character.

It is often better to reveal your contradictions slowly and subtly. (para. 5, ntences 4

– 5)

fathom: vt. to understand what something means after thinking about it carefully 理解

< This kind of love is difficult to fathom, but it’s fundamentally reliable. 這種愛難以理解，但完全可以信賴。

The ntences can be paraphrad like this: Becau of the contradictions,

people cannot easily understand you and your character becomes more colorful. So

you’d better keep yourlf mystical and do not show your contradictory characters to

them quickly.

10. You must keep people at your arm’s length, to keep them figuring you out. (para. 5,

ntence 6)

1) at arm’s length: in a situation where you avoid dealing with or becoming involved

with someone el 保持一定距離地

keep / put sb. at arm’s length: to avoid developing a relationship with someone 與某人保持一定距離

< Tom rarely spoke to his wife, and he always kept her at arm’s length. 湯姆很少和妻子說話，他總是和她保持一定的距離。

2) figure sb. out: to understand what someone is like and why they behave in the way

they do 摸透某人的脾氣（或行為方式）

< She is quite changeable and it is difficult to figure her out. 她很多變，要摸透她的脾氣很難。

11. They can uplift, elevate and stir anger, without referring to anything real. (para. 7,

ntence 4)

1) 這里的they指words。

2) uplift: vt. to make someone feel happier 使（某人）振奮，鼓舞

< Reading good books can uplift the mind and the spirit. 閱讀好書可以陶冶情操。

3) elevate: vt. to improve something, especially your mind or feelings 提高，提升（修養、情感等）

< The teacher hopes to elevate the mind of his young pupils by reading them

religious stories. 老師希望通過給小學生讀宗教故事來提高他們的修養。

4) stir: v. to make someone have a strong feeling or reaction 激發, 激起（強烈的感情）；引起（強烈的反應）

< Emily remembered the anger he had stirred in her. 埃米莉記得他曾經怎樣惹自己生氣。 12. The slow, authoritative style is often more effective than passion in the long run,

for it is more subtly spellbinding, and less tiring. (para. 7, ntence 7)

spellbinding: a. extremely interesting and holding your attention completely 極有趣的；使人入迷的

< She was greatly attracted by the dramatic and spellbinding narration of this novel.

這部小說富有戲劇性的有趣的描述使她深深地著了迷。

This ntence can be paraphrad like this: He spoke slowly, but confidently and

forcefully. The style made his speech even more impressive than a passionate

speech in the long run, as his speech, never exhausting the audience’s excitement,

had a mysterious lasting power.

13. You need to believe in something, strongly enough for it to animate all your

gestures and make your eyes light up. (para. 8, ntence 2)

light up: if someone’s face or eyes light up, they show pleasure, excitement, etc.（臉上或眼中）流露出喜悅（興奮等）

< Mary’s eyes lit up when she read the good news. 瑪麗看到這個好消息后眼睛一亮。

This ntence can be paraphrad like this: It is necessary for you to believe

something. You should hold a strong belief in it so that the belief can make you

energetic and excited

14. Charismatics display a need for love and affection. They are open to their

audience, and in fact feed off its energy; the audience in turn is electrified by the

Charismatics, the current increasing as it pass back and forth. (para. 9, ntences

2–3)

1) feed off / on: to u something to increa, become stronger, or succeed 因…而壯大

< Rumors feed on ignorance and superstition. 無知和迷信助長了謠言的傳播。

2) electrify: vt. if a performance or a speech electrifies people, it makes them feel very

interested or excited（表演或演講）使激動，使興奮

< The band electrified the audience who cheered and shouted for five minutes. 樂隊讓聽眾極為激動，歡呼長達五分鐘。

The ntences can be paraphrad like this: Charismatics show their need for love

and caring. They make their desire open to the audience. In fact, they are encouraged

by the audience to do so, and the audience in turn are excited by the Charismatics.

Their love and admiration for each other increa in the interaction.

15. This vulnerable side to charisma softens the lf-confident side, which can em

fanatical and frightening. (para. 9, ntence 4)

soften: v. to become kinder and less vere, or to make someone or something do

this （使）變溫和；（使）軟化

< It ems that she has softened her attitude toward him. 她對他的態度好像已經軟下來了。

This ntence can be paraphrad like this: When someone appears too confident,

people tend to think that he / she is very difficult to stay with becau he / she would always be determined to hold his / her opinion, never listen to tho who think

differently and never em to need help from others. So people would stay far away,

thinking this kind of person frightening. However, the vulnerable side of the person

invites help and makes him / her more approachable.

16. Since charisma involves feelings akin to love, you in turn must reveal your love for

your followers. (para. 10, ntence 1)

1) involve: vt. if an activity or situation involves something, that thing is part of it or a

result of it 包含；需要

< Her job as a public relations director involves a lot of time with other people. 她作為公共關系主管，需要花很多時間與別人打交道。

2) akin: a. (fml.) very similar to something 與某物相似的；與某物類似的，常和介詞to連用。

< I looked at him with something akin to panic. 我多少有點恐慌地看著他。

17. If the audience does not n this quality in you they will turn away from you.

(para. 10, ntence 6)

turn away from: to refu to accept someone or u something any longer 拒絕接受；不再使用

< I’m not saying we should turn away from the old, but that we should turn toward

the new. 我不是說我們應該拋棄過去，而是說我們應該面向新事物。

18. The demeanor of Charismatics may be poid and calm, but their eyes are

magnetic; they have a piercing gaze that disturbs their targets’ emotions, exerting

force without words or action. (para. 11, ntence 5)

exert: u your power, influence, etc. in order to make something happen 運用（權力）；施加（影響力）

< The army exerted strong political pressure on the president. 軍隊給總統施加了強大的政治壓力。

This ntence can be paraphrad like this: The manners of Charismatics may

appear calm and be in good control, but their eyes tightly grasp people’s attention.

They don’t say or do anything, but their eyes have an impact on their targets, eming

to be able to e into their hearts and excite their emotions.

19. Fidel Castro’s aggressive gaze can reduce his opponents to silence. Roovelt

could dilate his pupils at will, making his stare both hypnotizing and intimidating. The

eyes of the Charismatics never show fear or nerves. (para. 11, ntences 6–8)

1) reduce sb. to tears / silence: to upt or shock someone so much that they cry or

are unable to speak 把某人弄哭 / 使某人啞口無言

< The teacher’s stern look reduced him to silence. 老師神情嚴肅，他便靜了下來。

2) dilate: v. if a hollow part of your body dilates or if something dilates it, it becomes

wider （使）擴張；（使）張大；（使）膨脹

< The lungs dilate when one breathes. 呼吸時肺部擴張。

The ntences can be paraphrad like this: When Fidel Castro looked at his

enemies in a threatening way, he could make them immediately shut up. When

looking at others, Roovelt could make his pupils become larger as he wished, which made the audience enchanted with him or afraid of him. The eyes of the Chatismatics

never have an expression of fear or nervousness.

20. All of the skills are acquirable. Napoleon spent hours in front of a mirror,

modeling his gaze on that of the great contemporary actor Talma. (para. 12,

ntences 1–2)

1) acquirable: a. that can be gained by one’s own efforts, ability or behavior 可以獲得的

< The device is acquirable online at favorable prices. 這個裝置可以以優惠價格從網上買到。

2) model … on: (often passive) to copy a way of doing something or a system 使仿效；使模仿

< This machine is modelled on one recently made in Shanghai. 這部機器是模仿上海的一種新產品制造的。

The ntences can be paraphrad like this: All the skills can be learned.

Napoleon ud to spend a long time in front of a mirror, practicing looking into others’

eyes in the way the great contemporary actor Talma stared at others.

21. Do not leave such an important attribute to chance. Practice the effect you desire.

(para. 12, ntences 5–6)

leave … to chance / fate: to not try to change the way something is developing or

happening 將某事物留給運氣/命運決定；聽天由命

< We must not leave it to chance. We must try our best. 我們不能懷有僥幸心理。我們一定要盡力而為。

The ntences can be paraphrad like this: Don’t take it for granted that you can

learn it easily or simply leave it as it goes. You must keep practicing until you feel that

you have achieved the goal you t.

魔力人格——神秘而迷人的人格

魔力人格是對大眾的誘惑。具有魔力人格的人能使眾人為之傾倒，并引領他們前行。這種人具有一定特質，使他們極具吸引力，且引人注目。這些特質可能是他們的自信、他們的無畏、他們的平靜。他們對自己為什么具有這些特質保持神秘。他們不解釋自己的自信或滿足來自何處，但是人們卻能感受到他們的自信或滿足；這種自信或滿足不用刻意努力表現自會自然流露。具有魔力人格的人臉龐通常充滿活力、生機、期望、靈氣——這是情人的臉龐，瞬間讓人傾倒的臉龐。這種人表現出非凡的眼界。我們可能認識不到他們的眼界，但只要他們在，我們便產生一種虔誠的體驗：我們信賴他們，不需要任何理性的理由。

魔力人格一定顯得神秘，但這并不意味著你學不會一定的技巧來提升自己已有的魅力，或者讓你表現出這種魅力。下面介紹一下有助于產生這種非凡人格魅力的基本品質。

目標。如果人們相信你胸有成竹，相信你知道前往何方，他們便會本能地追隨你。他們會相信你的自信有一定的道理。 目標性在危急時刻能使人魅力倍增。當大部分人猶豫的時候，一心一意、泰然自若的人格將會使你成為人們關注的焦點。當富蘭克林?羅斯福在經濟大蕭條期間開始執政時，很多民眾不相信他能扭轉局面。但是，在剛上任的幾個月內，他便在處理國家的許多問題上表現出他是一個果斷且思路清晰的人。以至于民眾開始將他視為救世主，認為他極具人格魅力。

神秘。神秘是魔力人格的核心，但是這種特有的神秘充滿矛盾。具有這種人格魅力的人可能既殘酷又和善（如彼得大帝），既容易激動又極度冷漠（如夏爾?戴高樂），既親密又疏遠（如西格蒙德?弗洛伊德）。這些矛盾使你很難被看穿，使你的性格更加豐滿。你最好將自己的矛盾性格慢慢地、微妙地展現出來。你必須與人保持一定的距離，讓人們猜測你。

神秘的另一面是略帶怪異。一副具有先知或通靈才能的樣子會增加你的神秘感。如果能權威地預見未來，人們通常會想象你所說的已經實現。

口才。一個具有魔力人格的人依賴語言的力量。原因很簡單：語言是激起情緒波動的最快途徑。不需要指代任何具體的事物，語言即可使人振奮，激發憤怒，并激化憤怒。羅斯福屬于冷靜、高貴的類型。他的演講方式以及他對意象、頭韻和圣經修辭的絕妙使用，使他成為一位富有活力的演講者。支持他的人通常被他感動得熱淚盈眶。那種緩慢而又權威的演講風格往往比激情的影響力更長遠，因為它具有更微妙的魅力，不會耗盡聽者的興趣。

熾熱的愛。你得有信仰，足夠強烈的信仰，這種信仰顯現于你的一顰一蹙，使你的眼睛熠熠生輝。這不能弄虛作假。政治家必然向民眾撒謊，但是具有魔力人格的政治家相信自己的謊言，這使他們更加可信。

脆弱。具有魔力人格的人表現出對愛和情感的需求。他們對觀眾敞開心懷，實際上也從觀眾那里獲取力量；觀眾反過來也有觸電般的感覺。彼此間的這種電流隨著一次次的接觸而增強。因其脆弱的一面，具有魔力人格的人那瘋狂而嚇人的自信的一面才顯得不那么可怕。

由于魔力人格包含類似愛的感覺，你反過來必須向你的崇拜者展現你的愛。這就是瑪麗蓮?夢露的熒屏魅力之關鍵所在。

―我知道我屬于公眾，‖她在日記中寫道，―我也屬于世界，這不是因為我多才多藝，甚至不是因為我漂亮，僅僅因為我從未屬于其他任何事物或任何人。公眾是我唯一的家人，是我唯一的白馬王子和夢想中唯一的家園。‖ 一到攝像機前，夢露就突然恢復了活力，與看不見的觀眾打情罵俏，讓他們激動不已。如果觀眾在你身上看不到這種品質，他們便會轉身離去。把觀眾想象成那個你竭力想要誘惑的人——沒有什么比一種被追求的感覺更具誘惑力了。

磁性。如果有哪個身體特征可以產生致命的誘惑，那便是眼睛了。無需言語，眼睛便可流露出激動、緊張、冷漠。間接的交流是致命的誘惑，也是魔力人格的關鍵所在。具有魔力人格的人可能行為舉止沉著冷靜，但他們的眼睛卻充滿磁性；盡管無聲無息，他們具有穿透力的眼神卻使其目標對象的情感蕩起漣漪。菲德爾?卡斯特羅那極具進攻性的眼神可以讓對手啞口無言。羅斯福可以按照自己的意愿放大瞳孔，使眼神具有催眠和威懾的力量。具有魔力人格的人眼睛里絕沒有恐懼和緊張。

所有這些技巧都是可以獲得的。拿破侖曾在鏡子前花數小時的時間模仿當時的偉大演員塔爾瑪的眼神。關鍵是自我控制。記住：你的眼睛可以放射出非凡的人格魅力，但也能暴露出你是一個騙子。這樣重要的人格特點，不要任其自然形成和發展。要照你想要的效果去練習和實踐。

NEW WORDS

duction

n.

1 [C] (usu. pl.)（常常對人產生不良影響的）誘惑，魅力，吸引力

2 [C, U] 勾引

charismatic

n.

[C] 有超凡魅力的人；有感召力的人

boldness

n.

[U] 大膽；勇敢

renity

n. [U]

寧靜；安詳

contentment

n.

[U] 滿意；滿足 radiate

v.

散發；流露；煥發

vi.

從中心散開

animated

a.

生氣勃勃的；活躍的

alertness

n.

[U] 機警；機敏

instantly

ad.

立即；馬上

vision

n.

1 [C] 看法；希望

2 [U] 視力

prence

n.

[U] 出席；到場；存在

rational

a.

（想法、決定等）合理的，基于理性的

mystical

a.

神秘的；神奇的；不可思議的

illusion

n. [C]

1 假象

2 錯誤的觀念；幻想

instinctively

ad.

本能地；天性地；直覺地

lf-assurance

n.

[U] 自信；自恃

amidst

prep.

在……中間；在……當中

depression

n.

1 the (Great)

Depression（20世紀30年代的）大蕭條

2 [C, U] 抑郁癥

display

vt.

1 顯示，顯露（某種情感、態度或特質）

2 展示；陳列

decisiveness

n.

[U] 果斷；決斷

clarity

n. [U]

1 清晰的思維（理解、記憶）能力

2 清楚；清晰；明確

savior

n.

[C] 救助者；挽救者；救星

inten

a.

強烈的；劇烈的

contradiction

n.

[C, U] 由矛盾要素組成的人（情況、事件等）；矛盾體

icily

ad.

生氣地；冷淡地

fathom

vt.

理解

reveal

vt.

1 揭示；揭露；透露

2 展現；顯露

subtly

ad.

含蓄地；委婉地；隱晦地

hint

n. [C]

1 少許；微量；細微的跡象

2 暗示

uncanny

a.

離奇的；不可思議的

prophetic

a.

預言正確的；有先見之明的

psychic

a.

有超自然力量的；通靈的

aura

n.

[C] 氣氛；氣息；韻味

authoritatively

ad.

權威地；有威信地；威嚴地 eloquence

n.

口才；雄辯

disturbance

n.

1 [U] 情緒困擾；精神失常

2 [C, U] (fml.) 騷亂；騷動

uplift

vt.

使（某人）振奮，鼓舞

elevate

vt.

1 提高，提升（修養、情感等）

2 (fml.) 提拔；晉升；提升

stir

vt.

1 引起（強烈的反應）

2 攪；攪拌；攪動

patrician

a.

貴族的；權貴顯要的

delivery

n.

1 [U] 風格

2 [C,U] 遞送；交付；遞送的物品

imagery

n.

[U] (詩，書，電影中的）意象，形象化描述；比喻

alliteration

n.

[U] 頭韻（法）（連續使用開頭讀音或字母相同的單詞，以制造特別效果，尤用于詩歌）

biblical

a. (usu. before noun)

有關《圣經》的；《圣經》中的

rhetoric

n.

[U]（尤指政治家使用的）雄辯言辭，煽動性語言

rally

n. (pl. rallies)

[C] 大型公眾聚會（尤指為支持某政治觀點、抗議等在戶外舉行的聚會）spellbinding

a.

極有趣的；使人入迷的

fervency

n.

[C] 熱情；熱誠；熱烈

fake

v.

假裝；偽裝

vt.

仿造；偽造

inevitably

ad.

必然地；不可避免地

vulnerability

n.

[U] 易受傷（性）；脆弱（性）；易遭攻擊（性）

electrify

vt.

（表演或演講）使激動，使興奮

current

n.

[C] 電流

vulnerable

a.

感情脆弱的；易受傷的

fanatical

a.

狂熱的

involve

vt.

包含；需要

akin

a. (fml.)

與某物相似的；與某物類似的

flirt

vi.

調情；打情罵俏

duce

vt.

勾引

ductive

a.

1 （某物）有吸引力的，有誘惑力的

2（尤指女人）性感的，勾引人的

magnetism

n. [U]

1 （某人的）吸引力，誘惑力，魅力

2 磁性；磁力

attribute

n.

[C] 特性；特質；屬性

detachment

n.

[U] 冷靜；超然；客觀

indirect

a.

間接引起的

critical

a.

1 緊要的；關鍵性的

2 批評的；批判的

demeanor

n.

[U]（反映某人性格特征的）舉止；外表；風度

poid

a.

1 鎮定的；自信的；泰然自若的；沉著的

2 （擺好姿勢）準備行動的

magnetic

a.

1 有吸引力的；有魅力的

2 磁的；磁性的

piercing

a.

敏銳的；銳利的；有洞察力的

gaze

n. (singular)

凝視；注視

exert

vt.

運用（權力）；施加（影響力）

opponent

n. [C]

（競爭、比賽、打斗、爭執等的）對手，敵手

dilate

v.

（使）擴張；（使）張大；（使）膨脹

hypnotize

vt.

1 使著迷；使陶醉

2 (usu. passive)

對……施行催眠術

intimidating

a.

讓人緊張的；令人生畏的；令人害怕的

nerve

n.

nerves (pl.)

緊張（擔心）的情緒

emanate

vt. (fml.)

發出（氣味、光等）；表現出（某種品質）

PHRASES AND

EXPRESSIONS

stand out 顯眼；突出

turnsth. around 使（企業）好轉

at arm’s length 保持一定距離地

figure sb. out 摸透某人的脾氣（或行為方式）

light up（臉上或眼中）流露出喜悅（興奮等）

feed off sth. 因……而壯大

reduce sb. to tears /

silence 把某人弄哭 /

使某人啞口無言

give sb. / sth. away（說或做某事而）泄露（秘密）

Characteristics of science

Charles Van Doren

1

Science, in our common everyday n of the word, is a human activity

characterized by three things.

2

First, science is practiced by special people with a specific view of the world.

Scientists try to be objective, unntimental, and unemotional. They do not let

their feelings get in the way of their obrvations of real things, facts, as they

call them. They often work in laboratories or in other areas where they can

carefully control what they are working on. They do not just wander out onto

the dock at sunt and look at the world with wonder, as a poet might. Ideally,

they are also both honest and humble. They always try to report their findings

so others can check them out and then utilize them in their own work. They do

not claim more than they can prove, and often even less. But they are very

proud of their calling and prefer to talk to other scientists rather than anybody

el, especially poets, who tend to make them feel uncomfortable, to put them

down. (Of cour poets also feel scientists return the favor.)

3Second, science deals almost exclusively with things, not ideas or feelings,

and with the external world and its workings, not inner states and their

workings, despite the effort of some psychologists to be or em scientific. The

human body is considered to be a part of the external world; the soul is not.

Therefore, scientists work to understand the body but not the soul. Most

scientists doubt the soul exists. The solar system and the univer are also

part of the external world, although we have little enough direct evidence of

their mode of existence. Scientists tend to assume the basic conditions of

nature on Earth are the same everywhere in the cosmos.

4

Mankind is only questionably part of the external world in this n.

Scientists are generally reluctant to deal with the behavior of large groups of men and women. Thus economists, for example, struggle to be considered

scientists, but usually in vain. The external world of scientists contains some

things, like quanta, quarks, and quasars, That are as mysterious as angels and

normally as invisible. But this does not trouble them, as they believe they can

deal effectively with the elementary particles that they cannot e and

according to the uncertainty principle never can e, but not with angles, which

will probably never appear to scientists becau scientists do not believe in

them.

5

When you come right down to it, the external world is anything that scientists

can measure and describe in mathematical terms, and it excludes everything

they cannot. This means the external world is a rather hazy notion, but the idea

behind it is not hazy at all.

6

Third, science deals with whatever it deals with in a special way, employing

special methods and a language for reporting results that is unique to it. The

best-known method, but not necessarily the most often employed, consists of

experiment, which involves getting an idea—from where, most scientists do

not question—frame it in a testable hypothesis, and then testing the hypothesis

in a controlled environment to find out whether or not it is valid. The

environment must be carefully controlled so that the extraneous elements do

not intrude to invalidate the experiment, and so that others can repeat the

experiment in the hope of arriving at the same result, which is the best

evidence of its reliability.

7

But it is the language in which results are reported and in which the work

itlf is done and with which it is controlled—namely, mathematics—that is

perhaps the most distinctive characteristics of all. Most scientists would say

that if you cannot describe what you are doing in mathematical terms, you are

not doing science, and they prefer to report their results in mathematical terms becau doing so is much easier and quicker (for them) and becau

scientists all around the world can understand them.

8

It is also important that the work itlf is done mathematically, which means

that the obrvations being studied must be transformed into—or reduced

to—numbers in the first instance, so they can be studied in a rational manner.

The old idea of the earliest Greek scientists—that the world is esntially

intelligible becau it is somehow conformed to the human mind—is thus

converted into the Pythagorean view that the world, at least the external world

that is the subject matter of science, is esntially mathematical and thus

intelligible becau the human mind is esntially mathematical, too.

9

Wherever mankind has been able to measure things, which means to

transform or reduce them to numbers, it has indeed made great progress both

in understanding and in controlling them. Where human beings have failed to

find a way to measure, they have been much less successful, which partly

explains the relative failure of psychology, economics, and literary criticism to

acquire the status of science.

10

Science was the major discovery, or invention, of the 17th century. Men of

that time learned—and it was a very great, revolutionary discovery—how to

measure, explain, and manipulate natural phenomena in the way that today we

call scientific. Since the 17th century, science has progresd a great deal and

has discovered many truths, and conferred many benefits that the 17th century

did not know. But it has not found a new way to discover natural truths. For this

reason, the 17th century is possibly the most important century in human

history. It instituted irrevocable changes in the way human beings live on Earth.

We can never go back to living the way we lived in the Renaissance, for

instance. We can only wonder whether the changes was in all ways for the

better.

科學的特征按我們慣常的理解，科學是一項人類活動，具備三個特征。 首先，從事科學工作的是特殊的一類人，他們具有特定的世界觀。科學家努力保持客觀、理性，不感情用事，不會讓感情妨礙他們觀察他們所說的實物和事實。科學家常常在實驗室或者他們能夠嚴格控制研究對象的場所工作。他們不會像詩人那樣，在日落時去碼頭閑逛，驚奇地觀賞這個世界。理想的科學家既樸實，又謙恭。他們總是盡量匯報他們的科學發現，以便別人能夠證實并在工作中加以運用。他們不會對自己不能證明的事物妄加斷言，甚至常常連自己能夠證明的也不去多說。然而，他們對―科學家‖這一稱謂引以為傲，更喜歡彼此相互交流，而不太愿意和其他人交流，尤其是和詩人，因為詩人總讓他們感覺不自在，且常貶低他們。（當然了，科學家在詩人眼里也不過如此。）

其次，科學的研究對象基本上僅限于事物，而非思想或者情感，僅限于外部世界及其運作，而非內在狀態及其運作，盡管一些心理學家也試圖讓自己的工作具備或者顯得具備科學性。人體被認為是外部世界的一部分，而人的靈魂則不然。因此，科學家探索的是人的肌體，而不是靈魂。大部分科學家懷疑靈魂的存在。太陽系和宇宙也是外部世界的一部分，雖然我們沒有充足的直接證據來證實它們的存在模式。科學家往往認為，地球上自然界的基本狀況無論在宇宙何處都是一樣的。

從這個意義上講，把人類歸為外部世界的一部分是有爭議的。科學家一般不愿意研究大量人群的行為。因此，舉例來說，盡管經濟學家努力想被當作科學家，卻通常徒勞無果。科學家所關注的外部世界包括具體事物，比如量子、夸克、類星體，它們像天使一樣神秘，通常是肉眼看不見的。但是這并沒有使他們苦惱，因為他們相信自己能夠有效地研究基本粒子，雖然他們看不見這些粒子，而且根據不確定性原理，他們永遠也看不見它們。但是科學家卻不能有效地研究天使，因為他們不相信天使的存在，天使可能永遠不會出現在他們面前。

總之，外部世界可以歸結為科學家能夠測量并且能用數學術語加以描述的任何事物，反之，不能被科學家測量和描述的一切都不屬于外部世界。這意味著雖然外部世界是一個相當模糊的概念，但是概念背后的事物卻相當明晰。

再次，科學使用一種特殊的方式研究一切可研究的對象，采用特殊的研究方法和獨特的語言來匯報結果。最為人熟知而又未必最常用的方法是實驗，包括產生一個想法（大部分科學家不關心這一想法從何而來），把想法擬定為一個可測試的假設，然后在一個可控環境中測試這個假設，檢驗它是否成立。實驗環境必須嚴格控制，一是為防止外界因素侵擾而使實驗無效，二是為其他人能夠重復該實驗以期獲得相同結果，這是實驗可靠度的最佳證據。

但是，科學最顯著的特征也許是它使用的獨特語言——數學。通過數學，科學發現得以匯報，科學工作得以完成和控制。大多數科學家會說，如果你不能用數學術語描述你所做的工作，那么你就不是在進行科學研究。科學家之所以喜歡用數學術語匯報他們的成果，是因為（對于他們而言）這樣做更簡便快捷，而且全世界的科學家都能理解。

同樣重要的是，科學研究本身借助于數學進行，也就是說，所研究的觀察資料必須首先轉化成（或者簡化成）數字，這樣，科學家才能用理性的方式研究它們。最早的希臘科學家的古老觀點（世界的本質是可認知的，因為它總是和人類的思維一致）也是這樣轉變為畢達哥拉斯學派的觀點，即世界，至少作為科學研究對象的外部世界，本質上是數學的，并且是可認知的，因為人類的思維本質上也是數學性質的。

無論在什么情況下，只要人類能夠測量事物，即意味著把事物轉化或者簡化成數字，這實際上就在理解和控制該事物方面取得了巨大進步。如果人類找不到一種方法去測量，那么，他們的成就就會小得多，這也從某種程度上解釋了為什么心理學、經濟學和文學批評相對而言無法獲得科學的身份。 科學是17世紀的主要發現或者發明。那個時代的人們發現了如何用我們今天稱之為科學的方法去測量、解釋和利用自然現象（這是一個非常偉大的、突破性的發現）。 17世紀以來，科學取得了巨大的進步，發現了很多真理，帶來了大量惠澤，這些在17世紀都不為人所知。但是自17世紀之后，科學并沒有找到新的方法來發現自然真相，因此，17世紀或許是人類歷史上最重要的世紀，它使人類在地球上的生活方式產生了不可逆的變化，比如，我們永遠不可能回歸文藝復興時期的生活方式。我們只能自問，這種變化是否會讓一切變得更加美好。

1. They do not let their feelings get in the way of their obrvations of real

things, facts, as they call them. (para. 2, ntence 3)

get in the way of sth.: to prevent something from happening 防止（某事）發生；阻礙某事

< Her poor English got in the way of her further study abroad. 她英語不好，這阻礙了她出國深造。

2. But they are very proud of their calling and prefer to talk to other scientists

rather than anybody el, especially poets, who tend to make them feel

uncomfortable, to put them down. (para. 2, ntence 9)

put sb. / sth. down: to say critical or insulting things about someone or

something 貶低；奚落

< She put her husband down in the party. 聚會上，她使丈夫下不了臺。

This ntence can be paraphrad like this: But they take great pride in the

status of scientists and enjoy communicating with each other more than with

anybody el, particularly with poets, becau poets often embarrass them

and make them look stupid.

3. But this does not trouble them, as they believe they can deal effectively with

the elementary particles that they cannot e and according to the uncertainty

principle never can e, but not with angels, which will probably never appear

to scientists becau scientists do not believe in them.

This ntence can be paraphrad like this: But this is not a trouble for them,

becau they have a faith that they can effectively study the elementary

particles, although they can never e the particles in accordance with the

uncertainty principle. However, scientists do not think they can effectively

study angels, which are invisible to them, becau they do not believe in the

existence of angels.

4. When you come right down to it, the external world is anything that scientists

can measure and describe in mathematical terms, and it excludes everything

they cannot. (para. 5, ntence 1)

come down to sth.: to deal with a subject directly 談論到；處理；涉及

< The novel came down to a question of truth and history. 這部小說談到了事實與歷史的問題。

This ntence can be paraphrad like this: It can be concluded that the

external world refers to whatever scientists can measure and describe in

mathematical terms, and it does not include anything that cannot be measured

or described in mathematical terms 5. But it is the language in which results are reported and in which the work

itlf is done and with which it is controlled—namely, mathematics—that is

perhaps the most distinctive characteristic of all. (para. 7, ntence 1)

這句話使用了強調句結構：It is + 強調的內容 + that + 句子的剩余部分。如果強調的內容是人，其后的that也可用who或whom替換。

< It is his perverance that led to his success as a scientist. 他的堅持使他成了一名成功的科學家。

It was Peter who saw your brother in New York last week. 是彼得上周在紐約看到了你兄弟。

It’s Tom whom you should ask. 湯姆是你應該詢問的人。

This ntence can be paraphrad like this: But the most remarkable feature

of science could be its language, that is, mathematics. Findings from scientific

studies are prented in mathematics, while rearch work is operated in and

controlled with mathematics.

6. It is also important that the work itlf is done mathematically, which means

that the obrvations being studied must be transformed into or reduced to

numbers in the first instance, so they can be studied in a rational manner.

(para. 8, ntence 1)

in the first instance: before other events happen, as the first thing in a ries of

actions 首先；起初

< In the first instance, we had better ensure that our plan is workable. 首先，我們最好確保計劃可行。

The funding for the project should be ensured in the first instance. 首先要確保項目的資金。

7. The old idea of the earliest Greek scientists—that the world is esntially

intelligible becau it is somehow conformed to the human mind—is thus

converted into the Pythagorean view that the world, at least the external world

that is the subject matter of science, is esntially mathematical and thus

intelligible becau the human mind is esntially mathematical, too. (para. 8,

ntence 2)

1) conform: v. to agree with or match something 一致。既可以用作不及物動詞，也可以用作及物動詞。用作不及物動詞時, 通常和to / with 搭配。

< He conformed himlf to the social conventions of this village. 他遵從這個村子的社會習俗。

The painting conforms to the character of the room. 這幅畫與房間的特點一致。

2) convert: v. to change to, or persuade someone to change to a different t

of ideas, principles or ways of doing something（使）改變（觀點、原則或做事方式），常見的用法為convert A (from A) into / to B。

< The old cinema is going to be converted into / to a bowling alley. 老電影院將要被改建成保齡球球場。

Shenzhen has converted from a fishing village into / to a modern city. 深圳已經從一個漁村變成了一個現代化城市。 8. Men of that time learned—and it was a very great, revolutionary

discovery—how to measure, explain and manipulate natural phenomena in the

way that today we call scientific. (para. 10, ntence 2)

manipulate: vt. to skillfully handle, control, or u something（熟練地）控制，操作，使用

< She could not manipulate chopsticks well when dining at Chine

restaurants. 在中餐館吃飯時，她不能熟練地使用筷子。

9. Since the 17th century, science has progresd a great deal and has

discovered many truths, and conferred many benefits, that the 17th century did

not know. (para. 10, ntence 3)

confer: officially give someone an award, a degree, a right, etc. 授予（獎品、學位、權利等）

< The title confers prestige to the holder. 這個稱號使持有者享有聲望。

They are convinced that tourism confers significant benefits to the city. 他們確信旅游業會給這座城市帶來巨大的收益。

NEW WORDS

characteristic

n.

[C]（物或人的）特征；特色；特性

characterize

vt.

（人、地方或事物）以……為特征

objective

a.

客觀的；不帶個人感情的

unntimental

a.

不感情用事的；不易動感情的

obrvation

n.

[C,U] 觀察；注意；監視

dock

n.

[C] 碼頭；船塢

finding

n. (.)

研究的結果；發現

utilize

vt. (fml.)

利用；使用

claim

vt.

聲稱；斷言；主張

exclusively

ad.

僅僅；唯獨

external

a.

外部的；外面的

psychologist

n.

[C] 心理學家

cosmos

n.

[U] 宇宙

reluctant

a.

勉強的；不情愿的

economist

n.

[C] 經濟學家

quantum

n.

[C] (pl. quanta) 量子

quark

n.

[C] 夸克

quasar

n.

[C] 類星體

invisible

a.

看不見的

particle

n.

[C] 粒子；質點

exclude

vt. （故意）不包括；把……排除在外

hazy

a.

1 模糊的；不明確的

2 霧蒙蒙的；朦朧的

notion

n.

[C] 概念；觀點；看法

frame

vt.

仔細地表達

n.

[C] 框架；邊框

hypothesis

n.

[C] 假設；假說

valid

a.

1 有根據的；令人信服的

2（文件或票證）有效的

extraneous

a.

無關的；無直接聯系的

intrude

vi.

闖入；侵擾

invalidate

vt.

1 使無效；使作廢

2 證明(信念、解釋等)錯誤

distinctive

a.

（特征、性格或外表）獨特的，特別的，與眾不同的

Greek

a.

希臘的；希臘人的；希臘語的

intelligible

a.

（言語，文章或想法）明白易懂的

conform

vi.

1 從眾；像大多數人那樣行

2 遵守，遵從（法律、規定等）

convert

v.

（使）改變（觀點、原則或做事方式）

Pythagorean

畢達哥拉斯的；畢達哥拉斯學說（或哲學）的

manipulate

vt.

Coffee stains

Jay Ingram

1（以巧妙或不誠實的方式）影響，操縱，擺布

2（熟練地）操作，使用（信息、系統等）

confer

vt.

授予（獎品、學位、權利等）

institute

v.

建立；設立；組織

n.

學院；協會；機構

irrevocable

a.

（決定、行動等）不可更改的，不可取消的，不可撤回的

PHRASES AND

EXPRESSIONS

put sb. / sth. down 貶低；奚落

in vain 徒勞

come down to sth. 談論到；處理；涉及到

in the first instance 首先；起初

1

If you can position a cup of hot, black coffee so that light strikes it at an angle,

you should e a whitish sheen on the surface. (This works even better with a

cup of clear tea.) There's something more to this sheen than first meets the

-