中國古典詩歌流派

2024年2月15日發(fā)(作者：同坐的你)

中國古代詩歌流派簡析

江西詩派

桐城詩派

虞山詩派

王孟山水詩派

岑高邊塞詩派

公安竟陵詩派

漢魏六朝詩派

建安七子

永嘉四靈

有一定影響的詩派:

(1)屈宋。指戰(zhàn)國時(shí)期的楚國詩人屈原和宋玉。他們都是“騷體”的創(chuàng)始者和代表作家。屈原是我國文學(xué)史上第一個(gè)大詩人，有關(guān)他的作品前文已有介紹，這

里不再贅述。宋玉寫有《九辯》《風(fēng)賦》等。他們的詩篇在藝術(shù)形式上有不少相似之處，如多用楚國方言，多依楚國音律，大都具有奔放而華美的風(fēng)格。劉柵在《文心雕龍》中高度評價(jià)說:“屈宋逸步，莫之能追”。不過，屈宋雖并稱，也有共同之處，但成就的大小卻不能相提并論。

(2)三曹。指的是漢魏期間的曹操和他的兒子曹丕、曹植。曹操的詩多取材于動亂的現(xiàn)實(shí)，名篇有《茬露行》、《蒿里行》、《苦寒行》人短歌行》人龜雖壽》人觀滄海》等。它們的共同特點(diǎn)是以質(zhì)樸的形式披露作者的胸襟，“如幽燕老將，氣韻沉雄”，形成了獨(dú)特風(fēng)格。曹丕的詩多描寫男女愛情和游子思?xì)w，格調(diào)細(xì)膩委婉，語言淺顯清麗，其中以七言詩《燕歌行》最為出色。曹植的詩充滿追求和反抗，富有氣勢和力量，形成了“骨氣奇高”、“詞采華茂”的藝術(shù)特色。三曹，因

他們的政治地位和文學(xué)成就，成了當(dāng)時(shí)文壇的領(lǐng)袖。不過，其中成就較多的是曹操和曹植，所謂的“建安風(fēng)骨”，主要是通過他們的詩篇體現(xiàn)的。

(3)建安七子。“七子”之稱出于曹丕的《典論?論文》，指的是孔融、陳琳、王槳、徐斡、阮璃、應(yīng)踢和劉偵。其中，除孔融是曹操的政敵，后為曹操所殺外，其余六人都與三曹關(guān)系密切。他們的作品反映了社會的動亂，體現(xiàn)了進(jìn)取的精神。王集是“七子之冠冕”，藝術(shù)上比較成熟，名篇有《七哀詩》人登樓賦》。

(4)竹林七賢。是指魏晉間的稽康。阮籍、山濤、向秀、阮咸、王戎、劉伶。《魏氏春秋》載:此七人“相與友善，游于竹林，號為七賢”。他們的詩歌以阮籍的《詠懷》和稽康的《幽憤詩》較有名，體現(xiàn)了對當(dāng)時(shí)黑暗現(xiàn)實(shí)的不滿。

(5)三張、二陸、兩潘、一左。三張是指西晉詩人張載和其弟張協(xié)、張亢;二陸

是指西晉文學(xué)家陸機(jī)和其弟陸云;兩潘是指西晉文學(xué)家潘岳、潘尼;一左是指西晉詩人左思。他們的詩歌偏重技巧，講究詞藻，被稱為“太康體”。鐘蝶的《詩品》中，有“太康中，三張、二陸、兩潘、一左，勃爾復(fù)興”之說，表明了他們當(dāng)時(shí)的影響。其中，左思的成就較高，名篇是《詠史》八首。

(6)顏謝。是指南朝宋元嘉年間的詩人顏延之與謝靈運(yùn)。他們的詩歌，多描寫自然景物，注重詞藻雕飾，被稱為“元嘉體”。其中，謝靈運(yùn)的成就較高，開創(chuàng)了“山水詩派”。他的《登池上樓》、《歲暮》、《人彭蠢湖日》等篇章，都有著千古傳誦的佳句。

and due diligence evaluations article 22nd head office, branch

(jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management branch within the

Department's credit business person assumed responsibility for the

supervision and inspection and due diligence evaluations. Article 23rd,

Head Office, branches (jurisdiction), risk management, Marketing

Management Department through on-site and off-site inspection,

investigation report, interviews with investigators for pre-loan

investigation work by way of conducting supervision and inspection,

quality evaluation pre-loan investigation work, and bad on the

evaluation results, the implementation of diversity management. 24th the

control and inspection (a) the implementation of the credit system:

there is no breach of credit policy relating to the granting of credit

and the head office; (B) dual credit rating: timeliness of ratings,

whether the provisions of the rating, rating results are accurate; (C)

the survey contents: data collection is complete, report writing is

comprehensive, indicators analysis is objective, real, conclusions and

the facts are consistent and reasonable; (D) double implementation of

investigations system: practical implementation of double system; (E)

other supervision and inspection of the contents. 25th due diligence

evaluation offices and branches (jurisdiction), risk management,

Marketing Management Department agreed to carry out pre-loan

investigation supervision and inspection work, evaluate whether

investigators due diligence to determine whether the exemption should be.

Investigators should be compatible with. Due diligence asssment should

be bad on the fact that, following the principles of objectivity,

impartiality and fairness. Article 26th head

(7)竟陵八友。是指南朝齊代竟陵王肖子良門下的八個(gè)文學(xué)家:肖衍、沈約、謝恍、王融。肖課、范云、任時(shí)、陸捶。他們寫詩注重聲律，形成了“永明體”，其中，沈約、謝恍成就較高。是“新體詩”的代表作家。

(8)宮體詩派。是指南朝梁簡文帝肖綱為首的一個(gè)詩派。《梁書?簡文帝本紀(jì)》載:肖綱“雅好題詩。……然傷于輕艷，當(dāng)時(shí)號日宮體”。宮體派的詩歌，多表現(xiàn)閨情，內(nèi)容淫靡，形式绔麗。

(9)初唐四杰。是指唐代初年的王勃、楊炯、盧照鄰、駱賓王。他們的詩歌，開始改變齊、梁的締靡風(fēng)氣，題材比較廣泛，初具雄偉氣勢。杜甫在《戲?yàn)榱^句》第二首中寫道:“王楊盧駱當(dāng)時(shí)體，輕薄為文曬未休。爾曹身與名俱滅，不廢江河萬古流。”斥責(zé)了那些“輕薄為文”卻恥笑:，四;杰”的人，肯定了“四杰”在詩歌上的成就。

(10)王孟。是指盛唐詩人王維和盂浩然。他們都多用五言詩描寫自然景物，又都具有新穎清幽，生動形象的特色。人們把王、孟和儲光羨、裴迪等人合稱為“田

園詩派”。

(11)高岑。是指盛唐詩人高適和岑參。他們都以寫邊塞詩見長，又有著相近的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格。名篇有高適的《燕歌行》、岑參的《白雪歌》、《走馬川行》等。人們把高岑和王昌齡、李頎等人合稱為“邊塞詩派”。

(12)李杜。是指盛唐詩人李白和杜甫。他們并稱，不是由于風(fēng)格相同，而是因?yàn)楦髯缘某删涂梢韵嗵岵⒄摗ｊP(guān)于他們的作品及成就前文已作專門介紹。

(13)韋劉。是指唐代中期的詩人韋應(yīng)物和劉長卿。他們的詩多描寫山水田園，被看作“山水詩派”。

(14)大歷十才子。是指唐代大歷年間的十大詩人。據(jù)《新唐書?文藝，盧綸傳》載:“綸與吉中孚、韓棚、錢起、司空曙、苗發(fā)、崔峒、耿津、夏侯審、李端，皆能詩，齊名，號大歷十才子。”他書所載，十人姓名略有出入。他們都依附權(quán)貴，詩作多為飲宴點(diǎn)綴和送別應(yīng)酬。但也有一些較好的詩，如盧綸的《塞下曲》等。

(15)韓孟。是指唐代中期的詩人韓愈和孟郊。他們的詩雖風(fēng)格不一，但都在形式上刻意求奇，形成一種險(xiǎn)怪的詩風(fēng)。他們還主張以文為詩，議論人詩，使詩有散文化的傾向。不過，他們在扭轉(zhuǎn)大歷以來的平庸文風(fēng)上起了一作用，也寫出一些好詩。與韓、孟風(fēng)格相近的，還有賈島、盧綸等。

(16)新樂府詩派。是指唐代中期由詩人白居易、元滇發(fā)起的“新樂府運(yùn)動”的參國者，主要有張籍、王建、李紳、唐衙、劉猛、李余等。有關(guān)“新樂府運(yùn)動”前文已有專門介紹。

(17)小李杜。是指唐未的詩人李商隱和杜牧。他們的詩與李杜無共同之外，故稱其為“小李杜”以示區(qū)別。他們的詩多運(yùn)用借古喻今的手法，特色十分鮮明。名篇有:李商隱的《無題》詩，杜牧的《江南春》、《赤壁》、《泊秦淮》、《山行》等。

(18)西昆體詩集。是北宋初期的一個(gè)形式主義詩派，主要成員有楊億、劉筠、錢惟演等。他們刻意從形式上模擬李商隱，追求詞藻，堆砌典故。他們曾相互唱和，編成《西昆酬唱集》，故名。

(19)三蘇。是指北宋文學(xué)家蘇詢和其子蘇軾、蘇轍。詢稱老蘇，軾稱大蘇，轍稱小蘇，他們在詩歌上都有一定成就。其中以蘇軾為最。

and due diligence evaluations article 22nd head office, branch

(jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management branch within the

Department's credit business person assumed responsibility for the

supervision and inspection and due diligence evaluations. Article 23rd,

Head Office, branches (jurisdiction), risk management, Marketing

Management Department through on-site and off-site inspection,

investigation report, interviews with investigators for pre-loan

investigation work by way of conducting supervision and inspection,

quality evaluation pre-loan investigation work, and bad on the

evaluation results, the implementation of diversity management. 24th the

control and inspection (a) the implementation of the credit system:

there is no breach of credit policy relating to the granting of credit

and the head office; (B) dual credit rating: timeliness of ratings,

whether the provisions of the rating, rating results are accurate; (C)

the survey contents: data collection is complete, report writing is

comprehensive, indicators analysis is objective, real, conclusions and

the facts are consistent and reasonable; (D) double implementation of

investigations system: practical implementation of double system; (E)

other supervision and inspection of the contents. 25th due diligence

evaluation offices and branches (jurisdiction), risk management,

Marketing Management Department agreed to carry out pre-loan

investigation supervision and inspection work, evaluate whether

investigators due diligence to determine whether the exemption should be.

Investigators should be compatible with. Due diligence asssment should

be bad on the fact that, following the principles of objectivity,

impartiality and fairness. Article 26th head

(20)江西詩派。是由北宋詩人黃庭堅(jiān)創(chuàng)立的一個(gè)形式主義詩派，因呂本中的《江西詩社宗派圖》而得名。《江西詩社宗派圖》列出了這一詩派黃庭堅(jiān)、陳師道、潘大臨、謝逸、洪芻等二十五個(gè)成員。他們寫詩，強(qiáng)調(diào)字字有出處，并講究“奪胎換骨，點(diǎn)鐵成金”，造成模仿、抄襲，影響很壞。

(21)江湖詩派。是南宋未年一個(gè)詩派，由陳起刊行的《江湖集》而得名。《江湖集》等詩集收入了一百零九人的詩，其中以戴復(fù)古、劉克莊、劉過的詩較好。這些詩人大多在政治上沒有地位，浪跡江湖，各人作品的風(fēng)格和成就并不一致。

(22)前七子和后七子。是時(shí)代的復(fù)古主義文學(xué)流派。“前七子”指明代弘治。正德年問的李夢陽、何景明、徐偵卿、邊貢、康海、王九思、王廷相;“后七子”指明代嘉靖年間的李攀龍、王世貞、謝棒、宗臣、梁有譽(yù)、徐中行、吳國倫。“前七子”首先提出“文必秦漢，詩必盛唐”的口號，主張摹擬。，?后七子”步其后塵，氣勢更盛，從而，掀起一股擬古的風(fēng)氣，雖起了反對形式主義文風(fēng)的作用，但也產(chǎn)生了不良影響。

(23)公安派。是明代萬歷年間的一個(gè)文學(xué)流派。以并稱“三袁”的袁宗道、袁宏道、袁中道兄弟為首，因他們是公安(今湖北省公安縣)人氏而得名。他們反對前后七子的擬古風(fēng)氣，主張文學(xué)要抒寫，“性靈”，充分表現(xiàn)個(gè)性，突破清規(guī)戒律，有一定積極作用。但他們的作品多局限于自然景色和日常瑣事，社會意義不大。

(24)竟陵派。也是明代萬歷年間的一個(gè)文學(xué)流派。以竟陵人鐘惺、譚元春為首，故名。他們的基本主張與公安派相同，但又認(rèn)為公安派作品有浮淺之弊，企圖用幽深、孤峭的風(fēng)格加以矯正，結(jié)果反而流于艱澀、怪僻。

(25)幾社。是明末的一個(gè)文學(xué)組織。主要成員有陳子龍、夏戲彝、徐革遠(yuǎn)、何剛等人。他們的文學(xué)主張受前后七子的影響，作品有揭露時(shí)弊的特色。其中，陳子龍的詩成就較高，有“明詩殿軍”之譽(yù)。

(26)神韻說詩派。清代康熙年間，王士偵吸取唐人司空圖和宋人嚴(yán)羽的理論，提出“神韻說”，強(qiáng)調(diào)“興會神到”，追求“得意忘言”，講究“不著一字，盡得風(fēng)流”，“羚羊掛角，元跡可求”，并以王維、孟浩然的詩為樣板。這種理論導(dǎo)致詩歌創(chuàng)作一味追求迷離、超脫的境界，多表現(xiàn)封建士大夫的閑情逸致和生活瑣事。不過，神韻說注重對詩歌意境的探索，也有可取之處。

(27)格調(diào)說詩派。清代乾隆年間，沈德潛繼前后七子之后，再次提出“格調(diào)說”，強(qiáng)調(diào)“溫柔敦厚”，“講求格律”，起了束縛詩歌創(chuàng)作的消極作用。這一派詩人雖也主張“言之有物”，但其內(nèi)容主要是維護(hù)封建統(tǒng)治者的利益。

(28)性靈說詩派。清代乾隆年間，袁枚吸取明代“三袁”的理論，提出與格調(diào)說相對立的?“性靈說”。主張作品應(yīng)直抒性情，辭貴自然，有所獨(dú)創(chuàng)，認(rèn)為詩“有工拙而無今古”。這在當(dāng)時(shí)是比較進(jìn)步的，加上這一詩派的袁枚、趙翼等寫了一些較好的詩，所以實(shí)際影響比同時(shí)代的“格調(diào)說”稍大。但他們的詩多抒發(fā)封建士大夫的閑情逸致，沒有多少社會意義。

江西詩派

宋代詩歌流派。北宋后期，黃庭堅(jiān)在詩壇上影響很大。雖然他的創(chuàng)作成就比不上蘇軾，但是他的詩歌更加突出地體現(xiàn)了宋詩的藝術(shù)特征。他在詩歌藝術(shù)技巧上總and due diligence evaluations article 22nd head office, branch

(jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management branch within the

Department's credit business person assumed responsibility for the

supervision and inspection and due diligence evaluations. Article 23rd,

Head Office, branches (jurisdiction), risk management, Marketing

Management Department through on-site and off-site inspection,

investigation report, interviews with investigators for pre-loan

investigation work by way of conducting supervision and inspection,

quality evaluation pre-loan investigation work, and bad on the

evaluation results, the implementation of diversity management. 24th the

control and inspection (a) the implementation of the credit system:

there is no breach of credit policy relating to the granting of credit

and the head office; (B) dual credit rating: timeliness of ratings,

whether the provisions of the rating, rating results are accurate; (C)

the survey contents: data collection is complete, report writing is

comprehensive, indicators analysis is objective, real, conclusions and

the facts are consistent and reasonable; (D) double implementation of

investigations system: practical implementation of double system; (E)

other supervision and inspection of the contents. 25th due diligence

evaluation offices and branches (jurisdiction), risk management,

Marketing Management Department agreed to carry out pre-loan

investigation supervision and inspection work, evaluate whether

investigators due diligence to determine whether the exemption should be.

Investigators should be compatible with. Due diligence asssment should

be bad on the fact that, following the principles of objectivity,

impartiality and fairness. Article 26th head

結(jié)出一套完整的方法，并傳授給后學(xué)，所以，追隨和仿效黃庭堅(jiān)的詩人頗多。比如陳師道與蘇軾交誼最深，但作詩卻以黃庭堅(jiān)為學(xué)習(xí)典范。因此，一個(gè)以黃庭堅(jiān)為中心的詩歌流派就逐漸形成了。徽宗時(shí)呂本中作《江西詩社宗派圖》，尊黃庭堅(jiān)為詩派之祖，下列陳師道等25人，認(rèn)為這些詩人都是與黃庭堅(jiān)一脈相承的。呂氏此圖早已失傳，現(xiàn)存最早記載見于南宋胡《苕溪漁隱叢話》前集卷四十八。呂氏圖所列25人是:陳師道、潘大臨、謝逸、洪芻、饒節(jié)、僧祖可、徐俯、洪朋、林敏修、洪炎、

汪革、李?、韓駒、李彭、晁沖之、江端本、楊符、謝?、夏倪、林敏功、 潘大觀、 何?、王直方、僧善權(quán)、高荷。稍后的《云麓漫鈔》等書所記載名單與此稍有出入。這些詩人并不都是江西人，大概呂氏的原意只是因?yàn)樵娕芍纥S庭堅(jiān)是江西人，派中詩人又以江西人較多，就取名為江西詩派。25人中有較多作品流傳下

來的只有陳師道、謝逸、洪芻、饒節(jié)、洪朋、洪炎、韓駒、李彭、晁沖之，謝?等10人，除陳師道外，作品成就皆不甚高。此外，被后人歸入江西詩派的還有呂本中、曾?、陳與義等人。曾?、曾思、趙蕃、韓?等人也列入詩派。詩派成員多數(shù)學(xué)杜甫，宋末方回又把杜甫和黃庭堅(jiān)、陳師道、陳與義稱為江西詩派的“一祖三宗”。

由于江西詩派在詩歌的思想內(nèi)容方面并沒有提出什么特別的主張，因而他們的作品在思想內(nèi)容上便各有特點(diǎn)。黃庭堅(jiān)、陳師道等人的作品主要是描寫個(gè)人生活經(jīng)歷和抒發(fā)作者思想感情，內(nèi)容比較狹隘。經(jīng)歷了“靖康之變”的呂本中、曾?、陳與義等人則寫了一些反映當(dāng)時(shí)的民族斗爭的愛國主義詩歌。形成江西詩派的主要原

因是這些詩人的詩歌藝術(shù)上有相近的見解，詩派成員之間的關(guān)系是傳授和切磋詩藝。

黃庭堅(jiān)詩歌理論中最著名的主張是:“奪胎換骨”、“點(diǎn)鐵成金”。即或師承前人之辭、或師承前人之意的一種方法，目的是要在詩歌創(chuàng)作中“以故為新”。黃庭堅(jiān)在創(chuàng)作實(shí)踐中比較有效地運(yùn)用了這種方法，取得了一些成績。但是,這種方法忽略了文學(xué)創(chuàng)作的唯一源泉即社會生活，所以也產(chǎn)生了較大的流弊。后來有一些缺乏創(chuàng)

新精神的詩人奉此為圭臬，片面追求“無一字無來處”，而又不能“求新”，于是拾人牙慧，典故連篇，形象枯竭，形成了江西詩派中的末流。這是江西詩派長期以來受人譏評的主要原因。

然而，“奪胎換骨”、“點(diǎn)鐵成金”，只是黃庭堅(jiān)詩歌理論的一面，它對江西詩派中比較杰出的詩人并沒有產(chǎn)生很大影響。黃庭堅(jiān)的詩歌理論還有另外一面，即要求詩人以“自成一家”為努力目標(biāo)，在下苦功掌握藝術(shù)技巧的基礎(chǔ)上擺脫技巧的束縛而達(dá)到“無斧鑿痕”的最高藝術(shù)境界。江西詩派中的幾位重要詩人受此影響很

大，陳師道論詩以“學(xué)仙”為喻，韓駒論詩以“參禪”為喻，呂本中論詩重“活

法”，其中都包含著“學(xué)然后悟”和“求新”的意義。正因?yàn)槿绱耍髟娕傻某蓡T之間雖然師友傳授，關(guān)系密切，但他們的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格并非一成不變。黃庭堅(jiān)的詩以生新瘦硬見長，其他詩人也各具特色:陳師道的詩比較樸拙,呂本中的詩比較明暢,曾 ?的詩趨向活潑，陳與義的詩又趨向雄渾，沒有“千人一面”的缺點(diǎn)。即使才力較薄的徐俯、韓駒等人也頗有自立的氣概。所以，江西詩派是中國古典詩歌發(fā)展過and due diligence evaluations article 22nd head office, branch

(jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management branch within the

Department's credit business person assumed responsibility for the

supervision and inspection and due diligence evaluations. Article 23rd,

Head Office, branches (jurisdiction), risk management, Marketing

Management Department through on-site and off-site inspection,

investigation report, interviews with investigators for pre-loan

investigation work by way of conducting supervision and inspection,

quality evaluation pre-loan investigation work, and bad on the

evaluation results, the implementation of diversity management. 24th the

control and inspection (a) the implementation of the credit system:

there is no breach of credit policy relating to the granting of credit

and the head office; (B) dual credit rating: timeliness of ratings,

whether the provisions of the rating, rating results are accurate; (C)

the survey contents: data collection is complete, report writing is

comprehensive, indicators analysis is objective, real, conclusions and

the facts are consistent and reasonable; (D) double implementation of

investigations system: practical implementation of double system; (E)

other supervision and inspection of the contents. 25th due diligence

evaluation offices and branches (jurisdiction), risk management,

Marketing Management Department agreed to carry out pre-loan

investigation supervision and inspection work, evaluate whether

investigators due diligence to determine whether the exemption should be.

Investigators should be compatible with. Due diligence asssment should

be bad on the fact that, following the principles of objectivity,

impartiality and fairness. Article 26th head

程中的一個(gè)重要環(huán)節(jié)。其作品是宋詩的重要組成部分，其藝術(shù)風(fēng)格是構(gòu)成宋詩獨(dú)特風(fēng)貌的一個(gè)重要因素，它的詩歌理論也在中國文學(xué)批評史上占有一定的地位。

江西詩派的影響在北宋末期已經(jīng)非常顯著，當(dāng)時(shí)如劉?、汪藻、張?等人雖然沒有被看成詩派中人，但他們在創(chuàng)作中也受到黃庭堅(jiān)和陳師道較大的影響。到了南宋，江西詩派的影響更遍及于整個(gè)詩壇，象楊萬里、陸游、姜夔等著名詩人都曾在藝術(shù)上受到江西詩派的熏陶。江西詩派的影響在宋代以后也不絕如縷，其余波一直延

及近代的同光體詩人。

桐城詩派

“論詩轉(zhuǎn)貴桐城派，比似文章孰重輕。”這是程秉釗在《國朝名人集題詞》中的論詩之語。敢于同執(zhí)清代文壇牛耳的桐城文派

比量重輕，可見桐城詩派影響的廣大與夫在文學(xué)史上地位的不容漠視。那么什么是桐城詩派呢,在討論這個(gè)基本的問題時(shí)，學(xué)者們大多從史的角度，以時(shí)間為經(jīng)，以地域?yàn)榫暎瑮l列桐城歷史上的著名詩人:從明代的方法、齊之鸞到晚清的二姚，“彌天獨(dú)護(hù)桐城派，名世今當(dāng)五百秋。”(錢仲聯(lián)先生詩)但這只是在做桐城詩史，而未中桐城詩派的肯綮。桐城詩史與桐城詩派是兩個(gè)既不能完全相互重疊，又存在著多重交叉關(guān)系的文學(xué)史概念。簡捷地說，桐城詩派并不涵蓋全部桐城詩史，而只是桐城詩史的一個(gè)重要組成部分。它是在一定的歷史時(shí)期里，詩學(xué)見解和詩學(xué)

創(chuàng)作風(fēng)格近似的詩人通過自覺或不自覺的結(jié)合而形成的一個(gè)詩歌流派。它的核心人物來自于桐城，故派以地名;而追隨者則逸出桐城以外，故它不完全等同于嚴(yán)格地以地域劃分為界限的桐城詩史。因此，研究桐城詩派，從空間上來說，應(yīng)立足桐城，放眼全國;從時(shí)間上來說，則要截?cái)啾娏鳎瑢⑵浒l(fā)軔期界定在清代的雍正乾隆年間，而無庸遠(yuǎn)溯到明代。

虞山詩派

【虞山詩派】明末清初以常熟虞山命名的東南詩壇重要流派。以錢謙益為首，包括其門生馮舒、馮班、瞿式,，族孫錢曾、錢陸燦及吳歷等。錢謙益 (1582,1664)官至南明禮部尚書，被推為東南詩壇祭酒。因政治上屢經(jīng)沉浮，故早期詩歌中流露憂國憂民的思想，晚年所作則多亡國之臣懷念故朝之音。由于體裁獨(dú)特，內(nèi)容充實(shí)，一掃明末盲目摹古空虛詩風(fēng)，開創(chuàng)了清初詩壇清朗活躍的新局面。著有《列朝詩集》、《初學(xué)集》、《有學(xué)集》等。馮班(1602,1671)與兄馮舒并稱"二馮先生"，自《詩經(jīng)》以下逐一考訂淵源，功力深厚，為中國詩歌史上的著名詩論家，著有《定遠(yuǎn)集》。瞿式,所作《浩氣吟》，氣貫長虹，可與文天祥《正氣歌》相比美。錢曾(1629,1710)著《交蘆集》、《判春集》。錢陸燦 (1612,1698)是繼錢謙益之后的虞山詩派第二盟主，著有《調(diào)運(yùn)齋詩文隨刻》等。吳歷(1632,1718)著《三巴集》。虞山詩派最大的特點(diǎn)是學(xué)古而不泥古，積極主張?jiān)姼韪镄虏⒛苋≈T家之長而自成風(fēng)格，對東南詩壇的繁榮作出了一定貢獻(xiàn)。

王孟山水詩派

and due diligence evaluations article 22nd head office, branch

(jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management branch within the

Department's credit business person assumed responsibility for the

supervision and inspection and due diligence evaluations. Article 23rd,

Head Office, branches (jurisdiction), risk management, Marketing

Management Department through on-site and off-site inspection,

investigation report, interviews with investigators for pre-loan

investigation work by way of conducting supervision and inspection,

quality evaluation pre-loan investigation work, and bad on the

evaluation results, the implementation of diversity management. 24th the

control and inspection (a) the implementation of the credit system:

there is no breach of credit policy relating to the granting of credit

and the head office; (B) dual credit rating: timeliness of ratings,

whether the provisions of the rating, rating results are accurate; (C)

the survey contents: data collection is complete, report writing is

comprehensive, indicators analysis is objective, real, conclusions and

the facts are consistent and reasonable; (D) double implementation of

investigations system: practical implementation of double system; (E)

other supervision and inspection of the contents. 25th due diligence

evaluation offices and branches (jurisdiction), risk management,

Marketing Management Department agreed to carry out pre-loan

investigation supervision and inspection work, evaluate whether

investigators due diligence to determine whether the exemption should be.

Investigators should be compatible with. Due diligence asssment should

be bad on the fact that, following the principles of objectivity,

impartiality and fairness. Article 26th head

山水田園詩派,是盛唐時(shí)期的兩大詩派之一,這一詩派是陶淵明謝靈運(yùn)謝藥的后繼者,這一詩派的詩人以擅長描繪山水田園風(fēng)光而著稱,在藝術(shù)風(fēng)格上也比較接近,通過描繪幽靜的景色,借以反映其寧靜的心境,或隱逸的思想,因而被稱為"山水田園

詩派".其主要作家是,孟浩然王維常健祖詠裴迪等人,其中成就最高,影響最大的是王維和孟浩然,也成為"王孟".

孟浩然的山水田園詩大多運(yùn)用五言格律的形式寫作,在當(dāng)時(shí)已極富盛名.在他的詩中有壯闊山川景色的描繪,有山林隱逸者幽居情景的描寫,有旅途情景的敘述,也有田園農(nóng)家的生活的反映.如<望洞庭湖贈張丞相>中的"八月湖水平,涵虛混太清".氣蒸云夢澤,波撼岳陽城."詩人從大處落墨,格調(diào)雄渾,氣勢磅礴,洞庭湖壯麗雄偉的景色得到了含蓄而有力的表現(xiàn).

王維是盛唐山水田園詩派成就最高的詩人.他的詩極富詩情畫意,宋代大文豪蘇軾曾高度評價(jià):味摩詰之詩,詩中有畫",從此,"詩中有畫"就成了王維詩的定評. 王維的山水田園詩變化多恣,具有不同的風(fēng)格與情調(diào).有時(shí)氣魄宏大意境開闊,有時(shí)刻畫細(xì)膩,引人深思,有時(shí)生動逼真,有時(shí)含蓄凝練.王維還善于來用多種色彩,生動地表現(xiàn)大自然的景象,如<輞川別業(yè)>"雨中草色綠甚染,水上桃花紅欲然""灰白的雨幕,碧綠的草地,粉紅的桃花,交錯(cuò)組合,構(gòu)成了一幅絢麗多彩的山川春曉圖,確實(shí)是詩中有畫",令人陶醉.

岑高邊塞詩派

中國唐代詩歌流派。以描繪邊塞風(fēng)光、反映戍邊將士生活為主。漢魏六朝時(shí)已有一些邊塞詩，至隋代數(shù)量不斷增多，初唐四杰和陳子昂又進(jìn)一步予以發(fā)展 ， 到盛唐則全面成熟。該派詩人以高適、岑參、李頎、王昌齡最為知名，而高、岑成就最高。其他如王之渙、王翰、崔顥、劉灣、張謂等也較著名。這些詩人大都有邊塞生活體驗(yàn)，他們從各方面深入表現(xiàn)邊塞生活，藝術(shù)上也有所創(chuàng)新。他們不僅描繪了壯闊蒼涼、絢麗多采的邊塞風(fēng)光，而且抒寫了請纓投筆的豪情壯志以及征人離婦的思想感情。對戰(zhàn)爭的態(tài)度，有歌頌、有批評，也有詛咒和譴責(zé)，思想上往往達(dá)到一定深度。其詩作情辭慷慨、氣氛濃郁 、意境雄渾 ，多采用七言歌行和七言絕句的

形式。杰出作品如高適《 燕歌行》、 岑參《 走馬川行奉送出師西征》等。另外，中唐盧綸、李益也有些格調(diào)蒼涼的邊塞絕句。

唐代山水田園詩派--代表人 王維 孟浩然

代表作品:王《使至塞上》《山居秋暝》《渭川田家》《九月九日憶山東兄弟》《送元二使安西》

孟 《春曉》《過故人莊》有《孟浩然集》

韓孟詩派--代表人是韓愈 孟郊

代表作品:韓《原道》《原毀》《師說》《答李翊書》《進(jìn)學(xué)解》《祭十二郎文》《昌黎先生集》

孟:《感懷》 《游子吟》

元白詩派--代表人 元稹 白居易

代表作品:元《連昌宮詞》

and due diligence evaluations article 22nd head office, branch

(jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management branch within the

Department's credit business person assumed responsibility for the

supervision and inspection and due diligence evaluations. Article 23rd,

Head Office, branches (jurisdiction), risk management, Marketing

Management Department through on-site and off-site inspection,

investigation report, interviews with investigators for pre-loan

investigation work by way of conducting supervision and inspection,

quality evaluation pre-loan investigation work, and bad on the

evaluation results, the implementation of diversity management. 24th the

control and inspection (a) the implementation of the credit system:

there is no breach of credit policy relating to the granting of credit

and the head office; (B) dual credit rating: timeliness of ratings,

whether the provisions of the rating, rating results are accurate; (C)

the survey contents: data collection is complete, report writing is

comprehensive, indicators analysis is objective, real, conclusions and

the facts are consistent and reasonable; (D) double implementation of

investigations system: practical implementation of double system; (E)

other supervision and inspection of the contents. 25th due diligence

evaluation offices and branches (jurisdiction), risk management,

Marketing Management Department agreed to carry out pre-loan

investigation supervision and inspection work, evaluate whether

investigators due diligence to determine whether the exemption should be.

Investigators should be compatible with. Due diligence asssment should

be bad on the fact that, following the principles of objectivity,

impartiality and fairness. Article 26th head

白:《賣炭翁》《 宿紫閣山北村》 《琵琶行 》《賦得古原草送別》 《長恨歌》

江西詩派--代表人 黃庭堅(jiān)

代表作:《諸上座》《李白憶月游》《花氣詩》

宋代四大家--分豪放派的 蘇軾 辛棄疾和婉約派的 柳永 李清照 代表作品:蘇《念奴嬌?赤壁懷古》《水調(diào)歌頭?明月幾時(shí)有》 辛:《永遇樂?京口北固亭懷古》《丑奴兒》《南鄉(xiāng)子》《青玉案》 柳:《雨霖鈴》 《蝶戀花 》《望海潮》

李:《如夢令》《 聲聲慢 》《點(diǎn)絳唇 》《武陵春 》《醉花陰》 《一剪梅 》《蝶戀花 》

公安竟陵詩派--代表人 鐘惺 譚元春

代表作 鐘:《浣花溪記》《隱秀軒文》

譚:與同里鐘惺共選《詩歸》

江左三大家與神韻派--代表人 王士禎

代表作:《秋柳詩》

建安鄴下文人集團(tuán)--代表 三曹 七子 蔡琰

三曹指

曹操《薤露行》《蒿里行》《短歌行》

曹丕《燕歌行》

曹植《送應(yīng)氏》《泰山梁甫吟》《白馬篇》

七子指

王粲《七哀詩》《登樓賦》

孔融《薦彌衡表》《與曹公論盛孝章書》《雜詩》

陳琳《飲馬長城窟》

徐干《中論》《室思》

阮瑀《駕出北郭門行》

應(yīng)玚《侍五官中郎將建章臺集詩》

劉楨《贈從弟》

蔡琰代表作:《悲憤詩》《胡笳十八拍》

漢魏六朝詩派--王闿運(yùn)

代表作 《湘軍志》《湘綺樓日記》《道咸所見錄》《獨(dú)行謠》《圓明園詞》

唐代邊塞詩派--代表人 王昌齡 岑參 高適 王之渙 李頎 代表作:王昌齡 《從軍行》《出塞》《閨怨》《芙蓉樓送辛漸》 岑參 《走馬川行奉送出師西征》《輪臺歌奉送封大夫出師西征》《白雪歌送武判官歸京》

高適 《燕歌行》《薊門行五首》《塞上》《塞下曲》《薊中作》《九曲詞三首》 and due diligence evaluations article 22nd head office, branch

(jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management branch within the

Department's credit business person assumed responsibility for the

supervision and inspection and due diligence evaluations. Article 23rd,

Head Office, branches (jurisdiction), risk management, Marketing

Management Department through on-site and off-site inspection,

investigation report, interviews with investigators for pre-loan

investigation work by way of conducting supervision and inspection,

quality evaluation pre-loan investigation work, and bad on the

evaluation results, the implementation of diversity management. 24th the

control and inspection (a) the implementation of the credit system:

there is no breach of credit policy relating to the granting of credit

and the head office; (B) dual credit rating: timeliness of ratings,

whether the provisions of the rating, rating results are accurate; (C)

the survey contents: data collection is complete, report writing is

comprehensive, indicators analysis is objective, real, conclusions and

the facts are consistent and reasonable; (D) double implementation of

investigations system: practical implementation of double system; (E)

other supervision and inspection of the contents. 25th due diligence

evaluation offices and branches (jurisdiction), risk management,

Marketing Management Department agreed to carry out pre-loan

investigation supervision and inspection work, evaluate whether

investigators due diligence to determine whether the exemption should be.

Investigators should be compatible with. Due diligence asssment should

be bad on the fact that, following the principles of objectivity,

impartiality and fairness. Article 26th head

王之渙 《涼州詞》《登鸛雀樓》

李頎 《古從軍行》

永嘉四靈

中國南宋中葉的詩歌流派，代表南宋后期詩歌創(chuàng)作上的一種傾向。永嘉四靈是當(dāng)時(shí)生長于浙江永嘉(今浙江溫州)的四位詩人:徐照、翁卷、徐璣、趙師秀，形成中國南宋中葉的詩歌流派，代表南宋后期詩歌創(chuàng)作上的一種傾向。因彼此旨趣相投，詩格相類，工為唐律，專以晚唐賈島、姚合為法，謂之唐體，字號中都帶有“靈”字，而溫州古為永嘉郡，遂稱之為“永嘉四靈”。

詩體的特點(diǎn)是:繼承了山水詩人、田園詩人的傳統(tǒng)，滿足于嘯傲田園、寄情泉石的閑逸生活。在藝術(shù)上，又能刻意求工，忌用典，尚白描，輕古體而重近體，尤重五律。甚至要求全詩字?jǐn)?shù)不得超過40字。在較大程度上糾正了江西派詩人以學(xué)問為詩的習(xí)氣。他們的成就極有限，但在當(dāng)時(shí)的詩壇卻得到廣泛的反應(yīng)。

and due diligence evaluations article 22nd head office, branch

(jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management branch within the

Department's credit business person assumed responsibility for the

supervision and inspection and due diligence evaluations. Article 23rd,

Head Office, branches (jurisdiction), risk management, Marketing

Management Department through on-site and off-site inspection,

investigation report, interviews with investigators for pre-loan

investigation work by way of conducting supervision and inspection,

quality evaluation pre-loan investigation work, and bad on the

evaluation results, the implementation of diversity management. 24th the

control and inspection (a) the implementation of the credit system:

there is no breach of credit policy relating to the granting of credit

and the head office; (B) dual credit rating: timeliness of ratings,

whether the provisions of the rating, rating results are accurate; (C)

the survey contents: data collection is complete, report writing is

comprehensive, indicators analysis is objective, real, conclusions and

the facts are consistent and reasonable; (D) double implementation of

investigations system: practical implementation of double system; (E)

other supervision and inspection of the contents. 25th due diligence

evaluation offices and branches (jurisdiction), risk management,

Marketing Management Department agreed to carry out pre-loan

investigation supervision and inspection work, evaluate whether

investigators due diligence to determine whether the exemption should be.

Investigators should be compatible with. Due diligence asssment should

be bad on the fact that, following the principles of objectivity,

impartiality and fairness. Article 26th head

“四靈”出現(xiàn)的時(shí)候，江西詩派的影響已漸趨衰弱, “四靈”主觀上也想打破江西詩派的藩籬，學(xué)賈姚，少用典等等，都含有與江西詩派背道而馳的意圖。葉適認(rèn)為他們的詩風(fēng)是對唐詩的復(fù)歸，其實(shí)以“四靈”的才能，從實(shí)質(zhì)上來說，他們只是因?yàn)椴粷M體現(xiàn)著典型宋調(diào)的江西詩風(fēng)，從而又回到了宋初崇尚晚唐體的老路上去。

徐照

徐照是一位自覺的苦吟者，志在追蹤賈島、姚合的寒瘦詩風(fēng)。他自己曾說:“昨來曾寄茗，應(yīng)念苦吟心”(《訪觀公不遇》)，“吟有好懷忘瘦苦”(《山中寄翁卷》)。因?yàn)樾煺占揖城遑殻耶吷铝τ诳嘁鳎杂性S多即景抒情之作還是寫得清新明麗，頗有韻味的。此詩寫歲末雜感。首聯(lián)便頗可見“冥搜物象”，“清苦”的風(fēng)格。試想在如此寒冷的時(shí)節(jié)，從山中石縫里敲冰化水煮茶，是夠“清苦”的。此亦可見選詞造句之心思。次聯(lián)寫煮茶時(shí)所見所想。“思”字與“誤”字頗可見推敲工夫。方回評云:“?思?字?誤?字，當(dāng)是推敲不一乃得之。”紀(jì)昀評云:“極為寒瘦之語，然別有味。”(《瀛奎律髓?冬日卷》)都講得很有道理。縱觀全詩，是真正窮苦詩人“苦吟”出來的詩，雖然境界狹小，卻也別有風(fēng)味。

徐璣

徐璣也是一位雕章琢句的苦吟詩人。他曾說:“昔人以浮聲切響，單字只句計(jì)巧拙，蓋風(fēng)騷之至精也。近世乃連篇累牘、汗漫無禁，豈能名家哉～”(見葉適《徐文淵墓志銘》)這，似乎也可以看成是四靈的一個(gè)苦吟的理論綱領(lǐng)。徐璣的這首《新涼》寫江南夏末新涼。首句主要通過視覺形象來表現(xiàn)新涼——水滿秧齊、水清葉綠，而涼意便自然而生。次句一“穿”字、一“低”字，頗見雕琢之工。而后兩句則突出了人與黃鶯都因愛新涼而形成的情景交融的優(yōu)美意境。

趙師秀

趙師秀被推為四靈之冠，在四靈中聲望地位最高。趙師秀與其他三個(gè)人一樣，在煉句煉字上是很下工夫的。他自稱:“一篇幸止有四十字，更增一字，吾未如之何～”可見其苦吟之狀。七律不是趙師秀的專攻，但卻常有驚人之作。第一首《數(shù)日》可見一斑。“獨(dú)、寒、苦、孤、冷、病”是四靈詩歌中最常用的字，趙師秀在《數(shù)日》中以病夫自況，也是常理。此詩雖寫景，卻“一切景語皆情語”，主體形象極為突出。前兩句自訴凄涼處境，后兩句卻筆鋒一轉(zhuǎn)，豁然開闊。全詩頗可見

“野逸清瘦”之風(fēng)。“林疏放得遙山出”，一“放”一“出”，神采飛揚(yáng)，雖是刻意為之，卻也無痕無跡，是苦吟中難得的佳作。

and due diligence evaluations article 22nd head office, branch

(jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management branch within the

Department's credit business person assumed responsibility for the

supervision and inspection and due diligence evaluations. Article 23rd,

Head Office, branches (jurisdiction), risk management, Marketing

Management Department through on-site and off-site inspection,

investigation report, interviews with investigators for pre-loan

investigation work by way of conducting supervision and inspection,

quality evaluation pre-loan investigation work, and bad on the

evaluation results, the implementation of diversity management. 24th the

control and inspection (a) the implementation of the credit system:

there is no breach of credit policy relating to the granting of credit

and the head office; (B) dual credit rating: timeliness of ratings,

whether the provisions of the rating, rating results are accurate; (C)

the survey contents: data collection is complete, report writing is

comprehensive, indicators analysis is objective, real, conclusions and

the facts are consistent and reasonable; (D) double implementation of

investigations system: practical implementation of double system; (E)

other supervision and inspection of the contents. 25th due diligence

evaluation offices and branches (jurisdiction), risk management,

Marketing Management Department agreed to carry out pre-loan

investigation supervision and inspection work, evaluate whether

investigators due diligence to determine whether the exemption should be.

Investigators should be compatible with. Due diligence asssment should

be bad on the fact that, following the principles of objectivity,

impartiality and fairness. Article 26th head

and due diligence evaluations article 22nd head office, branch

(jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management branch within the

Department's credit business person assumed responsibility for the

supervision and inspection and due diligence evaluations. Article 23rd,

Head Office, branches (jurisdiction), risk management, Marketing

Management Department through on-site and off-site inspection,

investigation report, interviews with investigators for pre-loan

investigation work by way of conducting supervision and inspection,

quality evaluation pre-loan investigation work, and bad on the

evaluation results, the implementation of diversity management. 24th the

control and inspection (a) the implementation of the credit system:

there is no breach of credit policy relating to the granting of credit

and the head office; (B) dual credit rating: timeliness of ratings,

whether the provisions of the rating, rating results are accurate; (C)

the survey contents: data collection is complete, report writing is

comprehensive, indicators analysis is objective, real, conclusions and

the facts are consistent and reasonable; (D) double implementation of

investigations system: practical implementation of double system; (E)

other supervision and inspection of the contents. 25th due diligence

evaluation offices and branches (jurisdiction), risk management,

Marketing Management Department agreed to carry out pre-loan

investigation supervision and inspection work, evaluate whether

investigators due diligence to determine whether the exemption should be.

Investigators should be compatible with. Due diligence asssment should

be bad on the fact that, following the principles of objectivity,

impartiality and fairness. Article 26th head