
★以下是?憂考英?寫作翻譯頻道為?家整理的《商務(wù)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)-國(guó)際商務(wù)合同中的?詞》,供?家參考。更多內(nèi)容請(qǐng)看本站
頻道。
國(guó)際商務(wù)合同中的詞語(yǔ)是構(gòu)成合同?本最基本的單位。對(duì)合同?本中的?些單詞詞義的正確選擇,是翻譯合同?書(shū)的前提和基
礎(chǔ)。如果選擇的詞義不確切,整篇譯?就難以理解。在翻譯合同?件時(shí),會(huì)涉及到經(jīng)濟(jì)、法律、貿(mào)易、?融、技術(shù)等領(lǐng)域的專
業(yè)詞匯,這些詞匯在不同的合同條款和上下?中的表達(dá)和詞義有很?區(qū)別。即使在同?專業(yè)中的詞義都有很?區(qū)別,因此我們
必須仔細(xì)推敲,選擇最確切的詞義。例如:cover?詞,作為動(dòng)詞講?般都理解為“包括”,例如:The prices quoted in the
brochure cover packing and are subject to 35%trade discount,可譯為:“?冊(cè)?所報(bào)的價(jià)格包括包裝費(fèi)在內(nèi),可有35%的商
業(yè)折扣。”但以下的含有cover的句?,就不能將cover譯成“包括”:
(1) No doubt there must have been some reason for the delay in shipment. To cover this contingency we cabled you
On Mar.29 that we were extending the letter of credit for two weeks.
句中的cover應(yīng)理解為“應(yīng)付”,全句可譯成:
?疑,?定有某種致使裝船延誤的原因。為應(yīng)付這?意外事件,我?已于3?29?電告你?,將信?證延期兩周。
(2)If Party A insists on ifs original quotation. Party B will have to cover its requirements elwhere
句中的cover指“購(gòu)進(jìn)貨物”,全句可譯成:
如果甲?堅(jiān)持原報(bào)價(jià),則??只能從其他??購(gòu)進(jìn)其需要的貨物。
(3)In order to cover our order, we have arranged with the Bank of China, Dalian Branch, a credit for USD
55,000.
句中的cover在這?表?“償付”,全句可譯成:
為?付我?訂貨,我?已聯(lián)系中國(guó)銀??連分?開(kāi)?55,000美元的信?證。
(4)Party B shall cover the goods with particular average.
句中的cover在這?的含義為:to insure sth against loss,全句可譯成:
??將對(duì)該貨物投保?漬險(xiǎn)。
英譯漢是如此,漢譯英時(shí)也應(yīng)該注意同類的問(wèn)題。請(qǐng)看下?的句?:
如在解釋上有分歧,應(yīng)以英?本為準(zhǔn)。
該句中的“解釋”在漢英詞典上可以有多種選擇,如:explanation,construe,exposition,interpretation,但該句中的“解
釋”是對(duì)依法成?的合同條款的正式性解釋,應(yīng)選擇interpretation,全句可譯成:
In ca Of any divergence Of interpretations, the English text shall prevail.
以上例?僅是選擇詞義的?個(gè)??。本單元就合同翻譯時(shí)經(jīng)常碰到的詞義處理問(wèn)題,歸納為三個(gè)??:同義詞的選擇,?
詞多義的問(wèn)題,容易混淆的詞的處理。現(xiàn)分述如下:
1. Choice of Synonyms同義詞的選擇
同義詞在英語(yǔ)中為數(shù)不少,在合同英語(yǔ)中也時(shí)常出現(xiàn),翻譯時(shí)必須作出正確選擇。否則,如果同義詞選?不當(dāng),輕者會(huì)影
響雙?的權(quán)利義務(wù);重者可能造成履約爭(zhēng)議。同義詞的選擇,通常從以下???著?:
1) Considering the Connotation根據(jù)單詞的內(nèi)進(jìn)?選擇
合同中出現(xiàn)的同義詞,從字?理解仿佛沒(méi)有很?區(qū)別,但仔細(xì)研究其內(nèi)涵就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),它們?cè)诒憩F(xiàn)出共性的同時(shí),也體現(xiàn)著
它們的個(gè)性。這就要求譯者必須深?細(xì)致地精研其本質(zhì)的區(qū)別,選出最恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~。
例如,合同中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的to perform a contract, to fulfill a contract, to execute a contract, to implement a contract,這
些短語(yǔ)都可以表?“履?合同”,從字?上看都對(duì)。然?在具體的合同條款中,表?履?不同的合同義務(wù)時(shí),其?法是有區(qū)別
的。
「例1」
關(guān)于79HP?106號(hào)合同項(xiàng)下尚未執(zhí)?的180公噸NY2?11低密度聚?烯,我們?nèi)匀徽J(rèn)為貴?應(yīng)盡快開(kāi)證以保證履?合
同。我們提請(qǐng)貴?注意,the Advir Inc.和貴?同時(shí)向我?購(gòu)買NY2—11低密度聚?烯,他們已經(jīng)在我?主動(dòng)調(diào)價(jià)后不久履?
了原合同,?且?和我們簽訂了較?數(shù)量的新合同。
With respect to the outstanding 180 M/r of low-density polyethylene NY2—11 under Contract No.79HP?106,we
insist that you must open the covering letter of credit the soonest possible to cure the performance of the contract. We
hereby would like to call your attention to the fact that the Advir Inc. , Who purchad LDPE NY2—11 from us at the
same time as you did have fulfilled their commitment under the previous Contract not long after we offered our regulated price
and signed a new contract covering substantial quantity.
該句?出現(xiàn)的“履?”分別使?了perform和fulfill.我們?先研究?下這對(duì)同義詞的內(nèi)涵:perform的法律含義是:to do what
one party is obliged to do by a contract; fulfill的法律含義是:t0 do everything which is promid in a contract.其次,再研究
?下合同各?應(yīng)履?的合同義務(wù):涉外合同?經(jīng)?效,雙?當(dāng)事?必須全?地、適當(dāng)?shù)芈?合同中的義務(wù),但是具體對(duì)某??
合同當(dāng)事?來(lái)講,就是履?合同中最屬于他應(yīng)該履?的那部分責(zé)任和義務(wù)。?如,在國(guó)際貨物銷售合同中,對(duì)買?來(lái)說(shuō),“履
?合同”的概念就是payment,當(dāng)然與payment有關(guān)的義務(wù)還有采?何種?式和?付?具付款等。如果該合同的價(jià)格條件是FOB
的話,買?還要負(fù)責(zé)租船訂艙,?付運(yùn)費(fèi),并將船期、船號(hào)及時(shí)通知賣?等。因此,如果強(qiáng)調(diào)合同的??履?合同與所規(guī)定的
該?的那部分具體義務(wù)相同,應(yīng)該是fulfill a contract.如果是泛指雙?在合同中的各項(xiàng)責(zé)任和義務(wù)都應(yīng)得到履?,則選?
perform a contract較合適。?如:The Contractor shall fulfill all of its duties and obligations in carrying out its work and
rvices hereunder(承租?必須忠實(shí)信守和履?下列各項(xiàng)規(guī)則)。
「例2」合同在有效期內(nèi),雙?對(duì)合同產(chǎn)品涉及的技術(shù)如有改進(jìn)和發(fā)展,應(yīng)相互免費(fèi)將改進(jìn)和發(fā)展的技術(shù)資料提供給對(duì)?
使?。
Within the validity term of the Contract, both parties shall supply each other with the improvement and development of
the technology related to the Contract Products free of charge.
該句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞“提供”?詞?了supply,就不如provide確切。盡管這兩個(gè)詞都表?“供給”,但在牽涉到?錢時(shí),provide則
表?to give sb sth free of charge, supply則不太明確,?般來(lái)說(shuō)需要給錢。因此,該條款雖然明確了free of charge,但?
provide更恰當(dāng)。
「例3」改進(jìn)和開(kāi)發(fā)的技術(shù),其所有權(quán)屬于改進(jìn)和開(kāi)發(fā)??。
這?條的重點(diǎn)主要規(guī)定改進(jìn)后的技術(shù)專有權(quán)歸屬問(wèn)題,所以該句中正確地選擇“屬于”?詞是很關(guān)鍵的。有?選擇belong
to,也有?選擇posss,還有??own,這三個(gè)詞均可以表?“屬于”。我們分析?下這三個(gè)詞的內(nèi)涵,belong t0的含義是
指“屬于……財(cái)產(chǎn)”;posss和own雖然都著重于“所屬關(guān)系”,但posss只指?前屬于某?,并沒(méi)有講是如何得到的;?own
含有“對(duì)……合法占有”,與原?意思?致,故把這?條款譯成:
The improved and developed technology shall be owned by the party who has improved and developed the technology.
如果將“屬于”改?belong to,其主語(yǔ)就應(yīng)該是ownership,表?“所有權(quán)屬于……”,因?yàn)?/span>the improved and developed technology屬于“知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)”,?這種權(quán)利與物質(zhì)財(cái)產(chǎn)有直接聯(lián)系。這樣,該句還可以調(diào)整如下: The ownership of any improved and developed technology shall belong to the party who has improved and developed the technology. 「例4」本細(xì)則的解釋權(quán),屬于中華?民共和國(guó)財(cái)政部。 句中的“屬于”是指power 0r right will be prent or vested in sb or a body,故應(yīng)選?reside in.全句譯成: The right of interpreting the detailed Rules and Regulations resides in the Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China. 2) Considering the Grammar根據(jù)句法要進(jìn)?選擇 有些英語(yǔ)同義詞的選擇,是由句?的結(jié)構(gòu)和搭配所要求的,這時(shí)譯者應(yīng)認(rèn)真研究這些同義詞的搭配關(guān)系,避免出現(xiàn)句法搭 配上的錯(cuò)誤。 「例5」合資經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)的?切活動(dòng)應(yīng)遵守中華?民共和國(guó)法律。 這?條款中“遵守”?詞,英語(yǔ)中有obrve, obey, abide by, comply with等,在選擇表?“遵守”的詞匯時(shí),應(yīng)根據(jù)句? 搭配關(guān)系進(jìn)?選擇。本句?中的主語(yǔ)是activity,漢語(yǔ)翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)選擇comply with,表?to act in accordance with a provision, rule, demand,故全句譯成: All the activities of a joint venture shall comply with the provision of laws, decrees and pertinent regulations of the People's Republic of China. 在使?obrve和abide by時(shí),其主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是合同的當(dāng)事?,例如:The Contractor shall obrve and abide by all applicable laws, rules and regulations in connection with the Work(承包?必須遵守和服從與該項(xiàng)?程有關(guān)的?切適?的法 律、規(guī)章和條例)。 再如,合同經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的“由于”,在英語(yǔ)中,常?以下?組短語(yǔ)來(lái)表達(dá):due to, owing to, in view of, becau of. considering, in consideration.請(qǐng)?較下列句?: (3)Sources suggested that this decline in exports is largely due to a sharp cutback in the credit offered by the Thai government to the countries. 有消息說(shuō),這種出?下降主要是由于泰國(guó)政府向這些國(guó)家提供的信貸?幅度削減所造成的。 (4) Becau of the exceptional demand for electric blankets due to the prolonged cold weather. we are at prent out of stock of the make you wish to order. 由于天?持續(xù)寒冷,電熱毯需求量特?,你?欲訂購(gòu)的制品?前正缺貨。 以上兩句中,由due to引出的短語(yǔ)均屬形容詞性質(zhì)的短詞,分別在句中作表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ),?般不引出狀語(yǔ)。引出狀語(yǔ),表 ?“由于”的短語(yǔ)往往選?becau of和owing to.例如: (5) Owing to the increasing demand for this type of our products, our stocks have run very low. 由于對(duì)此種產(chǎn)品的需求?益增長(zhǎng),我?的存貨已不多了。 (6)In consideration of your consistently good credibility, we can accept payment by D/P. 由于貴公司信譽(yù)?直很好,我們可以同意以付款單的?式接受付款。 句?中的in consideration of引出的短語(yǔ)也可以表?“由于”,?般作狀語(yǔ),?后?的介詞賓語(yǔ)必須是褒義詞,?般不?貶義 詞。 3) Considering the Style根據(jù)合同的?體進(jìn)?選擇 合同英語(yǔ)屬條法英語(yǔ),其?件的基本要求是?詞規(guī)范、正式、符合約定俗成的含義。 在選擇同義詞時(shí),譯者應(yīng)充分考慮合同?本的特點(diǎn),選擇符合合同?體的正式的規(guī)范的詞匯,不能容許在?字選擇上存在 隨意性。 「例6」 買?須于銷售確認(rèn)書(shū)第三條所規(guī)定?期之前開(kāi)出本批交易的信?證。否則,售?有權(quán)不經(jīng)通知取消本確認(rèn)書(shū),或接受買? 對(duì)本售貨確認(rèn)書(shū)未履?的全部或?部分,或?qū)σ虼嗽馐艿膿p失提出索賠。 原譯?: The Buyer shall establish the covering letter of credit before the date specified in Clau Three of this Sales Confirmation, failing which the Seller rerves the right lo rescind without further notice, or to accept whole or any part of this Sales Confirmation not fulfilled by the Buyer, or to lodge a claim for loss sustained. if any. 該句條款中的“有權(quán)”,英?合同中?多選擇:to have the right或keep the right,但該句選?rerve the right to do sth. ? 前兩種表達(dá)更正式,因?yàn)?/span>rerve本?就屬條法英語(yǔ)中的專?詞匯,表?to have a specified power of right in law.?如,我們經(jīng) 常看到的“版權(quán)所有”,?英語(yǔ)表達(dá)就是All rights rerved.句中的“取消”,英?中有cancel, abolish, call off等表達(dá)?式,? 本句選?rescind專門指cancel a contract or an agreement;句中“提出賠償”中的“提出”,選?了lodge,在合同英語(yǔ)中其賓語(yǔ)只 能是a claim或claims,合在?起to lodge a claim就是“提出索賠”。如果?rai ,put forward ,advance,盡管都可譯為“提 出”,但都不能準(zhǔn)確地表述“提出賠償”的含義。例如,?a claim作rai的賓語(yǔ),寫成rai a claim,意思便成了“提出某項(xiàng)要 求”。 「例7」 如??在技術(shù)資料的交付??違約,不應(yīng)要求甲??即?付任何專利權(quán)使?費(fèi)。 原譯?: Party A shall not be asked to pay at once any royalties in default on the part of Party B to the Delivery of Technical Documentation. 該譯?中的ask應(yīng)更換為require ,ask和require的意思雖然都是“要求”,但后者更正式;句中的at once應(yīng)更換為 forthwith,因?yàn)?/span>forthwith是公?體,較at once或immediately正式、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。例如:The Parties acknowledge and agree that the Joint Venture Company shall be formed forthwith upon satisfaction of the conditions(締約各?確認(rèn)并同意,?旦條件符合, 合資經(jīng)營(yíng)公司便?即組成)。 「例8」 公司的任何??未經(jīng)董事會(huì)?致通過(guò)及中國(guó)主管審批部門的批準(zhǔn),不得向第三?轉(zhuǎn)讓、抵押、出售或以其他?式處理其全 部或部分投資。若??要轉(zhuǎn)讓股份,必須遵守以下規(guī)定…… 句中的“轉(zhuǎn)讓”?詞多數(shù)譯者選?transfer.但我們認(rèn)為?assign更正式,assign/assignment是法律英語(yǔ),表?to transfer property .rights to sb in accordance with laws;?transfer/transference僅表?to hand over the posssion of property ,etc.,因此,本段可譯為: Neither party of the Joint Venture may assign ,pledge ,ll or otherwi dispo of all or part of its investment subscribed to a third party without the unanimous approval of the Board of Directors and connt by the appropriate Cine Government Approving Departments. In ca that assignment is effected by one party ,the following stipulations must be obrved.。。 「例9」 如果許可?允許任何第三?在任何地?使?本專利或相應(yīng)的專利,及有關(guān)特許產(chǎn)品的?產(chǎn)、使?和銷售的許可證,?且其 條件?本協(xié)議規(guī)定的條件更優(yōu)惠,許可?應(yīng)?即以書(shū)?形式將這些優(yōu)惠許可的細(xì)節(jié)通知被許可?,被許可?有接受相同優(yōu)惠條 件的選擇權(quán)。 原譯?: If the Licensor allows any other licen under the Patent or their other responding patents to any third party in connection with the manufacture ,U and sale Of the Licend Products in any place under such conditions as are more favorable to a licene than tho provided herein, the licensor shall promptly inform the Licene in written form of the details 0f such other licen and the licene has the choice to adopt equally favorable conditions. 譯?中的allow(允許,許可)不如?grant正式。grant在國(guó)際商務(wù)合同,尤其在許可證合同中表?許可?to allow the licene to…,?allow僅表?to say that someone can do sth .inform?般指?jìng)鬟_(dá)某種信息和資料,如:He informed his staff that he was going to Spain on business(他告訴??的職員,他要去西班?出差);notify?在合同?體中,表?正式書(shū)?通 知對(duì)?與其有關(guān)的利益,因此,句中的“通知”應(yīng)選擇notify.前?的promptly也應(yīng)更換為forthwith.句中最后的“選擇”應(yīng)選? option,專門?于表?當(dāng)事?的?種“選擇權(quán)”,尤其指offer to sb of the right to enter into a contract at a later date.例如:The Sellers have the option to deliver 5%more or less of the quantity contracted(賣?有按合同規(guī)定的數(shù)量多交或短交5%的選擇 權(quán))。 2. Words with Multi-interpretation?詞多義的處理 在合同英語(yǔ)中,?詞多義或?義多詞的現(xiàn)象較為普遍。要透徹理解這些詞義,必須結(jié)合上下?,仔細(xì)推敲。合同?體具有 很強(qiáng)的邏輯性,詞與詞之間,段與段之間,款與款之間總是相互依存、相互制約的。在翻譯時(shí),絕對(duì)不能孤?地、??地和靜 ?地去理解條款中的詞義,應(yīng)全?地、客觀地去理解和選擇詞義。以reference?詞為例,它的?般詞義是“參考”,但它在不同 的上下?中就有不同的含義。因此,不能僅?“參考”?字“對(duì)號(hào)?座”。請(qǐng)看下例各句: (1)Thank you for you r letter reference DT/Zi 29th,March. 感謝你?3?29?編號(hào)為DT/Zi,No.102的來(lái)信。 reference在此例中指“編號(hào)” (number which makes it possible to find a document which has been filed)。 (2)We have had only one order from ABC Co. , Ltd. , so we regret we cannot give you a reference from long experience. 我們僅接受ABC有限公司的?筆定貨,很遺憾我們不能提供具有長(zhǎng)期交往經(jīng)歷的資信情況。 reference在此例中指“資信情況” (statement about a company's abilities)。 (3)Reference is made to your Sales Confirmation No.1529. 現(xiàn)談到你?的第1529號(hào)銷售確認(rèn)書(shū)。 reference在此例中指“談到” (mentioning or dealing with)。 (4)The Buyers ask for credit and have given the Bank of China ,Beijing as a reference. 買?要求記賬交易,并提出中國(guó)銀?北京分?作為資信備詢?。 reference在此例中指“咨信備詢?”(person who reports on someone's character or abilities)。 (5)The Sales Company is given the same power with reference to apportioning the commission. 關(guān)于傭?的分配問(wèn)題,應(yīng)授予銷售公司同樣的權(quán)利。 with reference to在此例中意思為“關(guān)于”(about or concerning sb or sth)。 (6) A reference to your records will show that we have more than once asked you to establish L/C against S/C No.2523. 閱你?記錄可以看出,我?已多次催促,要求你?對(duì)第2523號(hào)銷售確認(rèn)書(shū)開(kāi)?信?證。 reference在此例中指“查閱”。 以上只是含有reference?詞的部分詞義。可見(jiàn),如果把reference?概譯為“參考”不僅詞不達(dá)義,?且還會(huì)影響條款的效 ?。?詞多義的選擇和確定通常從以下???著?: 1) Considering the Part of Speech根據(jù)詞性確定詞義 英語(yǔ)中有許多書(shū)寫形式相同的詞,卻有著不同的詞性,?詞性不同,意義也有所差異。因此,在翻譯時(shí)?先要斷定這個(gè)詞 在原?中的詞性,根據(jù)詞性再進(jìn)?步確定其詞義。 「例10」 (1) Arbitration of all questions in dispute under this contract shall be al the choice Of either party and shall be in accordance with the International Arbitration Rules Of American Arbitration Association. 對(duì)在合同中?切有爭(zhēng)議的問(wèn)題是否付諸仲裁將由任何??作出選擇,并須按照美國(guó)仲裁協(xié)會(huì)的國(guó)際仲裁規(guī)則進(jìn)?仲裁。 (2) Our products are manufactured from the choice grades of material and will satisfy you in every respect. 我?的產(chǎn)品均?上等的原料制成,因此,在各??都會(huì)使貴?滿意。 由于以上兩句中的choice的詞性不同,在詞義的確定上也有所不同。第?句中的choice是名詞,意思為“選擇”(act of choosing between two or more possibilities);第?句中的choice是形容詞,意思為“優(yōu)質(zhì)的”(of very good quality)。 「例11」 (1) The prices quoted include a progressive commission ,to be calculated on FOB basis ,o f 2%for a single order for 10 dozen or up 3%for 30 dozen or up. 所報(bào)價(jià)格包括累進(jìn)傭?,按FOB價(jià)為基礎(chǔ)計(jì)算,每定單在10打及以上時(shí)傭?為2%,30打及以上時(shí)為3%。 (2) Party B is commissioned by the manufacturers to buy steel plates and this contract shall superde all previous commitments. ??受制造?家的委托購(gòu)買鋼板,因此本合同將取代以前的?切。 以上兩句中的commission,由于詞性不同,詞義具有很?的區(qū)別。前?句中的commission在合同中經(jīng)常以名詞形式出 現(xiàn),意思為“傭?”;后?句中的commission是動(dòng)詞,其意思為“委托”或“代理”。再如:The Contractor shall be responsible for and shall carry out all maintenance work during commissioning period (在試運(yùn)?期問(wèn),承包?應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)進(jìn)??切維修? 作)。 「例12」 (1) The time limit for inspection and claim is 60 days after discharge Of the cargo at the port Of destination. 檢驗(yàn)與索賠的期限為貨物卸??的港后60天。 (2) Party B agrees that the expiration of this licen shall not discharge party B from its obligation. ??同意在許可證到期時(shí)并不免除??應(yīng)盡的義務(wù)。 (3) Routine duties of the Joint Venture Company are lo be discharged by the general manager appointed by the Board of Directors. 董事會(huì)任命的總經(jīng)理,負(fù)責(zé)履?合營(yíng)公司的?常職權(quán)。 以上三句中都含有discharge,在不同的合同條款中,其詞義也有很?不同。第?句中的discharge是名詞(也可作動(dòng) 詞)。詞義為:“卸貨”(unloading cargo from a ship),經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在國(guó)際貨物買賣合同中;第?句中的discharge是動(dòng)詞,意 思為“免除”(releasing one party from the terms of a contract);第三句中的discharge也是動(dòng)詞,意思為“履?”(carrying out one's duty)。 discharge在?作名詞時(shí),還可以表?“?批發(fā)運(yùn)的貨物”,如:Party B shall check the quality of each dispatch in accordance with the Contract(??應(yīng)按合同規(guī)定檢查每批發(fā)出的貨物的質(zhì)量)。 「例13」 The Contractor's Site Reprentative shall be prent at the site throughout normal working hours except when on leave sick, or abnt for reasons connected with the proper performance of the Contract.p >

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