英國概況地理和歷史部分

2024年1月12日發(作者：唐朝邊塞詩人)

英國概況地理和歷史部分

-k Information Technology Company.2020YEAR

Chapter 1

第一章

Land and People

英國的國土與人民

I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts

英國的不同名稱及其各組成部分

phical names： the British Isles， Great Britain and England.

地理名稱：不列顛群島，大不列顛和英格蘭。

al name： the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

官方正式名稱：大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯合王國。

British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain （the larger one） and

Ireland， and hundreds of small ones.

不列顛群島由兩個大島—大不列顛島（較大的一個）和愛爾蘭島，及成千上萬個小島組成。

political divisions on the island of Great Britain： England， Scotland and Wales.

大不列顛島上有三個政治區：英格蘭、蘇格蘭和威爾士。

（1） England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest， most populous

ction.

英格蘭位于大不列顛島南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地區。

（2） Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones （the Highlands in

the north； the Central lowlands； the south Uplands） Capital： Edinburgh

蘇格蘭位于大不列顛的北部。它有三大自然區：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。首府：愛丁堡。

Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain （1，343m）。

本尼維斯山為蘇格蘭，也是英國最高峰，海拔1，343米。

（3） Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital： Cardiff

威爾士位于大不列顛的西部。首府：加的夫

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（4） Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital： Belfast.

北愛爾蘭是英國第四個區域。首府：貝爾法斯特。

Commonwealth （of nations） is a free association of independent countries that

were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931， and has 50 member countries until 1991.

英聯邦是曾為英國殖民地的、但現已獨立國家所構成的自由聯合體。它成立于1931年，至1990年止已有50個成員國。

II. Geographical Features 英國的地理特征

phical position of Britain：

英國的地理位置：

Britain is an island country surrounded by the a. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the

north coast of Europe. It is parated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south

and the North Sea in the east.

英國是一個島國。它位于大西洋北部，與歐洲大陸的北海岸隔海相望。南面的英吉利海峽和東面的北海將它與歐洲其它部分隔開。

north and west of Britain are mainly highlands； and the east and southeast are mostly

lowlands.

英國的西部和北部主要是高地，東部和東南部主要是低地。

III. Rivers and Lakes 河流與湖泊

river特點：冬季不結冰 與歐洲大陸北海隔海相望

Lakes: Scotland North, Northwest England lake district, North Wales

Severn River is the longest river in Britain （338km）。

塞文河是英國最長的河流。全長338公里。

Thames River is the cond longest and most important river in Britain. （336km）。

泰晤士河是英國第二大河，也是英國最重要的河。全長336公里。

OXFORD is also on the Thames在它旁邊

Lough Neagh is the largest lake in Britain which is located in Northern Ireland. （396 square

kilometres）。

訥湖（內伊湖）是英國最大的湖，位于北愛爾蘭。面積為396平方公里。

River Clyde is the most important river in Scotland.

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克萊德河是蘇格蘭最重要的河流。

Snowdonia is the highest mountain in Wales.（1，085m）

斯諾多尼亞是威爾士的最高點，海拔1，085米。

IV. Climate 氣候

1. Britain’s favorable climate 英國有利的氣候條件：

Britain has a maritime climate-winters are not too cold and summers are not too hot. It has a

steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The temperature varies within a small range.

英國屬于海洋性氣候：冬季不過于寒冷，夏季不過于炎熱。全年有穩定可靠的降雨量，氣溫變化幅度小。

factors influence the climate in Britain：

影響英國氣候的因素：

1）The surrounding waters tend to balance the asonal differences by heating up the land

in winter and cooling it off in summer；

環繞四周的海水。冬天，海水可使島內氣溫升高，夏天則使氣溫降低，從而起到平衡季節溫差的作用；

2）The prevailing south-west winds or the Westerlies blow over the country all the year

round bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate；

一年四季盛行的西南風和西風在冬季從大西洋帶來溫暖、潮濕的空氣，使氣溫適宜；

3）The North Atlantic Drift pass the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.

北大西洋暖流經不列顛群島西海岸，使氣候變暖。

ll 降雨量：

Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The average annual rainfall in

Britain is over 1，000mm. There is a water surplus in the north and west， and a water deficit in

the south and east.

英國全年降雨量穩定，平均降雨量超過1000毫米。 英國北部、西部雨量過多，但是南部、東部有所缺乏。

V. The People 人口

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tion distribution 人口分布：

Britain has a population of about 57 millions and it is very unevenly distributed. 90% of the

population is urban and only 10% is rural. The population of Britain is made up mainly of the

English （81.5%）， the Scottish （9.6%）， the Welsh （1.9%）， the Irish （2.4%）， the

Northern Irish （1.8%） and other peoples （2.8%）。

英國人口約570萬，分布極不均勻，90%是城市人口，只有10%是農村人口。英國人口組成為：英格蘭人（81.5%），蘇格蘭人（9.6%），威爾士人（1.9%），愛爾蘭人、北愛爾蘭人和其他民族居民。

difference between the ancestors of the English and Scots， Welsh and Irish：

英倫三島民族的祖先：

The ancestors of the English are Anglo-Saxons， the Scots， Welsh and Irish are Celts.

英格蘭人祖先屬于盎格魯—薩克遜人，而蘇格蘭、威爾士和愛爾蘭人屬于凱爾特人。

difference in character個性差別：

The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people. They are music lovers and are proud of their

past.

威爾士人感情豐富，情緒高漲，熱愛音樂，為過去感到自豪。

The Scots are said to be a rious， cautious and thrifty people， and they are also

hospitable， generous and friendly.

蘇格蘭人通常被認為嚴肅、謹慎而且節儉，但是他們同樣也熱情、大方且友好。

The Irish are charm and vivacity. 愛爾蘭人充滿魅力，生性活潑。

difference in speech between southern England and northern England：

英格蘭南方人和北方人語言上的差別：

Southerners speak the type of English clo to BBC English； In northern England， regional

speech is usually broader than that of southern England.

南方人講的英語接近BBC，北英格蘭人的發音通常要比南英格蘭人寬。

Welsh keep their language and culture in this way： 威爾士人以這樣的方式使他們的語言及文化保持活力。

Throughout the year they have festivals of song and dance and poetry called Eisteddfodau.

The great event of the year is the National Eisteddfod. On the occasions competitions are held in

Welsh poetry， music， singing and art.

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一年中他們有稱之為“藝術年會”的唱歌、跳舞、詩歌節。一年中最重要的節日是全國詩歌音樂比賽會。在那里會舉行威爾士詩歌、音樂、唱歌和藝術比賽。

main problem in Northern Ireland： 北愛爾蘭存在的主要問題：

The fight between the Protestants who are the dominant group， and the Roman

Catholics， who are eking more social， political and economic opportunities.

作為統治者的新教徒和要求更多社會、政治及經濟權利的羅馬天主教徒之間的斗爭。

ants： 移民：

About three million have come to Britain to live and find work since World War II.

自從二戰以來約有三百萬人來英國生活、工作。

Chapter 2

第二章

The Origins of a Nation （5000BC-1066）

英國的起源（公元前5000年—1066年）

Settlers （5000BC-55BC）

早期的居民（公元前5000年—公元前55年）

first known ttlers of Britain were the Iberians.

人們所知的英國最早居民是伊比利來人。

2. At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now know as Holland and

Rhineland.

約公元前2000年，從現在的荷蘭和萊茵蘭地區來了寬口陶器人。

3. The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.

約公元前700年，克爾特人來到不列顛島。

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4. The Celts came to Britain in three main waves.

克爾特人來到不列顛有三次高潮。

The first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC.

第一次高潮是約公元前600年蓋爾人的來臨。

The cond wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC.

第二次高潮是約公元前400年布立吞（不列顛）人的抵達。

The third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC.

第三次是約公元前150年比利其人的到達。

II. Roman Britain （55BC-410AD）

羅馬人統治時期的英國（公元前55年—410年）

h recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. In 55BC and 54BC， Julius

Caesar， a Roman general， invaded Britain twice. In AD 43， the Emperor Claudius invaded

Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years， Britain was under the Roman occupation， though it

was never a total occupation.

有記錄的英國歷史開始于羅馬人的入侵。公元前55年和54年，羅馬將軍朱略斯•；凱撒兩次入侵英國，均未成功。直到公元43年，克勞鍬才成功占領不列顛。將近四百年里，英國人處于羅馬人的占領下，但這并非是完全的占領。

2. Roman‘s influence on Britain.

The Roman built many towns， road， baths， temples and buildings. They make good u

of Britain‘s natural resources. They also brought the new religion， Christianity， to Britain.

羅馬人修建了許多城鎮網，道路，澡堂，廟宇和其他建筑物。他們還很好地利用了英國的自然資源。羅馬人還把基督教這門新宗教帶到不列顛。

s for limited Roman influence on Britain.

羅馬對不列顛的影響有限的原因。

First， the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. Second，

never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry. Third， the Romans had no

impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.

首先，羅馬人把不列顛人當作奴隸階段的屬民來對待。其次，在四世紀對羅馬人和不列顛人通婚。最后，羅馬人也未影響普通不列顛人的語言和文化。

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Summary： This is the cond part of Chapter 2 （The Origins of a Nation）。 It introduced some

important events and important people in England from 446 to 1066. The most important

events are The Anglos-Saxons‘ invasion； The Viking and Danish Invasions and The Norman

Conquest.

（簡要：這是第二章“國家的起源”的第二部分。在這一部分里，主要是介紹了英國從公元446年到1066年所發生的重要事件及人物。這些重要事件分別是盎格魯—撒克遜人的入侵，北歐海盜和丹麥人的入侵及諾曼征服）。

III. The Anglo-Saxons （446-871）

盎格魯—撒克遜人（公元446—871年）

1. Basis of Modern English race： the Anglo-Saxons.

盎格魯—薩克遜時代（奠定了英國的基礎）

In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders， Jutes， Saxons， and Angles came to

Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes.

The Jutes， who fished and farmed in Jutland， came to Britain first. A Jutish chief became

the King of Kent in 449. Then the Saxons， urs of the short-sword from northern Germany，

established their kingdom in Esx， Susx and Wesx from the end of the 5th century to the

beginning of the 6th century. In the cond half of the 6th century. In the cond half of the 6th

century， the Angles， who also came from northern Germany and were to give their name to

the English people， ttled in East Anglia， Mercia and Northumbria. The ven principal

kingdoms of Kent， Esx， Susx， Wesx， East Anglia， Mercia and Northumbria have

been given the name of Heptarchy.

五世紀中葉，朱特人、撒克遜人和盎格魯人不斷入侵不列顛。這是三支日耳曼（條頓）部落。

居住在朱特蘭島（現丹麥南部）上從事打漁農耕的朱特人先抵不列顛。后來從德國北部來的使用短劍的撒克遜人在埃撒克斯、蘇塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王國，統治期從五世紀末至六世紀初。六世紀后半葉，同樣來自德國北部的盎格魯人，在東盎格利亞、麥西亞以及諾森伯利來定居，同時也他們也把名字給了英國人。這七個主要王國（肯特、埃塞克斯、蘇塞克斯、威塞克斯、東盎格利亞、麥西亞和諾森伯利亞），合稱為七王國。

early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity.

最早的盎格魯—撒克遜人改信基督教。

The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon

disappeared， except among the Celts of Cornwall， Wales， Scotland and Ireland. In 597，

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Pope Gregory I nt St. Augustine， the Prior of St. Andrew‘s Monastery in Rome， to England to

convert the heathen English to Christianity. In 579 St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of

Canterbury. He was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility， but the

conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the

north.

盎格魯—撒克遜人把日耳曼宗教帶到了英國。除了康瓦爾、威爾士、蘇格蘭和愛爾蘭中的克爾特人還信奉基督教外，基督教很快就消失了。公元597，教皇格里高一世把羅馬圣安德魯修道院的副院長圣奧古斯丁派遣到英格蘭，其使命是使異教徒的英國人皈依基督教。公元579年圣奧古丁成為坎特伯雷大主教。在使國王和貴族皈依基督教方面，奧古斯丁特別成功。但是普通人的皈依很大程度上歸功于北部修士們的傳教活動。

Early Anglo-Saxons make the contributions to the English state.

早期盎格魯—撒克遜人為英國做出的貢獻。

The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. Firstly， they divided the country

into shires， with shire courts and shire reeves， or sheriffs， responsible for administering law.

Secondly， they devid the narrow-strip， three-field farming system which continued to the

18th century. Thirdly， they also established the manorial system. Finally， they created the

Witan（council or meeting of the wimen） to advi the king， the basis of the Privy Council

which still exists today.

盎格魯—撒克遜人為英國國家的形成打下了基礎。首先，他們把國家劃分為郡，郡法庭和郡法官、或行政司法長官負責執法。其次，他們設計的窄條三圃田農耕制延用至18世紀。此外，他們還建立了領地制。最后，他們還創立了議會（賢人會議），向國王提供建議，這就成為了今天仍存在的樞密院的基礎。

and Danish invasions

北歐海盜和丹麥人的入侵

invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked various parts of England

from the end of the 8th century. They became a rious problem in the 9th century， especially

between 835 and 878. They even managed to capture York， an important center of Christianity

in 867. By the middle of 9th century， the Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon

kingdom of Wesx.

入侵者是挪威人和丹麥人，從8世紀末開始，他們不斷襲擊英格蘭的各個地方。9世紀，尤其是公元835-878年間已成為嚴重問題。他們甚至占領了約克郡，公元867年時的基督教中心。到9世紀中葉，北歐海盜和丹麥人威脅到撒克遜人的威撒克斯王國的安全。

Alfred （849-899） and his contributions

艾爾弗雷德國王（849-899）和他所做出的貢獻

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Alfred was a king of Wesx. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with

them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east， while he ruled the rest. He also

converted some leading Danes into Christians.

He founded a strong fleet and is known as “ the father of the British navy”。 He reorganized

the Saxon army， making it more efficient. He translated a Latin book into English. He also

established schools and formulated a legal system. All this earns him the title “Alfred the Great.”

阿爾弗雷德是威塞克斯的國王。他打敗了丹麥人，并于公元879年與他們達成了友好協議。協議規定丹麥人控制英格蘭北部和西部（丹麥法區），而他統治其他地區。他還勸服一些丹麥首領成為基督教徒。

他因為建立了強大艦隊，而以“英國海軍之父”聞名于世。他改組了“弗立德”（撒克遜軍隊），使之更為高效。他將一本拉丁語的書翻譯成英語。同時他還建立了學校，并且闡明了法律制度。所有這一切使他當之無愧于“阿爾弗雷德大王?！钡姆Q號。

Norman Conquest （1066）

諾曼征服（公元1066年）

s for William‘s invasion of England after Edward’s death.

威廉在愛德華死后入侵英國的原因。

It was said that king Edward had promid the English throne to William， but the Witan

cho Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066， during the

important battle of Hastings， William defeated Harold and killed him. One Christmas Day，

William was crowned king of England， thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.

據說，愛德華國王曾答應把英格蘭王位傳給諾曼底公爵威廉，但是賢人會議挑選了哈羅德為國王。公元1066年10月，在哈斯丁斯附近的激烈交鋒中，威廉打敗了哈羅德軍隊，同時哈羅德也在此戰爭中戰死。

Norman Conquest and its conquences

諾曼征服及其產生的影響。

The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William

the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced

the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a

strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England.

Relations with the Continent were opened， and the civilization and commerce were extended.

Norman-French culture， language， manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was

brought into clor connection with Rome， and the church courts were parated from the civil

courts.

1066年的諾曼征服也許是英國歷史上的最著名事件。征服者威廉幾乎沒收了所有土地，將其分發給他的諾曼追隨者。他用強有力的諾曼政府代替了軟弱的薩克遜政府。于是，10

封建制度在英國完全建立。開放了與歐洲大陸的關系，文明和商業得到發展，引進了諾曼—法國文化、語言、舉止和建筑。教會與羅馬的聯系更為密切，教會法庭與世俗法庭分離。

English is a mixture of nationalities of different origins. The ancestors of many English

people were the ancient Angles and Saxons. Some English people are of the Norman-French origin.

英國是一個集不同民族于一體的國家。許多英國人的祖先是古盎格魯和撒克遜人。而還有一些英國人的是諾曼血統。

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